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Amina Maharjan, Ph.D.Livelihood Specialist (Migration), International Center for Integrated Montain Development (ICIMOD)
Rescue, relief and recovery post Gorkha earthquake in
Nepal – the role of migration
Migration Trend in Nepal
19931994 199519961997 19981999 20002001 2002200320042005 2006 2007200820092010 2011201220130
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
36052159
415818
527814
Year
Source: Department of Foreign Employment, 2014
Migration Trend in Nepal
Source: Department of Foreign Employment, 2014
Remittance Trend in Nepal
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11
2011/12
2012/13
2013/14
2014/15
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Amount (in NRs. Billion) Remittance/GDP in %
Year
Am
ount
(in
NR
s. B
illio
n)
Rem
ittan
ce/G
DP
in %
Note – Figures for 2014/15 include for the first 8 months onlySource: (MoF, 2015)
Methodology
Focused Group Discussion
Interveiw with key stakeholders
Interview with people
Damage cause by the earthquake
District Death Injured
Destroyed Infrastructure
Total houses (Census
2011)
Private houses
Govt. buildings Health
facility schools
Sindhupalchowk 3557 1,569 60,042 66636 747 97 546
Nuwakot 1109 1,050 55,456 79762 29 99 485
Q1. Impact on rescue & relief measuresImpact on rescue measures
• Negative impact on the speed and efficiency of rescue.• Migrant households more vulnerable vis-à-vis non migrant
households.• Rescue impacted by proportion of trapped people in
community, organizational capacity and isolation of households.
• Social network (formed by migration) was helpful in rescue efforts.
• Rescue of household assets most affected by lack of youth.• Desperation leads to breaking of gender taboos
Q1. Impact on rescue & relief measuresImpact on relief measures
- Access to government relief support: difficulties faced due to lack of documents.
- Access to other support: difficulties faced as they have not sufficient members to carry stuff.
+ Social network: a lifeline for access to relief
+ The stronger and wider the network, quicker and better access to relief support.
QQ2. Thoughts, plans and strategies in rebuilding of assets and livelihoods?
Voices from the field “those households who have businesses,
remittances, salaries jobs would rebuild their house in a couple of years but those
without income source other than farming will have
no option but to either migrate themselves or wait
for their children”
QQ2. Thoughts, plans and strategies in rebuilding of assets and livelihoods?
“How long can you live in the temporary shed? One has to build at least a small house. You do not save enough here to finance building a new house. So now I have no option but to go back again.”
QQ2. Thoughts, plans and strategies in rebuilding of assets and livelihoods?
Migrant households:• Households with multiple
remittance sources and overseas migrants with good income have positive outlook
• Overseas migrants with low wages and India migrants not so positive
• Returnees planning to leave again
• Older migrants in dilemma
Non-migrant Households:• Households with limited
land holding, limited off farm income and daily wage laborers not very positive.
• Many households thinking of migration.
Q3. Labour demand for recovery and utilization of social remittances?
• Labour shortage reported immediately after the earthquake.
• Rise in demand for skilled construction sector labour.
• Opens up new opportunity for skilled returnees and seasonal migrants to India.
Conclusion
• DRR plans need to consider the skewed population dynamics.
• Awareness on the need to leave documents home.
• Easy transfer of remittances.
• System to collect data on acquired skills of returnees.
• Promoting low cost migration options.
• Skill development for women
Supported by the UK’s Department for International Development (DFID) and Canada’s International Development Research Centre (IDRC)
Thank you