A. Rebellions and civil unrest1. Social background of the Taiping movement2. Hong Xiuquan3. The Rebellion4. The demise of the Taiping

B. Restoration and Self-strengthening1. Restoration2. The Self-strengthening Movement

C. Failed reforms in the age of imperialism1. The first Sino-Japanese conflict and its sequels2. The Hundred Day Reform, 1898a. The sources of the reformb. Content and impact of the reformsc. The failure of the Hundred Day Reformd. The sequels of the Hundred Day Reform

D. The Boxer Rebellion1. Causes and background2. The origins of the boxer movement3. The course and results of the boxer uprising4. Failure and impact of the boxer uprising

Zeng Guofan

Zhang Zhidong

Li Hongzhang

Kang Youwei

Guang Xu