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RLOs & SCORM Handling and packaging the components of eLearning Michael M. Grant 2013 Image from http://mrg.bz/FM39LA

Reusable Learning Objects and SCORM

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An introduction and overview of reusable learning objects and SCORM, considering granularity, xml, repositories, and logistics.

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Page 1: Reusable Learning Objects and SCORM

RLOs & SCORM Handling and packaging the components of eLearning

Michael M. Grant 2013 Image from http://mrg.bz/FM39LA

Page 2: Reusable Learning Objects and SCORM

Theoretical Instructional Technical

Page 3: Reusable Learning Objects and SCORM

Learning Objects

Learning objects are … “any entity, digital or non-digital, which can be used, re-used or referenced during technology supported learning.”

(IEEE, 2002)

Learning object is … “any digital resource that can be reused to support learning.”

(Wiley, 2002)

Page 4: Reusable Learning Objects and SCORM

Image from http://cjlt.csj.ualberta.ca/index.php/cjlt/article/viewFile/141/134/947

Page 5: Reusable Learning Objects and SCORM

Metadata Descriptive data about a (digital) resource.

Image from jasonpearce at Flickr.com

Page 6: Reusable Learning Objects and SCORM

Metadata Descriptive data about a (digital) resource.

Image from broken_thoughts at Flickr.com

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Reusability ¡ Use after creation by multiple developers in

various instructional contexts.

¡ (Polsani, 2003) Image from detritus at Flickr.com

Page 8: Reusable Learning Objects and SCORM

Granularity How big should a learning object be?

Images from IRRI Images at Flickr.com

Page 9: Reusable Learning Objects and SCORM

Granularity How big should a learning object be?

Images from IRRI Images at Flickr.com

Page 10: Reusable Learning Objects and SCORM

Granularity How big should a learning object be?

Images from IRRI Images at Flickr.com

Page 11: Reusable Learning Objects and SCORM

Wiley advocates for the molecule metaphor over the Legos model.

Image from Andy.Schultzat Flickr.com

Page 12: Reusable Learning Objects and SCORM

Theory neutral By using the Legos model, we assume that RLOs are theory neutral, or pedagogically independent.

We know this not to be true.

Image from EJP Photo Flickr.com

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Sharable Content Object Reference Model

SCORM

Image from http://blog.scorm.fr/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/2004_2nd_lms.jpg

Page 14: Reusable Learning Objects and SCORM

Qualities of SCORM: The -abilities • Interoperability

• Accessibility

• Reusability

• Durability

• Maintainability

• Adaptability

• (Affordability)

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Uses tags to describe the SCO (RLO).

Structure: <div>

Display: <style>

Content: XML tags

SCORM is based in XML

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Image from http://www.levins.info/history/Jankel_Levin_ship_manifest.gif

Page 17: Reusable Learning Objects and SCORM

Image from http://www.levins.info/history/Jankel_Levin_ship_manifest.gif

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The XML Manifest

Desire2Learn http://elearn.memphis.edu

Image from http://www.levins.info/history/Jankel_Levin_ship_manifest.gif

IMS Manifest

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IMS Manifest

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Images from http://www.cognitivedesignsolutions.com/Instruction/LearningObjects.htm

Technological

Instructional

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Why worry about RLOs & SCORM ¡  You need to reduce courseware maintenance, upgrade &

rebuilding costs.

¡  You anticipate courseware will require frequent updates.

¡  Learners need to be able to pinpont discrete pieces of content.

¡ Content has the potential to be reused across multiple courses.

¡ Different audiences need access to different subsets of the content.

¡  You want to give learners a way to test out of portions of the courses.

¡  You need more accurate and detailed reporting on learner performance.

(DigitalThink, 2003)

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Not just corporate …

¡  from January 17, 2011

¡  Two weeks later the requirement was removed. See http://bitly.com/hR1032

Image from http://www.doleta.gov/grants/pdf/SGA-DFA-PY-10-03.pdf

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In practice

Identify content & contexts

Identify how content will

be used and in what

contexts.

Determine size

Determine the right size

for reuse.

Develop common content

Develop content that makes sense

for all audiences

Develop single-use content

Develop independent

SCOs

Adapted from DigitalThink (2003)

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Image from http://www.cognitivedesignsolutions.com/Instruction/LearningObjects.htm

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Learning Object Repositories (LORs)

MERLOT http://www.merlot.org/merlot/index.htm

Desire2Learn http://www.desire2learn.com/learningrepository/

CORDRA http://cordra.net/introduction/

LORN http://lorn.flexiblelearning.net.au/

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Beyond SCORM ¡  The evolution of SCORM &

elearning

¡  Project Tin Can 2011-???

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Beyond SCORM

¡ http://scorm.com/tincanoverview/

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References & Acknowledgements ¡  Cheon, J. & Grant, M.M. (2006, October 10-14). Developing learning content markup

language (LCML) for personalized instruction in the adaptive learning system. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology, Dallas, TX.

¡  DigitalThink. (2003). SCORM™: The e-learning standard. San Francisco: Author. Retrieved from http://sorubank.ege.edu.tr/~e190411147/scorm/scorm4.pdf

¡  IEEE Learning Technology Standards Committee. (2002). Learning object metadata. Retrieved from http://ltsc.ieee.org/wg12/

¡  Polsani, P.R. (2003). Use and abuse of reusable learning objects. Journal of Digital Information, 3(4). Retrieved from http://journals.tdl.org/jodi/article/viewArticle/89/88

¡  Wiley, D.A. (2002). Connecting learning objects to instructional design theory: A definition, a metaphor, and a taxonomy. In The instructional use of learning objects, D.A. Wiley (ed.). Retrieved from http://www.reusability.org/read/chapters/wiley.doc

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Michael M. Grant 2011