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GETTING TO KNOWTHE BODY

Basic body designWe are amazingly designed structure relates to function highly organized even the simplest of parts or actions is incredibly complex all parts must act together

We are bilaterally symmetric one line divides us into two mirror image halvesWe are bipedal designed to walk upright on two legs

We are complex, even at our simplest levels Cells = basic structural units of living things Tissues = groups of cells united to perform a certain function Organs = various tissues grouped together to carry out a functionSystems = organs working together

CELLS & TISSUESCells Comprised of membranes which hold contents in and control substances going in/out organelles tiny organ-like parts that act like machines, doing the processes of the cell

cytoplasm jelly-like semi-fluid environment for the organelles; allows substances to be moved around

Types of Nerve cells = neurons cell body dendrites carry impulses into the cell axon carries impulse away from the cell

Striated (striped) muscle cells Skeletal muscle cells voluntary Cardiac (heart) muscle cells involuntary

Smooth (visceral) muscle cells line the walls of internal organs, blood vessels, ducts involuntary

Bone cells (osteocytes) minerals (like calcium and phosphorus) and salts make a matrix that is interwoven with a protein called collagen

Red blood cells no nucleus biconcave disks carry oxygen using a substance called hemoglobin

White blood cells formed in bone marrow and lymph glands form part of bodys defense against microorganisms phagocytosis = cell-eating devour enemy cells

Tissues Types of Connective tissue Functions: connects, supports, transports, protects Examples: bone, cartilage, blood, fat

Epithelial tissue Covers organs and lines cavities -- absorbs, secretes, protects skin, lining of digestive tract

Muscular tissue contracts for movement Nervous tissue conducts electrochemical impulses brain, spinal cord, sensory receptors

SKELETAL SYSTEMFunctions:Gives the body shape & supportHelps the body moveProtects vital organsProduces blood cellsStores minerals (calcium & phosphorus)

There are 2 general divisions of the skeleton: the axial skeleton includes the head, neck, and trunk the appendicular skeleton includes the arms, legs, shoulders, and hips

There are a total of 206 bones in the average adult skeleton29 bones in the skull the cranium is the name given to the group of bones that encloses the brain the mandible (jawbone) is the only moveable bone in the skull

the nasal bones make up the bridge of the nose the remainder of the nose is comprised of cartilage

26 bones in the vertebral column 7 cervical vertebrae in the neck 12 thoracic vertebrae which connect to the ribs 5 lumbar vertebrae of the lower back

the sacral and coccyx vertebrae are fused groups of vertebrae the coccyx is sometimes called the tailbone there are 4 curves in the vertebral column curves increase support

25 bones in the thorax sternum (breastbone) 12 pairs of ribs 7 pairs connect directly to sternum by cartilage = true ribs

64 bones in upper limbs clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade) form the girdle or support for arm humerus = upper arm bone two bones of the lower arm ulna on pinky side, radius on thumb side

wrist is made up of 8 bones known as the carpals metacarpals = bones of the palm 1 for each finger phalanges = finger bones 3 in each finger, 2 in thumb

62 bones in the lower limbs fused bones of the pelvis make up the girdle that supports the leg femur = thigh bone two lower leg bones larger bone out front is the tibia, behind is the fibula

the knee joint is protected by the patella (kneecap) the 7 bones that form the heel and part of the ankle are the tarsals metatarsals = bones of instep arched for support phalanges = toe bones

Joints are where two or more bones join together some do not allow any movement (like in the skull) some allow only slight movement (like between vertebrae) many are freely moveable

ball-and-socket joints = allow bones to swing in nearly any direction shoulders, hips hinge joints = allow movement in just one direction elbow, knee, fingers

pivot joints = where one bone rests and rotates on another neck gliding joints = when two bones that can move separately meet wrist

Bones are held together by strong bands of tissue called ligaments. Tendons connect muscle to bone.Cartilage is a tissue that acts as a cushion between bones and at the ends of bones.

muscular systemFunctions: provides movement of skeleton of internal materials maintains posture produces heat

Types of musclesVoluntary (skeletal) = controlled by conscious thinkingInvoluntary (smooth & cardiac) = function without conscious thought

Muscle terms atrophy = wasting away due to a lack of use muscular dystrophy a disorder that causes irreversible atrophy hypertrophy = muscle growth due to excessive use

muscle ache = feeling of tiredness or pain resulting from working muscles muscle cramp = sudden muscle contraction causing severe pain muscle spasm = repeated involuntary contraction of a muscle

muscle tone = how in/out of shape a muscle is reflex = an involuntary response to a stimulus sneeze, pupil size, blink

Muscle groupsFacial masseter = used for chewing frontalis = moves eyebrowsTorso pectorals = chest abdominals = 4 sets, protect internal organs, core

Neck & back sternocleidomastoid = front of neck, turns head trapezius = back of neck latissimus dorsi = large, lower back muscle

Arms deltoid = caps arm at shoulder biceps brachii = front of upper arm triceps brachii = back of upper arm

Legs quadriceps = four muscles of upper thigh (front) hamstrings = three muscles of upper thigh (back) gastronemius = calf muscle gluteus maximus = large muscle in rear, for walking

Integumentary systemIncludes the skin, hair, nails, and glands.Functions: protection against invaders, UV radiation, and drying out temperature regulation sensory reception vitamin D production

Epidermis = outer layer composed mainly of older/dead skin cells Dermis = lower layer contains glands, blood vessels, and nerves Subcutaneous layer not part of skin, mostly fat

Sweat glands cool the body by excreting sweat through pores Oil glands keep hair and skin protected Hair protects skin shaft = part that is seen root = part not seen

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMAlso called the circulatory systemFunctions: transport to cells oxygen, nutrients, chemicals transport from cells waste, chemicals defense against disease

Structures: heart just larger than fist-sized slightly to left of center, between lungs double pump both left and right sides pump blood

right side pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs left side pumps oxygenated blood to cells throughout body

top chambers, called atria, receive blood bottom chambers, called ventricles, pump valves keep blood from flowing backwards between chambers entrance to great vessels

vessels arteries carry blood away from heart aorta = largest artery veins carry blood to heart pulmonary veins carry blood from lungs

capillaries connect arterioles (small arteries) and venules (small veins) at cellsPulse = number of heartbeats per minute feel recoil of arteries at pulse points radial, carotid, temporal

NERVOUS SYSTEMFunctions:controls all the functions of the bodyrelays messages back and forth to different parts of the bodysensory input

Main organs: brain biggest part = cerebrum 85% of the brain's weight the thinking, reasoning, remembering part of the brain controls voluntary muscles

two halves right = abstract things like music, colors, and shapes left = analytical, helping you with math, logic, and speech

right half of the cerebrum controls the left side of your body, and the left half controls the right side cerebellum at the back of the brain, below the cerebrum

controls balance, movement, and coordination brain stem sits beneath the cerebrum and in front of the cerebellum

connects the rest of the brain to the spinal cord in charge of all the functions your body needs to stay alive control your involuntary muscles: pumping blood, breathing air, digesting food, etc.

spinal cord long bundle of nerves within the vertebral column carries messages between brain and spinal nerves nerves pathway of neurons

transmits messages by electrochemical impulses sensory nerves carry impulses to brain motor nerves carry impulses to muscles

RESPIRATORY SYSTEMFunctions:allows oxygen in the air to be taken into the bodyenables the body to get rid of carbon dioxide from the body filters, warms, and humidifies inhaled air

Path of inhaled air: The two openings of the airway (the nasal cavity and the mouth) meet at thepharynx, or throat.Theepiglottis, a small flap of tissue, covers the air-only passage when we swallow, keeping food and liquid from going into our lungs.

Thelarynx, or voice box, is the uppermost part of the air-only passage. contains a pair of vocal cords, which vibrate to make soundsThetrachea, or windpipe, extends downward from the base of the larynx.

The trachea divides into left and right air tubes called bronchi, which connect to the lungs.Within the lungs, the bronchi branch into smaller bronchi and even smaller tubes calledbronchioles.

Bronchioles end in tiny air sacs calledalveoli. where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes placeThe lungs also contain elastic tissues that allow them to inflate and deflate without losing shape and are encased by a thin lining called thepleura.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEMFunctions: Brings in food (ingestion) Breaks food down to usable form (digestion) Gets food to circulatory system for transport to cells (absorption) Gets rid of waste (egestion)

Pathway of food Mouth begins process of digestion Teeth = make food pieces smaller incisors cut, canines tear, premolars & molars grind

Salivary glands = secrete saliva 3 pairs moisten food start digestion of starches Tongue = prepare food for swallowing makes a bolus (ball of food)

Pharynx Esophagus lies behind trachea peristalsis = involuntary muscular movements move food to stomach Stomach breaks down food into chyme (semi-liquid)

Accessory organs = produce substances that are added to the digestive process Liver secretes bile helps breakdown fats Gallbladder stores bile Pancreas secretes digestive juices

Small intestine most digestion occurs here nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream here lined with villi & microvilli increases surface area

Large Intestine larger in circumference, shorter in length than small intestine removes excess water from undigested food Rectum stores waste until exit through anus

EXCRETORY SYSTEMFunctions Removes waste from blood Excretes waste from body through sweating through expiration through elimination

Organs Kidneys remove waste products from the blood Ureters drain waste from kidneys Urinary bladder

collects and holds urine until it is removed from the body can stretch to hold about 1 qt. of fluid Urethra tube from bladder that carries urine to outside

Other organs lungs = remove CO2 & H2 O skin = through perspiration gives off water & metabolic wastes liver = cleans waste particles from the blood

ENDOCRINE SYSTEMFunctions controls functions within body communicates changes within body maintains stability within bodyFacts functions through chemical messengers = hormones

endocrine glands are ductless no tubes secrete directly into bloodstream sweat glands have tubes, for example and are considered EXOcrine glands

Organs Pituitary gland the master gland helps regulate activity of other glands found within brain produces growth hormone

Thyroid gland located in front of the trachea and below the larynx bow tie secretes hormones that regulate growth and energy usage

Pancreas left side of center, near stomach secretes insulin, made by the Islets of Langerhans regulates the amount of sugar in the blood

Adrenal glands located on top of each kidney produce adrenaline (epinephrine) heart rate and force are increased, blood pressure rises, and blood flow to the skeletal and cardiac muscles is increased

Reproductive glands Ovaries in females produce estrogen Testes in males produce testosterone