Upload
manjusha-kondepudi
View
1.445
Download
6
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
defintion, classifcation of resins
Citation preview
What are ORGANISED and UNORGANISED drugs????
RHIZOMES
Male fern Rhubarb Valerian Podophyllum Turmeric Ginger
Both rhizomes and roots
Roots
Liquorice Ipecac(also rhizomes) Rauwolfia Aconite Jalap (tuberous roots)
RESINS
Podophyllum
Male fern
Ginger Jalap
Valerian
Turmeric
ALKALOIDS
Aconite(TERPENOID)
Rauwolfia(INDOLE) Ipecac
(ISOQUINOLINE)
GLYCOSIDES
RhubarbANTHRAQUINONE
LIQUORICESaponins
RESIN DRUGS
RESINS:
Amorphous mixtures of essential oils,
oxygenated products of terpene and
carboxylic acids.
Found as exudations from trunk of various
trees.
Physical properties
Hard, transparent or translucent brittle
materials
Heavier than water
On being heated at a relatively low temperature
resins first get softened and ultimately melt
down thereby forming either an adhesive or a
sticky massive fluid, without undergoing any
sort of decomposition or volatilization.
On being heated in the air i.e., in the
presence of oxygen, resins usually burn
readily with a smoky flame because of the
presence of a large number of C-atoms in their
structure.
On being heated in a closed container i.e., in
the absence of oxygen, they undergo
decomposition and very often give rise to
products chiefly comprising of hydrocarbons.
Resins are bad conductors of electricity.
Chemical Properties
Resins are found to be a mixture of numerous
compounds rather than a single pure chemical
entity.
Their chemical properties are exclusively based
upon the functional groups present in these
substances.
Consequently, the resins are broadly divided
into resin alcohols, resin acids, resin
esters, glycosidal resins and resenes (i.e.,
inert neutral compounds).
Distribution of Resins in Plants
Their presence is almost rare and practically
negligible in the Pteridophyta
Resins have not been reported in the Thallophyta
i.e., the sea-weeds, fungi etc.
The most important and extensively studied resin-
containing families are, namely: Pinaceae
(Colophory or Rosin); Leguminosae (Tolu Balsam
and Balsam of Peru); Dipterocarpaceae (‘Garijan’—
a Balsam substitute for copaiba); Burseraceae
(Myrrh) and Umbelliferae (Asafoetida).
Occurrence in Plants
In the plants resins usually occur in different
secretory zones or structures.
(i) Resin Cells : Ginger–Zingiber officinale Roscoe
(Family: Zingiberaceae);
(ii) Schizogenous or Schizolysogenous Ducts
or Cavities : Pine Wood–Pinus polustris Miller.
(Family: Pinaceae).
(iii) Glandular Hairs : Cannabis–Cannabis sativa
Linne’. (Family: Moraceae)
The formation of resins in the plant is by of
its normal physiological functions, its yield
may be enhanced / occured in certain
exceptional instances like injury to the living
plant.(pathological)
The secretion obtained from the naturally
occurring secretory structure termed as
Primary Flow, whereas the one collected
through man-made-incisions on the plant i.e.,
abnormally formed secretary structures, as
Secondary Flow.
Based on the constituents
Glycoresins- jalap Oleo resins- Gum resins Oleo –gum resins
1. Resin Acids
Synonyms Resinolic Acid.
The resin acids essentially contain a large portion
of carboxylic acids and phenols. However, they
occur both in the free state and as their respective
esters.
They are usually found to be soluble in aqueous
solutions of the alkalies, thereby forming either
soap like solutions or colloidal suspensions.
Resinates, i.e., the metallic salts of these acids
find their extensive usage in the manufacture of
inferior varities of soaps and varnishes.
A few typical examples of resin acids are enumerated below:
2. Resin Alcohols
In general, resin alcohols are complex alcohols
having higher molecular weight. These are
of two types, namely:
(a) Resinotannols
(b) Resinols
(a) Resinotannols: The resin alcohols which
give a specific tannin reaction with iron salts.
A number of resinotannols have been
isolated from the plant kingdom. It is an usual
practice to name them according to the resins
in which they are found, such as:
Aloe resinotannol – From Aloe species
viz., Aloe barbedensis Miller, (Curacao
Aloes);Aloe perryi Baker, (Socotrine
Aloes); Aloe ferrox Miller, Aloe
africana Miller, Aloe spicata Baker. All these
belong to the natural order Lilliaceae.
Ammo resinotannol – From Ammoniacum
i.e., the oleo-gum-resin from Dorema
ammoniacum D. Don. (Family: Umbelliferae).
Galba resinotannol – From Galbanum i.e.,
the oleo-gum-resin from Ferula galbaniflua
Boiss et Bubse (Family: Umbelliferae).
Peru resinotannol – From Balsam of
Peru i.e., the balsam obtained from Myroxylon
balsamum var Pereirae (Royle) Harms
(Family: Fabaceae);
Sia resinotannol – From Sumatra Benzoin (Benzoin,
Styrax) i.e., the gum exuded from Styrax
benzoin Dryander (Family: Styracaceae).
Tolu resinotannol – From Balsam of Tolu i.e., the
Balsam obtained from Myroxylon balsamum (Linn.)
Harms. (belonging to the family. Leguminosae).
(b) Resinols: The resin alcohols that fail to
give a positive reaction with tannin and iron
salts. The following are some typical examples
of resinols, for instance:
Benzo resinol – From Benzoin which is purely
a pathological product obtained either
from Styrax benzoin Dryander and Styrax
paralleloneurus Brans. (Sumatra Benzoin) or
from Styrax tonkinensis Craib. (Siam Benzoin)
belonging to family Styraceae.
Sto resinol – From storax which is the balsamic resin
usually obtained from the trunk of Liquidamber
orientalis Mill. family Hamamelidaceae.
Gurju resinol – From Gurjun Balsam that is the aleo-
resin obtained from Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn.
F. belonging to family: Dipterocarpaceae.
Guaia resinol – From Guaiacum Resin obtained from
the heartwood of Guaiacum officinale Linn.
and Guaiacum sanctum Linn. belonging to
family: Zygophyllaceae.
3. Resenes
These are oxygenated compounds, but are not
affected either by alkalies or acids.
In fact, they are more or less neutral substances being
devoid of characteristic functional groups, and,
therefore, do not exhibit any characteristic chemical
properties.
Interestingly, they are immune to oxidizing agents
and variant climatic conditions, a fact which essentially
attributes the resins containing them one of their
major plus points for the manufacture of varnishes. A
few important examples of resenes are as follows:
Draco resene – Derived from the scales of the
fruit of Dragon’s Blood i.e.,Daemonorops draco Bl.
(and other species) belonging to the natural order
(Arecaceae).
Mastico resene – Derived from Mastic-an oleo-
resin obtained from Pistacia lentiscusLinn
belonging to family: Anacardiaceae.
Fluavil – Obtained from Gutta-percha and also
from the bark of various trees. Guttapercha is hard
and has a very low elasticity.