Upload
kia-soneja
View
662
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Research-Based Teaching Strategies
Citation preview
Effective Instructional Strategies
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Research-Based Teaching Strategies
1. Setting objectives and providing feedback
2. Nonlinguistic representations
3. Cues, questions, and advance organizers
4. Cooperative learning
5. Summarizing and note taking
6. Homework and practice
7. Reinforcing effort and providing recognition
8. Generating and testing hypothesis
9. Identifying similarities and differences
Nine (9) Categories of Instructional Strategies
Setting Objective
Providing Feedback
teacher can narrow the focus of the students
should not be too specific because learning will be limited
should be adapt by students to their own personal needs and desires
should be corrective in nature
the timeliness of feedback is essential to its effectiveness
should be specific to a criterion
students can provide their own feedback through on-going self-evaluation
Nonlinguistic Representations
a variety of activities can help students to formulate nonlinguistic representations
- use of graphic representations
- pictures
- mental images
- physical and technological models
- kinesthetic activities these help to elaborate knowledge
Cues and Questions
Advance Organizers
should focus on what is important rather than on what is unusual
higher-level questions produce deeper learning than lower level-level questions
waiting at least three seconds before accepting responses from students increases the depth of answers
questions are effective even before a lesson begins
are best used to give structure to information that is not well organized
different types of organizers can be used for different purposes and produce different results
Cooperative Learning
groups should rarely be organized by ability groups should be small teachers should take care not to overuse them
Summarizing and Note Taking
students must keep, delete, and substitute information
students must analyze the information at a fairly deep level
be aware of the explicit structure of information
verbatim note taking is the least effective way to take notes
notes should be considered works in progress
should be used for study guides for tests
the more notes taken, the better
Homework
should increase as they progress from elementary through high school
parental involvement in homework should be minimal
the purpose should be identified and articulated feedback should be provided
Reinforcing Effort
Providing Recognition
students are unaware of the direct effect that effort has on success
students can learn that the effort they put into a task has a direct effect on their success
strong belief in effort increases motivation
rewards do not have a negative effect on intrinsic motivation
rewards are most effective when they are contingent upon the attainment of some standard performance
abstract recognition (praise) is more effective in improving performance than are tangible rewards (candy)
Generating and Testing Hypotheses
can be approached in an inductive or deductive manner
teachers must encourage students to explain their hypotheses and conclusions
Identifying Similarities and Differences
teacher-directed activities deepen understanding for students and increase their ability to use knowledge
students should independently identify similarities and differences
graphic and symbolic forms enhances students’ ability to identify and understand similarities and differences
comparing, classifying, creating analogies, and creating metaphors are four different forms of identifying similarities and differences
Hill, Jane D. and Kathleen M. Flynn. Classroom Instruction that Works with English Language
Learners. Virginia, USA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 2006, pp. 5-103
Source:
Kia S. Soneja BSE-ENG