Review of Related Literature

REVIEW OF RELATED

LITERATUREADAPTED FROM

ZENNIFER L. OBERIOPSHSWV

REVIEW OF RELATED

LITERATUREADAPTED BY:

ARENAS, PATRICIAMACKAY, DONNA LYNROMUALDEZ JR., NEIL

III-SSC

HOME

BACKGROUND ON THE TOPIC

BACKGROUND ON THE METHODOLOGY

RELATED STUDIES/ IDEAS

THINGS ABOUT RRL RECAPREFERENCESWORKSHOPQUIZ

I. IntroductionII. Review of Related LiteratureIII. MethodologyIV. Results and DiscussionV. Summary, Conclusions,

Recommendations

MAJOR PARTS OF A RESEARCH PAPER

review of related literatureTHING

S ABOUT

RRL

review of related literature

IMPORTANCE OF THE RRL• To demonstrate your knowledge about

the topic of your study• To provide support for the rationale of

the study, the problem and the objectives

• To demonstrate the validity of the methods you are adopting

• To provide context for the interpretation and discussion of your results (in the research paper)

THINGS

ABOUT RRL

1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ABOUT THE RESEARCH TOPIC

WHAT NEEDS TO BE INCLUDED?

a. Information to support the rationale of the study

b. Science principles involved in the study

review of related literatureTHING

S ABOUT

RRL


2. BACKGROUND OF THE METHODOLOGY

a. Principles Involved in the Methods/ Procedures

b. Standard Procedures or Procedures adopted from previous studies

c. Significance of the Parameters/ Data to be gathered



THINGS

ABOUT RRL

3. RELATED STUDIES*/ RELATED IDEAS(*Reports as a summary which includes the problem, the parameters/data gathered, the procedure, results and recommendations)



THINGS

ABOUT RRL

BIODEGRADABILITY OF PLASTICS LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE,

POLYPROPYLENE, AND CELLOPHANE WHEN TREATED WITH THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA Bacillus

stearothermophilusAT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES


A SAMPLE STUDYTHING

S ABOUT

RRL

1. Background information about the research topic

To make sure that the researchers have a thorough understanding of the topic



THINGS

ABOUT RRL

A. Bacteria and DegradationB. Polymers

B.1 PolyethyleneB.2 PolypropyleneB.3 Cellophane

C. Plastic Biodegradation Studies

BIODEGRADATIONTHE OUTLINE OF THE REVIEW OF

RELATED LITERATURE

review of related literatureBACK

GROUNDON THE TOPIC

1. a) Information to support the rationale of the study

To demonstrate the importance of the study.



BACK GROUNDON THE TOPIC

IN THE INTRODUCTIONDue to their molecular stability, plastics

do not easily break down into simpler components. Plastic are not easy to degrade and some do not degrade at all. The accumulation of plastic wastes has become a problem in many countries. In the Philippines, 108 kilograms of plastic per cubic meter of garbage has been found out to be collected in the garbage landfills.


BIODEGRADATIONBACK

GROUNDON THE TOPIC

Biodegradable plastics are “capable of undergoing decomposition into carbon dioxide, methane, water, inorganic compounds, or biomass in which the predominant mechanism is the enzymatic action of micro organisms that can be measured by standard tests, in a specified period of time, reflecting available disposal conditions”.

The study aimes to determine if the bacteria, bacillus stearothermophilus can degrade the three specific kinds of plastics, plolyethylene, polypropylene, and cellophane


BIODEGRADATIONBACK

GROUNDON THE TOPIC

IN THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Bacillus stearothermophilus is one of the

decomposition bacteria, mostly found in heated compost piles. Bacillus stearothermophilus secretes the enzyme alpha-amylase which is capable of degrading simple polysaccharides, polymers with monomers of simple sugars, such as starch. During the biodegradation of plastics, the polymer chains in the exposed parts are the ones mostly affected. The bacterium converts the exposed chains into both methane and carbon dioxide.


BIODEGRADATIONBACK

GROUNDON THE TOPIC

1. b) SCIENCE PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN THE STUDY

To facilitate the identification of variables to be controlled or manipulated




The study determined and compared the biodegradability of the plastics polyethylene, polypropylene, and cellophane (in terms of percentage weight loss) when treated with the bacteria, Bacillus stearothermophilus subjected to various temperatures (30˚C, 55˚C, 70˚C).


BIODEGRADATIONTHE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM


IN THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Bacillus stearothermophilus is a thermopile- meaning, it can survive and can be grown at temperatures of 55˚C and higher. It is specifically a facultive thermopile, meaning it can tolerate a wide range of high temperatures. Its optimum temperature (the temperature range where it grows best) is 55-65˚C.


BIODEGRADATIONBACK

GROUNDON THE TOPIC

1. b) SCIENCE PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN THE STUDY

To show the validity of the objectives, the data to be gathered and the procedure for gathering data.




A. Bacteria and DegradationB. Polymers

B.1 PolyethyleneB.2 PolypropyleneB.3 Cellophane

C. Plastic Biodegradation Studies

THE OUTLINE OF THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE


BIODEGRADATIONBACK

GROUNDON THE TOPIC

IN DELIMITING THE STUDY In measuring the biodegradability, only the percentage weight loss was accounted for. Other characteristics of the plastics that has changed due to the action of bacteria, may it be physical or chemical, other than percentage weight loss will not be recorded although observable changes will be recorded. Other parameters including measurement of molecular weight distribution and gravimetric weight will not be measured because of lack of equipment.


BIODEGRADATIONBACK

GROUNDON THE TOPIC

IN THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREThe researchers recommended that in

evaluating changes in plastics, weight loss, changes in tensile strength, percent elongation and changes in polyethylene distribution should be compared before and after subjecting it to degradation.

Some studies measure the biodegradation by comparing the amount of methane and carbon dioxide during the process.


BIODEGRADATIONBACK

GROUNDON THE TOPIC

The extracted materials were characterized by performing chromatographic and spectral analyses namely thin-layer chromatography, liquid chromatography, gas chromatography mass spectrometry, infrared spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance.


BIODEGRADATIONBACK

GROUNDON THE TOPIC

IN THE METHODOLOGYThe biodegradability of plastics low-

density polyethylene, polypropylene and cellophane when treated with the bacteria Bacillus stearothermophilus with exposure to various temperatures were determined by using the plastic films as carbon source of the pure culture of the aforementioned organism.


BIODEGRADATIONBACK

GROUNDON THE TOPIC

IN THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREIn order to make sure that degradation

would be attributable to Bacillus stearothermophilus, the carbon source from the medium, called peptones, should be omitted during the preparation of the medium. This is because B. stearothermophilus is carbon, one of its enery sources, from organic substances, and not from carbon dioxide.


BIODEGRADATIONBACK

GROUNDON THE TOPIC

2. BACKGROUND ON THE METHODOLOGY

a) Principles involved in the methodology




Water Quality Assessment and Taxonomic

Classification of Diatoms in Badbaran River


A SAMPLE STUDYBACK

GROUNDON THE METHO-DOLOGY

THE OUTLI NE OF THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

DIATOMS

A. Description of DiatomsB. Importance of DiatomsC. RiverD. Species Description and TaxonomyE. Description and Determination of Study Sites0F. Principles Underlying the Sampling ProceduresG. Related StudiesH. Environmental Factors Affecting DiatomsI. Water QualityJ. Species Diversities




b) standard procedures or procedures adopted from previous studies



BACK GROUNDON THE METHO-DOLOGY

IN THE METHODOLOGY

Biodegradation procedures were adopted from a study by Lee et

al (1991) entitled “Biodegradation of Degradable Plastic Streptomyces Species.”




The study entitled, “Biodegradation of Plastic polyethylene by Phanerochaete and Streptomyce Species” (Lee et al. 1991) investigates the ability of lignin degrading microorganisms to attack degradable plastics… Plastic films were subjected to the procedures mentioned below:




The study entitled, “Biodegradation of Plastic polyethylene by Phanerochaete and Streptomyce Species” (Lee et al. 1991) investigates the ability of lignin degrading microorganisms to attack degradable plastics… Plastic films were subjected to the procedures mentioned below:





2. a) Significance of the Parameters/Data

Aids in the interpretation and discussion of results (in the research paper)



A SAMPLE STUDY

Water Quality Assessment and Taxonomic

Classification of Diatoms in Badbaran River




DIATOMS

A. Description of DiatomsB. Importance of DiatomsC. RiverD. Species Description and TaxonomyE. Description and Determination of Study Sites0F. Principles Underlying the Sampling ProceduresG. Related StudiesH. Environmental Factors Affecting DiatomsI. Water QualityJ. Species Diversities



IN THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREDIATOMS

Species diversity means the number of species in a habitat and may be applied to plants, animals, and microorganisms.

A high diversity index (2.4 to 4.6 nats) suggests that the community is ancient and ecologically stable, and so likely to remain the same for centuries. A low index (0 to 2.3 nats) suggests that the community is of recent origin or affected by recent changes. It is probably unstable and likely to change rapidly (Slings by and Cook 1986)



IN THE DISCUSSIONDIATOMS

There was a total of 31 diatom genera found in the study site and 41 species of diatoms taxonomized. A high diversity index of 2.78 nats suggests that diatom communities in Badbaran River were ecologically stable and the river is a biologically controlled system (Slingsby and Cook 1986). This means that there were no disturbances such as severe human impacts, extreme weather changes and other harsh environmental conditions that affected the distribution and growth of diatoms in the river.



3. RELATED STUDIES/RELATED IDEAS


To illustrate research gaps




BIODEGRADATION

In the study entitled, “Numerical…”, by Watanabe et. Al. (2003), …

In addition to that, another study, entitled, “Efficient Biodegradation … of Pseudomonas stutzeri”, by Obradors et al. (1991), …Another study entitled ‘Biodegradation of Polyethylene by the Thermophilic Bacterium…” by Hadad et al. (2005), …In a study by Cacciari et al. (1993) entitled,”Isotactic Polypropylne Biodegradation by a Microbial Community…”A study by Lamot et al. (1999) entitled, “Microbial Biodegradation of Cellophane”,…

review of related literatureRELATED STUDIES/

IDEAS

BIODEGRADATION

The results of these studies show that even plastics that are commonly considered non-biodegradable still has a possibility to be degraded if the right microbial strain can be isolated and used in the biodegradation process.


IDEAS

3. RELATED STUDIES/RELATED IDEAS


To provide an overview of the existing body of knowledge.


IDEAS

A SAMPLE STUDY

Card Swipe Time-Keeping and Attendance System

(CSTAS) for Philippine Science High School Western Visayas


IDEAS


DIATOMS

A. Time In/ Time out and Identification SystemB. Bar CodingC. Code 39D. Light SensorsE. Robotic Command SystemF. FirmwareG. Infrared TowerH. JavaI. Lejos

J. Java ProgramK. PC to RCX CommunicationL. Graphical Use Interface


IDEAS


A. TIME IN/ TIME OUT AND IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM

Today, new advancements are developed. A computerized time clock…

In Sunderland, a new retinal eye scanning technology Fingerprint scanning is also a technology Facial Recognition is a verification system


DIATOMS RELATED STUDIES/

IDEAS


Hand Geometry is the ancestors of modern Technology Iris Scanning analyzes the features…Another existing time-in/ time-out system is the Acroprint Time O Badge Swipe Time and Payroll Recorded-Standalone Time and Attendance System. Local applications in the Philippines include the biometric fingerprints scanning…


DIATOMSRELATED STUDIES/

IDEAS






A RECAP: WHAT NEEDS TO BE INCLUDED?

RECAP








RECAP


3. RELATED STUDIES*/ RELATED IDEAS(*Reports as a summary which includes the problem, the parameters/data gathered, the procedure, results and recommendations)



RECAP


REFERENCESAguro MD, XEF, Reyes MCE. 2007. Water

Quality Assessment and Taxonomic Classification of Diatoms in Badbaran River. [unpublished research paper]. Iloilo City: Philippine Science Highschool Western Visayas. 60p.

Bautista NMC, Molina CMY, Quezon, PS. 2006. card Swipe Time-Keeping and Attendance System (CSTAS) for Philippine Science Highschool Western Visayas. [unpublished research paper]. Iloilo City: Philippine Science Highschool Western Visayas. 55 p.

review of related literatureREFERENCES


Dulla YA, Justo NJ, Sacramento JJ. 2006. Biodegradability of plastics low-density polyethylene, polypropylene, and cellophane when treated with thermophilic bacteria Bacillus stearothermophilus at various temperatures [unpublished research paper]. Iloilo City: Philippine Science Highschool Western Visayas. 55 p.


REFERENCESREFERENCES

END OF PRESENTATION


Considering the research problem you conceptualized yesterday, prepare an outline for the Review of Related Literature specifying the follow information:


WORKSHOPWORKSHOP






WORKSHOPWORKSHOP







WORKSHOPWORKSHOP


3. RELATED STUDIES*/ RELATED IDEAS

(List the possible studies you need to find)


WORKSHOPWORKSHOP


Title: Water Quality Assessment and Taxonomic Classification of Diatoms in Badbaran River


SAMPLE OUTLINE OF THE RRL WORKSHOP

A. Description of DiatomsB. Importance of DiatomsC. RiverD. Species Description and

TaxonomyE. Description and Determination

of StudyF. Principles Underlying Sampling

Procedures

G. Related StudiesG.1 Identification of DiatomsG.2 Diatoms as Indicator of Water Quality

H. Environmental Factors Affecting Diatoms

I. Water QualityJ. Species Diversity

review of related literaturereview of related literature

QUIZGet ¼ sheet

of paper

spread out


Silence now!

ready…

QUIZ


1 - 3Enumerate the 3 major chapters of a research

proposal(on proper order)

QUIZ


4How many chapters

are there in a research paper?

QUIZ


5To show what other

researchersin a particular field of study

have already done, this section

is included in the Review ofRelated Literature.

QUIZ


6TRUE OR FALSE

The Review of Related Literature

should provide support to theinformation proffered in the

introduction.

QUIZ


7-9Give 3 information that must be included in the Review of

Related Literature.

QUIZ


10 What is one use of the

information contained in the Review of Related Literature in

Chapter 4 of the Research Paper?.

QUIZ


10 What is one use of the

information contained in the Review of Related Literature in

Chapter 4 of the Research Paper?.

QUIZ


Bonus (3 pts.) WHAT IS THIS: One word beginning

with CThe acceptance of failure because one does not have the courage to

face what one is afraid of,and pay for the price in comfort that is sometimes necessary for

success?

QUIZ


1 - 31. INTRODUCTION2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE3. METHODOLOGY

4 FIVE

5 RELATED STUDIES/ IDEAS

QUIZ


6 TRUE

7-9• Background information about the

research topic• Information to support the rationals of

the study• Science information involved in the

study• Background on the methodology• Science princples involved in the

instruction/ procedure• Related studies/ related ideas

QUIZ


10 PROVIDE CONTEXT FOR THE INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

bonus COWARDICE

QUIZ


QUIZExchange paper

with your neighborwrite your name as

corrector


Identify 2 more topics (C and D)in your chapter 2 outline (as much as possible you should have included by now a scientific principle or process involved in your study).

Then continue doing the same activity as Tuesday’s work.

Use the same ½ paper.


WORKSHOPWORKSHOP


Identify 2 more topics (C and D)in your chapter 2 outline (as much as possible you should have included by now a scientific principle or process involved in your study).

Then continue doing the same activity as Tuesday’s work.

Use the same ½ paper.


WORKSHOPWORKSHOP


I. Background information on the Research Topic

1.Major Topic dealt within your study.

2.Information to support the rationale for your study

3.Science principles involved/ processes involved in your study.


WORKSHOP: Identify the following. WORKSHOP

II. Background Information on the research topic

1.Parameters to be measured/ Data to be gathered

2.Science Principles involved in the methods/procedure

III. Related Studies/ Related IdeasList the topics of studies/ ideas to be included



Name/sDate

Outline of the Review of Related LiteratureI. Background Information on the research

topic1. (List must be bulleted)2. (List must be bulleted)3. (List must be bulleted)II. Background on the methodology4. (List must be bulleted)5. (List must be bulleted)III. Related Studies/ Related Ideas (Bulleted)



I. Background information on the Research Topic

1.Major Topic dealt within your study.

2.Information to support the rationale for your study

3.Science principles involved/ processes involved in your study.

II. Background Information on the research topic

1.Parameters to be measured/ Data to be gathered

2.Science Principles involved in the methods/procedure

III. Related Studies/ Related IdeasList the topics of studies/ ideas to be included.

Education

Review of Related Literature