The facts

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Female & Male HormonesFemale Sex HormonesThe ovaries secrete two hormones, oestrogen and

progesteroneMale Sex Hormones Testosterone & determines the primary and

secondary sex characteristics. The male reproductive system is controlled by

hormones from the hypothalamus and from the anterior pituitary gland.

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Female Reproductive System

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Female Reproductive System

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Hormonal control of the female reproductive cycle.The two cycles are the ovarian cycle and

the uterine cycle. The cycles are interrelated and average 28 days.

The ovarian cycle is divided into the follicular phase and the luteal phase.

During the follicular phase the ovarian follicle matures primarily in response to FSH. The follicular phase ends with ovulation and is dominated by oestrogen.

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The uterine cycle is divided into the menstral phase, the proliferative phase and the secretory phase.

Menstral – loss of part of the endometrial lining and blood (menstruation)

Proliferative – endometrial lining thickens and becomes vascular (primarily in response to oestrogen)

Secretory – endometrial lining becomes lush and moist from increased secretory activity (primarily in response to progesterone)

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Structure and Function of the Breast

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Structure and Function of the Breast

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04/13/23 FI

Hormonal and Menstrual Alterations

Polycystic ovarian syndromeLeading cause of infertility in the United StatesOligo-ovulation or anovulationElevated levels of androgens or clinical signs of

hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovariesMultifactorial

Hyperinsulinism, hypertension, dyslipidemiaDysfunction of follicle development

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Infection and InflammationPelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Acute inflammatory disease caused by infection

May involve any organ of the reproductive tract Salpingitis Oophoritis

Sexually transmitted diseases migrate from the vagina to the upper genital tract

Polymicrobial infection04/13/23 FI

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

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Pelvic Relaxation DisordersThe bladder, urethra, and rectum are

supported by the endopelvic fascia and perineal muscles

The muscular and fascial tissue loses tone and strength with aging

Fails to maintain organs in proper position

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Pelvic Relaxation DisordersCystocele and rectoceleUrethroceleCystourethroceleEnteroceleVaginal prolapseUterine prolapse

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Pelvic Relaxation Disorders

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Benign Growths and Proliferative Conditions

EndometriosisPresence of functioning endometrial tissue

or implants outside the uterusResponds to hormone fluctuations of the

menstrual cyclePossible causes

Retrograde menstruation, spread through vascular or lymphatic systems, stimulation of multipotential epithelial cells on reproductive organs or genetic predisposition

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Cervical Cancer

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Benign Growths and Proliferative ConditionsEndometriosis

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Breast CancerReproductive factorsHormonal factorsEnvironmental factors and lifestyle

RadiationDietChemicals (xenoestrogens)

Physical activityFamilial factors and tumor-related genes

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Breast CancerManifestations

Painless lump, dimpling of skin, edemaTreatment

Based on stage of cancerSurgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone

therapy, biologic therapy and bone marrow transplantation

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