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Englishby Matifmarin.

RELATIVE

CLAUSES

DEFINING(Give relevant information)

NON-DEFINING(Give extra information)

RELATIVE PRONOUNS / ADVERBS

RELATIVE PRONOUNS / ADVERBS

THINGSwhich, that

TIMEwhen(adv)

PEOPLEwho, that

POSSESIONwhose

PLACEwhere(adv)

whowhichwherewhose

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RELATIVE CLAUSESRELATIVE CLAUSESEnglishby Matifmarin.

SUMMARY:

 

(a) Defining (no comma and essential information) (b) Non-defining (comma and extra information)

Subject Object (can be omitted) Possessive Subject object (can be omitted) possessive

For who who/whom whose that that

who who/whom whose _____ _______

For which which whose / of whichthat that

which which whose/of which

 Examples:

In we use who/ that/which instead of he/she/they/it.

- The woman – she lives next door –is a doctor.

The woman who lives next door is a doctor. (subject of the relative sentence → be omitted) □ We can use “that” instead of “who”: The woman that lives next door is a doctor (Not in non-defining)

We know a lot of people who live in London.

- We know a lot of people –they live in London.

Relative clauses

people

things

( Note that here we don’t use ‘that’)

defining relative clause

can’t

The relative pronoun is the subject: □ When the relative pronoun is the subject of a defining relative clause.• We can use 'who', 'which' or 'that'. (1) We use 'who' for people and (2) 'which' for things. (3) We can use 'that' for people or things.• The relative clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. We can't drop the relative pronoun.

For example (clause after the object of the sentence):

- I'm looking for a secretary can use a computer well.

- She has a son is a doctor.

- We bought a house is 200 years old.

- I sent a letter arrived three weeks later.

who / that

who / that

which / that

which / that

RELATIVE CLAUSESRELATIVE CLAUSES1. Defining Relative clauses / Oraciones subordinadas adjetivas especificativas

These type of clauses give essential information to define or identify the person or thing we are talking about. Therefore, we must use a relative pronoun in defining clauses.

□ We can drop the relative pronoun if we want to, When the relative pronoun is the object of the clause. Again, the clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. Here are some examples:

The relative pronoun is the object:

• Clause after the object: - They like the car (which / that) I bought.

- We went to the restaurant (which / that) Peter recommended.

- Mary met a man (who / that) I had been to school with.

- The company hired a secretary (who / that) John worked with.

RELATIVE CLAUSESRELATIVE CLAUSES1. Defining Relative clauses / Oraciones subordinadas adjetivas especificativas

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Englishby Matifmarin.

□ When we’re talking about things, we use that or which (not who) in relative clauses:

e.g.: - Where is the cheese? -It was in the fridge.

that- Where is the cheese was in the fridge? (the cheese is the subject of the R. clause → It can’t be omitted)

which

When who/that/which is the object, you can leave it out. Thus, you say:

- The woman I wanted to see was away (I wanted to see “the woman” / “her” = object)

- Have you found the book you lost? (You lost “the book” = object)→ The object pronouns can be omitted.

The relative pronouns ‘whom/who/that’ are used for people (‘whom’ is very formal):

EXAMPLES:-The man I saw told me to come back today (I saw a man = object → the rel. pron can be omitted)→ The man I saw told me to come back today.

The possessive whose is the only possible form for: people, animals and things (things also “of which”): EXAMPLES:- Dogs whose puppies have been sold can’t be very happy. - The window whose glass / the glass of which has been broken must be repaired.- People whose rents have been raised are very happy. - The girl whose parents are rich has everything she wants.

(who/that)

(that)

(whom/who/that)

RELATIVE CLAUSESRELATIVE CLAUSES1. Defining Relative clauses / Oraciones subordinadas adjetivas especificativas

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Englishby Matifmarin.

Practice 1:1.- An architect is someone _____ designs buildings.

2.- I don’t like stories ______ have unhappy endings.

3.- What was the name of the man ______ lent you the money?

4.- Anyone ______ wants to do the exam must enter before next Friday.

5.- Barbara works for a company _____ makes washing machines.

6.- The machine ______ broke down has now been repaired.

RELATIVE CLAUSESRELATIVE CLAUSES

1. Defining Relative clauses / Oraciones subordinadas adjetivas especificativas

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Englishby Matifmarin.

Practice 1: ANSWERSANSWERS

1.- An architect is someone who designs buildings.

2.- I don’t like stories that have unhappy endings. (or …. stories which have…)

3.- What was the name of the man who lent you the money?

4.- Anyone who wants to do the exam must enter before next Friday.

5.- Barbara works for a company that makes washing machines. (or … a company which makes …)

6.- The machine that broke down has now been repaired. (or … which broke down …)

Notice that we can use that instead of who: The woman that lives next door is very friendly. And that is more usual than which for things.

→ Don’t forget to study the contents of UNITS and do the activities both in CB & WB!!

RELATIVE CLAUSESRELATIVE CLAUSES

1. Defining Relative clauses / Oraciones subordinadas adjetivas especificativas

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RELATIVE CLAUSESRELATIVE CLAUSES

Practice 2:

1. This is the man __________ built our house.

2. There is the bridge ___________  we have to cross.

3. The girl ___________  lives next door is very nice.

4. The bus _____________ takes you to the station should be here any minute.

5. This is the dog ____________ barks every night.

A.- Choose the correct relative pronoun: who or which

B.- Decide whether the relative pronoun is necessary √ or not x .1. This is the ring that I found yesterday. 

2. Do you know the man that is speaking with Anne? 

3. I still have the book that you gave me. 

4. Is this the woman that lost her purse? 

5. Is this the key that we were looking for? 

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Englishby Matifmarin.

RELATIVE CLAUSESRELATIVE CLAUSESACTIVITIES

□ Practice 2 ANSWERS

1. This is the man who built our house.

2. There is the bridge which  we have to cross.

3. The girl who  lives next door is very nice.

4. The bus which takes you to the station should be here any minute.

5. This is the dog which barks every night.

1. This is the ring that I found yesterday.  x

2. Do you know the man that is speaking with Anne?  √

3. I still have the book that you gave me. x

4. Is this the woman that lost her purse? √

5. Is this the key that we were looking for? x

A.- Choose the correct relative pronoun: who or which

B.- Decide whether the relative pronoun is necessary √ or not x .

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Englishby Matifmarin.

RELATIVE CLAUSESRELATIVE CLAUSES2. Non-defining Relative clauses / Oraciones subordinadas adjetivas explicativas

● This type of sentences give additional explanation or extra information about the antecedent. The antecedent is the word to which the relative pronoun refers.

Examples:

1. My friend Maïa, who is French, is your new classmate.

□ The extra information is not essential and, if we remove it, it will not affect the meaning of the sentence:

2. My teacher, who is very tall, is always complaining about our behaviour.

□ The extra information is not essential and, if we remove it, it will not affect the meaning of the sentence:

→ The necessary information is "My teacher is always complaining about our behaviour." The fact that she "is very tall", is what we consider extra information and, therefore, must go between commas.

1.1. My friend Maïa is your new classmate

2.1. My teacher is always is always complaining about our behaviour.

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Englishby Matifmarin.

RELATIVE CLAUSESRELATIVE CLAUSES2. Non-defining Relative clauses / oraciones subordinadas adjetivas explicativas

MORE EXAMPLES:

This building, {which is visited by many tourists}, is where my grandmother was born.

→ The point is that this building is where my grandmother was born ... the fact that it is visited by many tourists, is not essential information and, of course, it can be omitted.

The children, who passed the exam, went on a school trip.

All the children went on the school trip and all of them passed the exam.

□ Remember to put the commas if you don’t want misunderstandings:

COMPARE!! The children who passed the exam went on a school trip.

These children passed the exam and went on the school trip. These childrendidn’t pass the exam and didn’t go on the school trip.

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RELATIVE CLAUSESRELATIVE CLAUSES2. Non-defining Relative clauses / oraciones subordinadas adjetivas explicativas

Never use the relative THAT in the explanatory sentences / non-defining relative clauses.

The dog, that bit you, is at the door.

which

Remember that the additional information always goes between commas.

_______________ , extra information , _____________

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RELATIVE CLAUSESRELATIVE CLAUSESPractice

Exercise for Non-Defining Relative Clauses□ Rewrite the sentences using the appropriate relative clause, remember that all relative clauses are non-defining:

1. Samuel Johnson was the son of a bookseller. Samuel Johnson was born in 1709.→ Samuel Johnson ....................................................................................................

2. In 1728, he went to Oxford. He studied at Pembroke College in Oxford.→ In 1728, he went ......................................................................................................

3. Johnson had to leave Oxford without a degree. He was too poor to pay the fees.→ Johnson ....................................................................................................................

4. In 1737, Johnson moved to London. There he wrote poetry, essays and biographies. → In 1737, Johnson .............................................................................................................

5. In 1746, Johnson started to write his dictionary. It took him nine years to complete.→ In 1746, Johnson started ........................................................................................

6. His home at that time was in 17 Gough Square in London. It is a museum now.→ 17 Gough Square in London ...................................................................................

7. In this house, his wife died in 1752. Her name was Elizabeth Porter.→ In this house his wife .................................................................................................

8. In 1755, the work was published. It was called A Dictionary of the English Language.→ In 1755, the work ......................................................................................................

9. Samuel Johnson died in 1784. He is buried in Westminster Abbey.→ Samuel Johnson .........................................................................................................

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Englishby Matifmarin.

RELATIVE CLAUSESRELATIVE CLAUSES□ Practice - ANSWERS

Exercise for Non-Defining Relative Clauses

1. Samuel Johnson was the son of a bookseller. Samuel Johnson was born in 1709.→ Samuel Johnson , who was born in 1709, was the son of a bookseller.

2. In 1728, he went to Oxford. He studied at Pembroke College in Oxford.→ In 1728, he went to Oxford, where he studied at Pembroke College.

3. Johnson had to leave Oxford without a degree. He was too poor to pay the fees.→ Johnson , who was too poor to pay the fees, had to leave Oxford without a degree.

4. In 1737, Johnson moved to London. There he wrote poetry, essays and biographies.→ In 1737, Johnson moved to London, where he wrote poetry, essays and biographies.

5. In 1746, Johnson started to write his dictionary. It took him nine years to complete.→ In 1746, Johnson started to write his dictionary, which took him nine years to complete.

6. His home at that time was in 17 Gough Square in London. It is a museum now.→ 17 Gough Square in London , which is a museum now, was his home at that time.

7. In this house, his wife died in 1752. Her name was Elizabeth Porter.→ In this house his wife , whose name was Elizabeth Porter, died in 1752.

8. In 1755, the work was published. It was called A Dictionary of the English Language.→ In 1755, the work , which was called A Dictionary of the English Language, was published.

9. Samuel Johnson died in 1784. He is buried in Westminster Abbey.→ Samuel Johnson , who died in 1784, is buried in Westminster Abbey.

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SUMMARY OF CONTENTSSUMMARY OF CONTENTSEnglishby Matifmarin.

fond, proud, ashamed, jealous, envioussuspicious, critical, tolerant afraid, frightened, terrified, scared

+ OF

(1) ADJECTIVES + OF ●aware, consciouscapable, incapablefull, shorttypicaltired, sick, certain, sureindependent

+ OF

●good, bad, brilliant, better, hopeless

+ AT

(2) ADJECTIVES + AT●married, engagedsimilar + TO

(3) ADJECTIVES + TO

different + FROM

(4) ADJECTIVES + TO (5) ADJECTIVES + TOkeendependent + ON

(6) ADJECTIVES + TO

●  crowded + WITH●famousresponsible + FOR

(7) ADJECTIVES + TO

ADJECTIVES + PREPOSITIONS

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SUMMARY OF CONTENTS SUMMARY OF CONTENTS Englishby Matifmarin.

(1) nice / kind / good / intelligent / clever / sensible/polite reasonable (+) silly / stupid / impolite / rude / unreasonable (-) OF someone (to do something):

EXAMPLES: - It was stupid of me to go out so late at night.- Thank you. It was nice/kind/polite of you to help me.

Adjective + preposition nice of

Oh, thank you ! It's very nice of you to remember my birthday!

ADJECTIVES + PREPOSITIONS

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SUMMARY OF CONTENTSSUMMARY OF CONTENTSEnglishby Matifmarin.

ADJECTIVES + PREPOSITIONS

(1) ADJECTIVES + OFafraid, frightened, terrified, scared OF someone / something

e.g.: Are you afraid of dogs?

(1.2) ashamed, proud, aware, (in)capable, conscious, fond , full, , jealous, envious, suspicious, short, tired OF sb/sthEXAMPLES:- I´m ashamed of what I did.- I´m short of money. Can you lend me some?- I´m tired of waiting, try to be more punctual. -She was jealous of her husband’s secretary.

(2) ADJECTIVES + TOnice, kind, good, generous, mean, (im)polite, rude, (un)pleasant, (un)friendly, cruel TO someoneEXAMPLES:- They have always been nice to me.- She is always rude to Ann

(2.1) married, engaged TO someonee.g.: Sara is married to an American.

(2.2) addicted, allergic, attentive, grateful, immune, indifferent, liable (likely to suffer from) TO somethinge.g.: He has become addicted to drugs very early

CONTEXTUALISED EXAMPLES

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Englishby Matifmarin.

SUMMARY OF CONTENTS PETSUMMARY OF CONTENTS PET

ADJECTIVES + PREPOSITIONSCONTEXTUALISED EXAMPLES

(3) ADJECTIVES + WITH delighted, pleased, satisfied, disappointed, bored, fed up, connected, happy, obsessed, preoccupied, crowded WITHsomeone/something

e.g.: I was disappointed with the gift.

(3.1) ADJECTIVES + WITH / ABOUTangry, annoyed, furious WITH someone for doing something; angry, annoyed, furious ABOUT something

EXAMPLE:A.- What are you so angry about? B.- I’m furious with her for not inviting me to her party.

(3.2) ADJECTIVES + ABOUTexcited, worried, upset, sorry, anxious, certain, right, wrong ABOUT somethingEXAMPLE:- I’m sorry about the noise last night.-I was right about the exam results

(4) ADJECTIVES + ATgood, bad, excellent, brilliant, hopeless AT something

e.g.: I´m hopeless at repairing things.(4.1) ADJECTIVES + AT / BY

e.g.: Everybody was shocked at/by the news.

(5) ADJECTIVES + FOR famous, sorry, late, ready, responsible FOR somethingEXAMPLE:- I’m sorry for shouting at you.- She is responsible for everything at the office. (6) ADJECTIVES + INinterested, experienced IN something

e.g.: Are you interested in arts?

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Englishby Matifmarin.

SUMMARY OF CONTENTSSUMMARY OF CONTENTSADJECTIVES + PREPOSITIONS

Look at the extracts from the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English to find theprepositions which follow the adjectives below.

bored adj tired and impatient because you do not think something is interesting, or because you have nothing to do: Children easily get bored.| [+ with] I’m bored with the same old routine day after day.

con•fused adj unable to understand clearly what someone is saying or what is happening: I am totally confused. Could you explain that again?| [+ about] If you are confused about anything, phone my office.

de•pressed adj a) feeling very unhappy: She felt lonely and depressed.| [+ about] Carter seemed depressed about the situation.

dis•ap•point•ed adj sad because something you hoped for did not happen, or because someone or something was not as good as expected: Dad seemed more disappointed than angry.| [+ about] Nathan’s really disappointed about not being able to go.

em•bar•rassed adj ashamed, nervous, or uncomfortable in a social situation: I managed to spill water on one of the guests – I was so embarrassed!| [+ about] At about the age of twelve, girls start feeling embarrassed about changing their clothes in front of other people.

ex•cit•ed adj happy, interested or hopeful because something good has happened or will happen: Steve’s flying home tomorrow – we’re all very excited. | excited crowds of shoppers. | [+ about] The kids are so excited about Christmas.

fright•ened adj feeling afraid: a frightened animal| [+ of] I was frightened of being left by myself in the house. in•terest•ed adj giving a lot of attention to something because you want to find out more about it: [+ in] I’m not really interested in politics. sur•prised adj having a feeling of surprise: Mr Benson looked surprised when I told him I was leaving. |[+ at/by] We were all surprised at Sue’s outburst. wor•ried adj unhappy because you keep thinking about a problem or are anxious about something: Don’t look so worried – we’ll find him.| [about] She’s so worried about her

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Englishby Matifmarin.

SUMMARY OF CONTENTSSUMMARY OF CONTENTSADJECTIVES + PREPOSITIONS

1 bored _____with______2 confused ________________3 depressed ________________4 disappointed ________________5 embarrassed ________________6 excited ________________7 frightened ________________8 interested ________________9 surprised ________________10 worried ________________

ACTIVITIES

1. Decide which preposition follows the adjectives below:

2. Match a beginning from A with an ending from B. Then complete the sentences with a preposition. A1 Nobody seems to be interested2 I’m so bored3 Are you still frightened4 We were really disappointed5 Are you excited6 My boss was surprised7 Everyone seems to be worried8 Don’t be embarrassed9 My sister’s really depressed10 I’m not confused

Ba _________ my decision to leave.b _________ saying what you really think.c _________ money at the moment.d _________ the dark?e _________ what I’m saying.f _________ my job.g _________ missing your party.h _________ her weight.i __________ English grammar any more.j __________ your wedding?

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Englishby Matifmarin.

SUMMARY OF CONTENTS PETSUMMARY OF CONTENTS PET

ANSWERSANSWERS

UNIT 23 ADJECTIVES + PREPOSITIONS

1 bored _______with______2 confused ____about_____3 depressed ___about_____ 4 disappointed _about_____ 5 embarrassed _about_____ 6 excited _____ about_____ 7 frightened ____of_______ 8 interested ____in_______ 9 surprised __ at / by_____ 10 worried ____about____

1. Decide which preposition follows the adjectives below:

2. Match a beginning from A with an ending from B. Then complete the sentences with a preposition.

A1 Nobody seems to be interested2 I’m so bored3 Are you still frightened4 We were really disappointed5 Are you excited6 My boss was surprised7 Everyone seems to be worried8 Don’t be embarrassed9 My sister’s really depressed10 I’m not confused

Ba __at / by_ my decision to leave.b __about__saying what you really think.c __about__ money at the moment.d __of_____ the dark?e __in_____ what I’m saying.f ___with___ my job.g __about__ missing your party.h __about__ her weight.i __about___ English grammar any more.j __about___ your wedding?

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Englishby Matifmarin.

SUMMARY OF CONTENTSSUMMARY OF CONTENTS

(1) I’m good ___ maths.

(2) I’m worried ____ losing my job.

(3) I’m ashamed _____ what I did.

(4) I’m worried ______ his

health.

(5) She’s affraid ____ spiders.

(6) I’m really bad ____ repairing things.

Help these people with the suitable prepositions!!Help these people with the suitable prepositions!!

ANSWERS: 1. AT 2. ABOUT 3. OF 4. ABOUT 5. OF 6. AT EndEnd