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Referencing and avoiding plagiarism presentation for Year 13 Pre-U English Group (March 2012)
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Referencing Literature in English - Cambridge Pre-U
L. Watts (Librarian) March 2012
Definitions
References – sources referred to in your written work.
A bibliography – a list, in alphabetical order by author’s surname, of all the sources you consulted, whether you used them or not.
Benefits Acknowledges the work of other writers and researchers.
Demonstrates the body of knowledge on which you have based your work.
Enables other researchers to verify the source and follow up.
Prevents accusations of plagiarism.
Source: Marsden, J. (2011) The benefits of successful referencing: applying Harvard conventions [PowerPoint presentation]. Available at: http://www.slideshare.net/MarsdenTherapy/the-benefits-of-harvard-referencing (Accessed: 4 March 2012).
Plagiarism …
... means passing off other people’s work as your own.
Plagiarism You must give credit whenever you use:
Another person’s idea, opinion or theory
Any facts, statistics, graphs, drawings – any pieces of information – that are not common knowledge
Quotations of another person’s actual spoken or written words; or paraphrase of another person’s spoken or written words.
Source: Indiana University, Bloomington (2011) Plagiarism: what it is and how to recognize it and avoid it. Available at: http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/plagiarism.shtml (Accessed: 4 March 2012)
When to start?
At the beginning of your research.
Choose a style
Does your school or university insist on a house style?
Ask your teacher.
Choose a style – APA (American Psychological Association); MHRA (Modern Humanities Research Association); Vancouver; Harvard.
Be consistent.
Keep track
Notebook
Index cards
Cut and paste URLs into a Word document
Bookmark websites in your browser
Keep track online Social bookmarking sites such as Diigo,
StumbleUpon or Digg
www.diigo.com; www.stumbleupon.com; www.digg.com
Evernote allows you to clip bits of websites and save them in notebooks www.evernote.com
Livebinders lets you organise resources in an online binder www.livebinders.com
What to record – Harvard style BOOKS Authors or editors. Look at the title page. Put the surname first, then the initial of the first name in the order they appear. If they are editors, use (ed.) or (eds) e.g. Fry, S. and Laurie, H. (eds) If there is no author but a corporation or organisation – use this. If there is no author or organisation – use the title e.g. The Times Atlas of the World (2002) London: Times Books.
What to record – Harvard style BOOKS The year of publication. Look at the reverse of the title page. Title of the book and the subtitle. Capitalise the first letter of the first word and proper nouns e.g. A lust for window sills: a lover’s guide to British buildings from portcullis to pebble-dash. Italicise the title. If you are writing by hand – underline it.
What to record – Harvard style
BOOKS Edition – only include this if it is not the first edition. If there is no indication of which edition it is, it is the first. Use edn so edition is not confused with ‘editor’. e.g. 3rd edn Place and publisher – Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Pages – If you include a page reference in your in-text citation, put p.23. If you are referring to a chapter, use pp. 200 – 220.
What to record – Harvard style
JOURNALS
Author – surname followed by initials Year of publication (in brackets) Title of article ‘in single quotation marks’ Title of journal – in italics. Capitalize the first letter of each word in the title, except for linking words. Issue – volume, part number, month or season Page reference – p.7 or pp.13-17
What to record – Harvard style
JOURNALS
EXAMPLE: Splatt, J.W. and Weedon, D. (1977) ‘The Urethral Syndrome’, British Journal of Urology, 49(2), pp.173-176. In-text citation: (Splatt and Weedon, 1977, pp.173-176)
What to record – Harvard style
JOURNALS
EXAMPLE: Splatt, J.W. and Weedon, D. (1977) ‘The Urethral Syndrome’, British Journal of Urology, 49(2), pp.173-176. Wiley Online Library [Online]. Available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1464-410X.1977.tb04095.x/abstract (Accessed: 4 March 2012).
What to record – Harvard style
INTERNET SITES AND WEB PAGES
Author Year the site was published or updated (in round brackets). If there is no date – how useful is the information? Dates can be checked on sites such as http://lookup.ws/whois.php http://www.allwhois.com
What to record – Harvard style
INTERNET SITES AND WEB PAGES
EXAMPLE: Davis, T. (2001) How to write an essay. Available at: http://www.unask.com/teaching/howto/essay.htm (Accessed: 4 March 2012) In-text citation: Davis (2001) gives advice on writing professionally
What to record – Harvard style
INTERNET SITES AND WEB PAGES
For web pages with no authors – use the title of the site. For web pages with no authors or titles – use the URL, followed by (no date)
Numerical systems
Ibid. Short for ‘ibidem’ which means ‘in the same place’. It refers to the source immediately before.
Op. cit. is short for ‘opere citato’ which means ‘in the work already cited’.
1. J W Trimmer, How to avoid huge ships, 2nd edn, Cornell, Cornell Maritime Press, 1993, p.8 2. Ibid., p.17 [this means p. 17 in the book above] 3. P L H McSweeney (ed.), Cheese problems solved, Cambridge, Woodhead Publishing, 2007, p.92 4. W. Westfield, Does the Earth rotate? No! [publisher unknown] 1919. 5. P L H McSweeney (ed.) op.cit. [this means in the book already cited but not the one directly above]
Putting references in your text
Quotations: don’t make them too long. What is special about this quote? Williams and Carroll (2009) assert that, ‘If it’s worth a quote, it’s worth a comment.’ Source: Williams, K. And Carroll, J. (2009)Referencing and understanding plagiarism. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Putting references in your text
Paraphrasing: Expressing the meaning of short extracts in your own words. Tell your reader what you want them to see. Williams and Carroll (2009)
Putting references in your text
Summarising: Providing a brief statement of the main points of a book or article. ‘Show your source before your reader starts wondering whose work they are reading.’ Williams and Carroll (2009)
Putting references in your text
Useful phrases: Smith claims that ... Smith contends that ... Smith asserts that ... According to Smith ...
Help with referencing Word 2007 – limited choice of styles (APA, Chicago, MLA, Turabian) Neil’s toolbox: http://www.neilstoolbox.com/bibliography-creator/index.htm BibMe: http://www.bibme.org/ Guide to the Harvard Style of Referencing from Anglia Ruskin University: http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/files/Harvard_referencing_2011.pdf
Bibliography Pears, R. And Shields, G. Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 8th edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Reference copy in stock in the School Library.