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Project Report
RR&&DD PPLLAANN ((22001155--22002255)) FFOORR IINNDDIIAANN PPOOWWEERR SSEECCTTOORR
March 2015
Submitted towards partial fulfillment of the criteria for award of PGPM (Energy) by
Great Lakes Institute of Management, Gurgaon
Submitted By,
KRISHNA PRASANTH (P131005)
& KUMAR MUKUND (P131020)
PGPM (Energy) 2013 – 15
Company Guide Institute Guide
Mr. Reji Kumar Pillai Mr. Naveen Agarwal
President & CEO Sr. Research Officer,
India Smart Grid Forum Great Lakes Institute of Management,
Gurgaon
Mr. Amol Sawant
Business Analyst
India Smart Grid Forum
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CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY AND AUTHENTICITY
We, Krishna Prasanth & Kumar Mukund students of Great Lakes Institute of Management,
Gurgaon, PGPM (Energy) 2013-15 batch, hereby declare that we have completed our
research project entitled ”R&D Plan (2015-2025) for Indian Power Sector” at India Smart
Grid Forum, during the period from September 20th
2014 to March 20th
2015.
We further declare that the information presented in the report is true and original to the best
of our knowledge. We also assure that the result of this project is the output of our original
study and has not been submitted anywhere else for the award of any other degree.
Krishna Prasanth Amaravadi Kumar Mukund
P131005 P131020
PGPM (Energy) 2013-15 PGPM (Energy) 2013-15
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We, Krishna Prasanth and Kumar Mukund, the students of Great Lakes Institute of
Management (GLIM), Gurgaon (PGPME-15), are extremely grateful to India Smart Grid
Forum (ISGF) for the confidence bestowed in us and entrusting our project entitled “R&D
Plan (2015-2025) for Indian Power Sector”.
At this juncture we feel deeply honored in expressing our sincere thanks to Mr. Reji Kumar
Pillai, President (ISGF) for his guidance and mentorship, and Mr. Amol Sawant, Business
Analyst (ISGF)for making the resources available at right time and providing valuable
insights.
We express our gratitude to our College Director Dr. Himadri Das and Energy Program
Director Dr.V.P.Singh for their support. We also extend our gratitude to
our Project Guide Mr. Naveen Agarwal; Sr. Research Analyst who assisted us at various
stages of the project.
We would also like to thank all the employees of ISGF and all the faculty members
of GLIM for their critical advice and guidance without which this project would not have
been possible.
Last but not the least we place a deep sense of gratitude to our family members and our
friends who have been constant source of inspiration during the preparation of
this project work
Krishna Prasanth (P131005)
Kumar Mukund (P131020)
PGPM (Energy) 2013-15
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CONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................. 6
List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... 10
List of Tables .......................................................................................................................... 11
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 12
2. Scope and Objective of the project ............................................................................... 14
2.1. Need for R&D in Power SectoR ............................................................................... 14
2.2. Objective ................................................................................................................... 16
3. Literature Review ........................................................................................................... 17
3.1. Power Sector Challenges ........................................................................................... 17
3.2. Significance of R&D in Power Sector ...................................................................... 18
4. Research Methodology& Data Collection .................................................................... 20
5. Missed Opportunitities ................................................................................................... 21
5.1. Changing landscape of Power SECTOR in the world .............................................. 21
5.1.1. Energy Storage technologies and solutions ....................................................... 26
5.2. Growth of Renewable................................................................................................ 29
5.2.1. Solar ................................................................................................................... 29
5.2.2. Wind ................................................................................................................... 36
5.2.3. Geothermal ........................................................................................................ 41
5.3. Smart Grid Technologies .......................................................................................... 45
5.4. Electrical Vehicles..................................................................................................... 47
5.4.1. V2G and G2V ..................................................................................................... 48
5.4.2. Charging stations ............................................................................................... 49
5.4.3. Tariff Plans/Revenue Model .............................................................................. 51
6. Current R&D Scenario in India .................................................................................... 52
6.1. R&D in Power sector and the Institutes .................................................................... 53
6.1.1. NETRA (NTPC Energy Technology Research Alliance) ................................... 54
6.1.2. EEC for Power sector (Excellence Enhancement Center) ................................ 54
6.1.3. Central Power Research Institute (CPRI) ......................................................... 55
6.1.4. National Institute for Solar Energy (NISE) ....................................................... 55
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6.1.5. National Institute for Wind Energy (NIWE) ...................................................... 55
6.1.6. Sardar Swaran Singh-National Institute for Renewable Energy (SSS-NIRE) ... 55
6.1.7. Others ................................................................................................................. 56
6.2. Programs going on various domains of Power sector ............................................... 57
6.2.1. Generation ......................................................................................................... 57
6.2.2. Transmission ...................................................................................................... 58
6.2.3. Distribution ........................................................................................................ 59
6.2.4. Equipment Manufacturers ................................................................................. 60
6.2.5. Others ................................................................................................................. 60
7. Barriers towards R&D in India .................................................................................... 62
8. The Disruptive Technologies in Power sector .............................................................. 64
8.1. Smart Grid Technologies .......................................................................................... 64
8.2. Storage Technologies ................................................................................................ 65
8.3. Electrical Vehicles..................................................................................................... 66
8.4. Robotics ..................................................................................................................... 66
8.5. LED ........................................................................................................................... 66
8.6. Compressor-less air conditioning, electrochromic windows .................................... 67
8.7. Renewables: .............................................................................................................. 67
8.7.1. Solar ................................................................................................................... 67
8.7.2. Wind ................................................................................................................... 67
8.7.3. Bio-fuels and electrofules .................................................................................. 68
8.7.4. Geothermal ........................................................................................................ 68
8.8. Nanotechnology/Material .......................................................................................... 69
8.9. Carbon Capturing Technology .................................................................................. 70
8.10. BioMimicry ........................................................................................................... 71
9. R&D Road map for Indian Power sector ..................................................................... 72
Bibliography/References ....................................................................................................... 78
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ABBREVIATIONS
ABC: Aerial Bunched Cables
ACSR: Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced
AT&C: Aggregate Technical and Commercial
BEE: Bureau of Energy Efficiency
CMTI: Central Machine Tools Institute
CPRI: Central Power Research Institute
CRGO: Cold Rolled Grain Oriented
CSC: Current Source Converters
CT: Current Transformer
CTE: Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
DER: Distributed Energy Resources
DISCOM: Distribution Companies
DMS: Distribution Management System
DSM: Demand Side Management
DSTATCOM: Distribution Static Compensator
DT: Distribution Transformer
DVR: Dynamic Voltage Restorer
EHC: Extra High Currents
EHV: Extra High Voltage
EMC: Electromagnetic Compatibility
EMS: Energy Management System
EPA: Environmental Protection Agency
EPR: Ethylene Propylene
FACTS: Flexible AC Transmission System
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FRP: Fiber Reinforced Polymer
GERD: Gross Expenditure in R&D
GIL: Gas Insulated Lines
GIS: Geographical Information System
G2V: Grid to Vehicle
HIL: Hardware-in-the-Loop
HMT: Hindustan Machine Tools
HTLS: High Temperature, Low Sag
HTS: High Temperature Superconducting
HVAC: High Voltage Alternating Current
HVDS: High Voltage Distribution System
ISGF: India Smart Grid Forum
IPCL: Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd
LVDS: Low Voltage Distribution System
MoP: Ministry of Power
NCL: National Chemical Laboratory
NIFPES: Nitrogen Injection Fire Prevention & Extinguishing System
NPD: New Product Development
OCT: Optical Current Transformer
OIP: Oil Impregnated Paper
OLTC: On Load Tap Changer
OMS: Outage Management System
RIP: Resin Integrated Paper
R&M: Renovation and Modernization
PE: Polyethylene
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PILC: Paper Insulated Lead Covered
PLC: Programmable Logic Controller
PVC: Poly Vinyl Chloride R&D: Research and Development
ROW: Right of Way
SCADA: Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
SSSC: Static Synchronous Series Compensator
STATCOM: Static Synchronous Compensator
SVC: Static Var Compensator
T&D: Transmission and Distribution
TCSC: Thyristor Controlled Series Compensators
TOC: Total Cost of Owning
TRANSCOs: Transmission Companies
UPQC: Unified Power Quality Compensator
UHV: Ultra High Voltage
UPFC: Unified Power Flow Controllers
V2G: Vehicle to Grid
VSC: Voltage Source Converter
XLPE: Cross Linked Polyethylene
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY India’s record on expenditure in R&D in power sector has been pathetic to say the least. For
10th
five year plan (2002-2007), against an outlay of Rs. 3100 crore the total expenditure was
a mere Rs. 23 crore. For the 11th
five year plan (2007-2011) the total expenditure was Rs. 352
crore against an outlay of Rs. 1214 crore. For the 12th
five year plan (2012-2017), the total
estimated expenditure on R&D is Rs. 4,168 crore1.
With the advancement in technology and growing power needs, the landscape of power
sector is going to change drastically. The large power generation units are going to become
distributed generation units and consumers are becoming prosumers. There are going to be
millions of injection points which are going to be interactive in nature with V2G and G2V,
M2M technologies etc. Environmental concerns are forcing us to shift our focus from fossil
fuel based generation to renewable energy. But intermittent nature of renewable is a big
challenge and we need to invest in R&D on various smart grid technologies and storage
technologies to integrate it with the national grid.
With more than half of the population within the age group of 15-54 years, a nice variety of
experience can be blended for a better applied research, development and innovation in India.
Also more than 5 lakh students graduate every year from various engineering streams.
However there are two key challenges, one to produce graduates with the required skill sets
that are useful for the power sector and two to create the job opportunities in the field of
R&D in power sector. It is very important for India to develop in house R&D units by
increasing our focus on development of innovative new technologies that will help India to
meet its requirements. This will help India not only to create jobs at large scale but also to
increase the number of patents registered with the Indian companies. This report is an attempt
to define the priorities of R&D investments in Indian power sector and technologies in which
India should invest in next 10 years to become self-dependent and net exporter of
technologies.
1http://www.npti.in/Download/Misc/workinggroup%20report%20final%20100212/10Chapter%2008%20Financial%20Issues%2025.01.2012.pdf
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Smart home with home energy management system ............................................... 23
Figure 2: Indian Energy storage market (2013-20)-IESA ....................................................... 29
Figure 3: US Solar PV Production from 2004-2014 ................................................................ 29
Figure 4: Solar Usage growth in US (2010 &2014)Comparison ............................................. 30
Figure 5: PV Module price per watt (1990-2015) ................................................................... 31
Figure 6: Technology market share of Solar (2013) ................................................................ 33
Figure 7: Worldwide Solar PV growth & Cumulative results ................................................. 34
Figure 8: New RE power capacity additions by technology (2004-13) ................................... 36
Figure 9: Wind power capacity of the world (2014) ................................................................ 37
Figure 10: Percentage growth in cumulative capacity of wind ................................................ 38
Figure 11: Growth in size of wind turbines since 1980 and future prospects .......................... 39
Figure 12: Global Installed Capacity (MW) of Operating Geothermal Plants ........................ 41
Figure 13: Geothermal power plants by project type ............................................................... 42
Figure 14: Geothermal projects under development ................................................................ 42
Figure 15: Geothermal Provinces in India ............................................................................... 44
Figure 16: Global Smart Grid market Share ............................................................................ 47
Figure 17: Forecasted Expenditure in R&D (2014 IBEF) ....................................................... 52
Figure 18: Sector Wise R&D expenditure in India (2012) ...................................................... 52
Figure 19: R&D units’ distribution in India. 2) No. of R&D units in India since 2000 .......... 52
Figure 20: Planned and Actual expenditure in R&D in power sector ..................................... 53
Figure 21: Blue Whale Fins as reference for Wind Turbines .................................................. 71
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Installed Capacity of Solar (MW)-country wise ........................................................ 33
Table 2: R&M activities undertaken by GoI............................................................................ 57
Table 3: Transmission Projects undertaken in India ................................................................ 59
Table 4: Proposed Budget as per NPP R&D scheme for 12th 5 year plan .............................. 61
Table 5: Survey responses for R&D barriers (FICCI) ............................................................. 62
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CHAPTER 1
1. INTRODUCTION
India is the fifth largest producer and consumer of electricity in the world. The last six and a
half decades was a great period for the power sector. The generation capacity of India
increased by many folds since 1950’s to the 20th
century. The per capita consumption of India
improved from a meager 15.6kWh in 1950 to 917kWh by the end of 2013. With raising
aspirations of the people and to grow at a GDP close to that of double digits, the growth in
power sector is going to have a crucial say. It is expected that by the end of 13th
five year plan
there is going to be an addition of 100GW. With coal still being the major fuel to cater to
these needs and emission norms growing stringent day by day, a greater stress is towards
renewable sources like solar, wind and tidal. As on 31.01.2015, out of the total installed
capacity of 258 GW, the share of thermal was 68.19%, hydro 17.39%, nuclear 2.08% and
renewable energy sources 12.32%2. This is a huge development in comparison with the total
installed capacity in 1950-51 at just 1.713 GW3. Even though the development is tremendous,
the demand always exceeds the supply.
Apart from this, thermal plants in India co-generate annually:
More than 548 million tons of CO24.
More than 90 million tons of fly ash5.
More than 2.25 million tons of SO2.
1.75 million tons of NO2.
Global consensus is that CO2 levels of today are to be immediately brought down, otherwise
there may be a major climatic shift and worst affected would be the coastal populations. Our
2http://www.powermin.nic.in/indian_electricity_scenario/introduction.htm
3http://www.indiaenergyportal.org/overview_detail.php
4http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/co2-emission-by-indian-power-plants-increases-
109121700058_1.html
5http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/100/12/1791.pdf
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energy pricing mechanism is such that, the tariff provides for only around 70% of the cost of
power supplied. Further our track record for energy efficiency is very poor. We generate
around 4 units of electricity to meet the end requirement of 1 unit owing to our high AT&C
losses and end conversion losses. Therefore, the future development of power sector depends
on how best and timely these issues are addressed and implemented while planning programs
for the future including R&D in power sector.
India being a young country will have a nice variety of experience of young graduates and
old that can be blended for a better applied research, development and innovation in India.
However there are two challenges for the young India, one to produce graduates with the
required skills that are useful for the power sector and two to create the job opportunities in
the field of R&D in power sector. To address these problems, it’s important for India to
develop in-house R&D units for NPD and technology development. In-house R&D will
develop the India’s intellectual property in Technological advances by increasing the number
of patents registered. So, to achieve the tag line of “net exporter of Technology“ and to
become an R&D hub for technology, India needs to develop a sustainable model that has to
be implemented to see through the future needs of the country and the people and this is
possible through investment in R&D by the national and private companies. This report talks
mainly about the areas of R&D where India can invest to become self-sustainable and also a
technology exporter.
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CHAPTER2
2. SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
2.1. NEED FOR R&D IN POWER SECTOR
In terms of expenditure, United States is the largest among the global spenders on R&D
followed by Japan and China. The major spenders within Europe are Germany, France and
the UK. In 2009, out of the total USD1143 billion spent on R&D, the percentage share of
these countries6 is: US (33%); Japan (12.6%); China (12.5%) Germany (6%); and France
(4%) with India’s share is dismally low at 2.1%. For a country of India’s size such a dismal
expenditure in R&D is not going to be sufficient enough as the demand for electricity is on
raise day by day.
When we talk about the leading companies in the world, they spend a considerable amount on
R&D to provide new and innovative products to their customer to maintain their leadership
position. Be it Toyota which spends around USD 9.9 billion and ranked one globally on R&D
spending or Samsung which spends around USD 9 billion and ranked two globally and so on.
Much advancement has taken place in technology when we were grappling to meet our basic
need in last decade. Some are listed below:
i. Electric Vehicle: An Electrical Vehicle (EV) is a vehicle which uses batteries instead
of gasoline to run the vehicle. The batteries used to run these vehicles are
rechargeable. These vehicles are environment friendly and more efficient as compared
with conventional vehicle. Although Mahindra Reva has launched its EV, the vehicle
is not commercially viable and more R&D work is required to reduce the cost.
ii. Solid State Transformer (SSD): The solid state power transformers mitigate all
power quality problems, are more energy efficient and have very low no load losses.
In addition as these transformers do not need mineral oil and thus are more
environmental friendly.
6http://www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-India/Local%20Assets/Documents/Whitepaper_on_RD_expenditure.pdf
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iii. Microgrids: Microgrids are a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy
resources like roof top solar, small wind farm or individual diesel generator set,
within clearly defined electrical boundaries. There are three basic types of micro-grid:
remote, customer owned and utility distribution. Remote micro-grid provides power
to consumers situated far from utility grid. Customer micro-grid is owned by a single
customer and provides electricity at large facilities like school, hospital etc. Utility
distribution micro-grid refers to portions of the grid within the utility system that are
configured to act as micro-grid. Micro-grid is going to play a pivotal role in supply
electricity to those geographic terrains where it is uneconomical or difficult to reach
through national grid.
iv. Energy Storage: Several technologies can be used to store energy like: pumped
hydro storage; thermal energy storage; compressed air storage system; flywheel
systems; electrochemical batteries etc. With increasing share of intermittent nature
renewable energy in the overall energy mix, R&D in energy storage system is vital for
energy security of the nation.
v. Power Electronics: One of the current focus areas in power sector in India is to
reduce the auxiliary power consumption which is as high as 10% of total power
generation. R&D in dower electronics can also help us to reduce our T&D losses by
increasing efficiency of the equipments.
vi. Smart Grid: A smart grid uses existing technologies, tools and methods to bring
knowledge to electricity, capable of making the grid work far more efficiently. In
Smart Grids, smart technology monitors and controls every aspect of electricity
supply.
vii. Prosumer: Prosumers are those electricity consumers, who can produce as well as
consume electricity with the help of wind turbines, rooftop solar panels, waste-to-heat
conversion etc.
viii. Distributed Generation
ix. V2G and G2V along with M2M interaction
x. Material Research
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xi. Renewables: India is fortunate enough to have over 3000 hours of sunshine annually.
Solar energy can be utilized as the alternative source of energy. With the help of
power electronics, we can increase the efficiency of solar panels from current 15-17%
to 35-40%. Implementing smart grids along with the distributed generation for solar
and other renewables will be of great advantage to cater to the needs of the future
generations.
R & D in specific areas can yield significant benefit to the nation as a whole, however may
not be always economical for investment by the private sector. Therefore there is a need for
the government to step in and support R&D efforts. The incentive for government
participation can be summarized as follows:
Innovations are resulting in reducing cost across all consumers and there might not be
any direct benefit to the organization.
Research requiring high investment and having less chance of success might not be
attractive for private player. But investment in such project is required and success
brings high reward to the society.
Innovation impacting environment may not be pursued by the industry until and
unless any regulation, incentive or penalty are at place.
Research with high gestation period might not be that rewarding for private players.
2.2. OBJECTIVE
The scope of this project is to provide a strategic plan to Government of India (GOI) to invest
in R&D of Power sector in such a way that in the next ten years (2015-2025):
India becomes Net exporter of Technology
A leader in emerging new technologies in power sector
Increase the number of patents to more than 100 per year by 2020
At least one Nobel prize per year after 2025
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CHAPTER 3
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
Power sector is the backbone of any economy and its performance is vital for the success of
countries economy. So is the case with India. The generation capacity of India increased by
many folds in a span of 65 years with per capita consumption increased by 60X times. There
have been very drastic changes in the technologies that are being used in the power sector
over a period of time. The power sector in India is at an inflection point. The landscape of
power sector is going to change drastically. But there are certain challenges that have to be
addressed to cater to these drastic changes, which are addressed below.
3.1. POWER SECTOR CHALLENGES
Power sector is critical for overall development of any country. It provides basic necessity i.e.
power to all industries and helps in achieving sustainable economic growth. At present, the
Indian power sector is confronted with myriad challenges:
i. Low Per Capita Power Consumption: According to a world bank’s report of 20117,
India’s per capita power consumption was 684 KWh in 2011 and by the end of 2013 it
is 917kWh as compared to USA with 13246 kWh and followed by China at 3298
kWh. With more than one third of the population don’t have access to electricity;
India’s per capita consumption is set to grow exponentially in coming years. It
requires huge amount of investment on R&D to mitigate the risks.
ii. Availability of fuel: Around 55% of the total installed capacity of 243 GW is coal
based. But the supply of the coal is below the demand and also the quality of coal is
not good. So to compensate for these shortcomings, we depend on import. In financial
year 2012-2013, the coal import bill was Rs. 81,013 crore as compared to Rs.5009
7http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC
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crore in 2003-20048. Land acquisition and environmental concern are some of the
other problems.
iii. Inadequate and outdated Transmission Infrastructure: We have already witnessed one
of the worst power outages twice in July 2012 due to inadequate and outdated
transmission infrastructure. Some of the major challenges in this segment are:
growing demand; increasing complexity of the system with the addition in renewable
generation capacity; power evacuation problems; land acquisition and forest clearance
problem; power congestion due to inadequate capacity etc.
iv. High AT&C loss and non-cost reflective tariff: India’s AT&C loss at around 27% is
one among the highest in the world. Due to populist measures adopted by State
Governments and non-cost reflective tariff, power DISCOM’s (distribution
companies) losses crossed 2 lakh crore by March 20129.
3.2. SIGNIFICANCE OF R&D IN POWER SECTOR
Technological advancement is an important contributor to economic growth of modern
society. Realizing the importance, many Govt. organizations have executed various R&D
projects in power sector in their own way, the integration of which is not done by any single
agency to facilitate the mutual learning.
As a result of this and most of them not being on applied R&D lines, there are many technical
problems that need urgent attention like:
System operation related issues like; high AT&C losses, grid failure, load shedding
etc.
Poor quality coal and problems in coal handling system
Environment problem due to burning of coal
Less effective transmission system
Boiler and condenser tube failures
Wear and erosion problems due to salty water
8http://www.projectsmonitor.com/daily-wire/indias-coal-import-bill-crosses-rs-81000-crore/
9http://www.kseboa.org/news/power-dicoms-losses-cross-rs-2-lakh-crore-crisil-08052199.html
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.Dependency on export for solar technology
Dependency on export for super critical technology in thermal power plants
Inefficient utilization of resources
The above mentioned problems clearly indicate that R&D in power sector did not get proper
attention till now, unlike other sectors as: space, defence or atomic energy. The main reason
is the absence of one single agency that co-ordinates and guides various R&D projects.
Power system is going to change a lot in next 10 years than the last 30 years as mentioned
above. Thus it is a prime time to focus our attention on the R&D in the power sector.
Research is urgently needed to build expertise, to find solutions for the existing problems in
the system at present and that arise in the future.
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CHAPTER 4
4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY& DATA COLLECTION
To identify the R&D areas we have taken the help of report by Central Power Research
Institute (CPRI) entitled "National Perspective Plan for R&D in Power Sector" in June
2002. All key stakeholders like CPRI, NTPC,CERC, CEA,PGCIL,NEEPCO, BBMB, DVC,
NHPC, NPTI, THDC, SJVNL, BHEL, IIT's and NIT’s have participated in this task and
brought out R&D plan report.
The R&D needs aim at either improving design of an individual plant component and/or
evolving economical processes. R&D requirements moreover include capitalizing on the
advancements in Information technologies, electronics and communication to mend the
control & instrumentation and data acquisition systems and 24X7 monitoring of system
performance strictures.
We have also done research on various R&D projects going on in various countries like
China, Germany, Japan, and USA. We have gone through various research documents
published by independent researchers, academicians and consulting firms and collected
relevant information suitable in Indian context. We have collected information from various
leading organizations working in Power sector like ABB, Siemens, Ariva, Alstom, BHEL,
Schneider, GE, Toshiba etc. We have talked to many experts in power industry to finalize our
thrust R&D areas.
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CHAPTER 5
5. MISSED OPPORTUNITITIES
India has been a laggard in implementing technology in the power sector. Country was
mainly concentrating on increasing the generation capacity and meeting the demand by using
transmission and distribution channels with the existing technology or importing it. Though
R&D was going on in the power sector in was at a minuscule level or the R&D necessary
with in the organizations. It has not grown leaps and bounds for the entire sector and neither
was the this issue and important aspect for the governments, which led to missing a lot of
opportunities for a country that would have solved so many issues discussed in the power
sector by now.
5.1. CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF POWER SECTOR IN THE WORLD
Electrification is considered to be the greatest engineering achievement of 20th
century.
During the last 100 years power sector grew across the country (and world) and drastically
changed the world we live in. Although power sector became highly prevalent, and
technologies became more sophisticated and innovative, the basic sector has remained
relatively static over the past century till recently. Power is conventionally generated in rural
areas by large power plants and transferred long distances to where it is consumed with losses
along the way.
But the landscape has started to change rapidly across the world in 21st century when we were
grappling with very basic issue to supply electricity to all. Aging infrastructure, continuously
altering regulations, scattered energy resources and the merger of Information Technology
and Operations Technology (IT/OT) are dramatically changing the landscape of power sector.
Service practices and processes are ever-changing and the guidelines are putting huge stress
on already inadequate resources, new pressures are challenging our grid day by day, and the
existing business model makes it hard to keep up with grid modernization that is required to
meet the reliability demands for our nation’s most critical infrastructure – the power grid.
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One of such technologies is Smart Grid. The Smart Grid challenges the centralized, one-way
flow of electricity that prevailed in the 20th century, ushering renewable sources, like solar,
wind etc., closer to wherever electricity is consumed. The bottom-line is that with Smart Grid
there are increased opportunities for saving money and reducing the environmental impact.
To understand how the Smart Grid will change the way power is consumed, we must first
understand how the power market works today. Two things are different in power markets as
compared to a general retail market. Firstly, there is generally only one supplier of electricity
for a particular area. Secondly, we cannot efficiently store electricity (presently) to be
consumed at a later stage, like any other retail object. This means that when electricity is
generated, it must be consumed immediately. In the general power grid with massive
centralized generation happening, this was not an issue. However, with drastic increase in
renewables, like solar and wind, the generation of renewable energy often does not occur
when it is needed i.e. during peak hours. This often hints towards inadequacies in the
generation of electricity. The Smart Grid is trying to remove, or reduce, these ineptitudes by
modernizing the power market and making it work more like a traditional market.
In places like Germany, the electricity market has been deregulated and instead of there being
single incumbent local utility, customer has a choice to select the electricity provider. Like in
the mangoes analogy, this means if your current utility makes a change that is undesired; it is
possible to switch providers. As far as storing electricity is concerned, Elon Musk (of Tesla
and Space X) has recently announced plans to make a battery factory with the end goal of
having batteries large enough to store power on the scale necessary for the power grid. These
two changes in electricity markets will usher in profound changes to the existing grid,
benefitting all participants. In Texas, it is conceivable to choose electricity supplier. In
Chicago, it is possible to select a real-time pricing mechanism that charges you different
prices depending on the time-of-day.
Home energy management system (HEMS) is another emerging technology. HEMS are a way
to manage the electricity in houses (see Fig. 1). By smartly using electricity, one can save
money. One example is with electric heating and air conditioning. When no one is at home,
it does not matter what the temperature inside the house is. However, when the family is
back home from work, the temperature inside the house should be adjusted accordingly. If
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everyone waits until they arrive home to start the AC load leading to a large spike in
electricity usage (leads to higher carbon emissions and increased cost of power supply). If,
however, HEMS is installed in the house you can pre-cool (or pre-heat in the winter) the
house before everyone arrives home, when the price of electricity is economical and saves a
lot of money. If we can modify a little at the household level, this will aggregate across an
entire city/town/states/entire nation. From the sum of these individual changes, we are able to
greatly shave off the peak load, which will in turn reduce the number of unwanted and diesel
run generators essential to meet this demand and lead to improved monetary and
environmental sustainability.
Figure 1: Smart home with home energy management system
Coal still dominates installed capacity due to decades-old decisions (due to lengthy lead
times, the coal units are entering service reflect age-old decisions), but U.S. and E.U. coal
markets share is now dwindling because investors are instead choosing to build renewable
and natural gas power plants. Europe in 2009 closed more nuclear and coal capacity than
actual capacity additions. Also, China reduced its net additions of coal capacity to ½ during
2006–2009, and reduced the same to one and a half percentage points in 2009.
But the “fuel story”—the transition from fossil fuels to renewable—is only one of the shifts
transforming the electricity landscape. Equally important is the “scale story”—the transition
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from large to small scale power units is making way to move away from huge centralized
thermal power plants to micro power units.
Micro power is characteristically modular, easily deployable, and monetarily lower-risk than
large thermal plants. It can have a huge capacity grouped at one place like a wind farm with
100-plus turbines totalling hundreds of MWs, but the saving come primarily from bulk
production of modular units (such as individual wind turbines or solar panels) rather than
from the gargantuan size of single units. The emerging micro power revolution is making
new electricity to emit less CO2, quick deployment, often economical. New power plants in
this area are increasingly being preferred by entrepreneurs and investors rather than by
government organizations, making a shift towards smaller, cleaner and economical plants
with better economics scale. Quicker construction diminishes financial jeopardies. Shorter
decision time periods can better capture rapid technological developments and falling costs.
All these trends intensify competitive stress on big, slow, bumpy projects whose increased
financial risks are clearly preventing investors to invest.
In 2006, micro power produced 16 percent to 52 percent of all electricity in a dozen industrial
countries—not including the U.S. (~9 percent), whose rules favor incumbents and their giant
plants. Nuclear power worldwide added 1.44 GW (one big reactor’s worth) of net capacity—
more than all of it from up rating old units, since retirements exceeded additions. But
photovoltaic added even more capacity; wind power, ten times more; micro power, 30 to 41
times more. Micro power plus efficiency probably provided over half the world’s new
electrical amenities. In China, the world’s most motivated nuclear program achieved one-
seventh of the installed capacity (7 GW) and one-seventh the growth rate of China’s
distributed renewable capacity (49 GW).
In 2007, the U.S., Spain, and China each added more wind capacity than the world added
nuclear capacity, and the U.S. added more wind capacity than it added coal-fired capacity
during 2003–2007, inclusive. China beat its 2010 wind power target.
In 2008, micro power generated about 17 percent of the world’s total power, 3% points
higher than its share in 2002. Nuclear power's part in the meantime fell by a little more, and
as per International Atomic Energy Agency data, it fell to about 13 percent in 2008 and even
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lower in 2009. In 2008, China doubled its wind power for the third year in a row. Wind
power pulled ahead of gas-fired capacity additions in the U.S. and EU, renewable added more
capacity than nonrenewable. That plus ~$40 billion for big hydro dams brought renewable
power generation, for the first time in almost a century, additional investments than the
~$110 billion invested in all fossil-fueled power stations. In 2009, the U.S. added another 10
and China another 13 GW of wind power.
Developing countries in 2008 had 43 percent of renewables’ global capacity (excluding big
hydro). Asian shift towards renewable could shrink global coal usage as97 percent of
incremental coal requirement is in Asia: China and India use nearly half of world coal and
had 75 percent of world coal-fired capacity under 2008 construction. This shift is preparing to
emerge: China’s net rate of adding coal plants fell by half during 2006-2009 China also shut
down 62 GW of inefficient old coal plants during 2005–2009, and appears to be cooling its
overheated nuclear ambitions while accelerating efficiency and renewable. The new 2020
wind-and-PV target is reportedly ~120 GW, and a Tsinghua/Harvard team found in 2009 that
China can cost-effectively and practically provide twice as much wind power as its total
current electricity use.
Central thermal power plants—nuclear or fossil-fueled—are rapidly losing share in the global
marketplace and intense competition is shooting up their already daunting financial risks.
New power generation is moving physically closer to customers and it is evading new
transmission lines and possibly making power supply more dependable. In the U.S., for
instance, about 98 to 99 percent of power failures initiate within the grid, and onsite
generation sidesteps this cause of outages. New ways to diversify forecast and integrate
variable renewable (wind power and photovoltaic) into the grid can let them achieve very
high supply fractions without needing bulk electricity storage.
In all, the shift of both source and scale is revolutionizing the electricity business—the
world’s most capital-intensive and critical infrastructure sector—before our eyes.
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5.1.1. ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES AND SOLUTIONS
Since the discovery of electricity, we have tried to find effective systems to store energy.
Over the last century, the energy storage industry has continued to evolve and adapt to
changing energy requirements and advances in technologies. There are mainly six categories:
Solid State Batteries: It is a range of electromechanical storage solutions, including
advanced chemistry batteries and capacitors.
Flow Batteries: In this energy is stored in the electrolyte solution for longer life cycle, and
quick response times.
Flywheels: Mechanical device that harness rotational energy to deliver instantaneous
electricity.
Compressed Air Energy Storage: Using compressed air to create a potent energy reserve.
Thermal: Seizing heat and cold to generate energy on demand.
Pumped Hydro Storage: Creating large scale reservoirs of energy with water.
Out of the all the energy storage technologies mentioned, solid state batteries (Lithium Ion,
Nickel Cadmium and Sodium Sulphur batteries) and pumped hydro storage technologies
have a great potential in India.
LITHIUM ION (Li-ION) BATTERIES
The main reason you’ve heard the term “lithium-ion battery” before is energy density; a
LIB setup can pack a lot of power in a very small space. More than that, LIB batteries offer
decent charge times and a high number of discharge cycles. Depending on your choices for
electrodes; you can powerfully affect your battery’s performance. The energy density is
related to the number of lithium ions (and thus electrons) the electrodes can hold per unit of
surface area.
There’s no doubt that 2014 was a breakout year for grid energy storage -- and if we play our
cards right, it could lay the groundwork for a lot more breakout years to come. Over the past
one year, we’ve seen the battery deployments at a mass scale, many of them linked with
rooftop solar. Prices for LIB keep falling, and new technologies are coming in to fill the gaps.
And despite some hiccups, the industry is moving past pilot stage and making a play for
large-scale commercialization.
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There’s no other place in the world that’s pushing the market in so many different directions
as California. Indeed, the state's 1.3 GW by 2020 mandate, which seemed bold when passed
in the year 2013, is now being surpassed in the near term by projects from transmission scale
to distributed, behind-the-meter solar and EV-linked systems. In a big show of support for
energy storage as a cost-effective and long-term resource, SCE in November procured 250
MW of storage, more than five times its mandated requirement. SCE’s (Southern California
Edison’s) picks also included a broad mix of storage assets, from ice-making air conditioners
and distributed batteries, to the world’s biggest lithium-ion battery, and a tight focus
on solving local distribution grid needs, as well as achieving the long-term goals of the
utility. The similar kind of development is taking place in many parts of the world to tackle
the intermittent nature of renewable energy.
Many researches are taking place across the world to make the technology economically
viable. The Department of Energy’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (USA) has
created a new variety of lithium-ion battery that can store at least twice the amount of energy
found in your conventional laptop battery or smartphone. Unlike some other battery advances
that won’t see the light of day for years to come, this energy storage breakthrough could
actually find its way into commercial devices in near future. As is normal nowadays,
nanotech is the magic ingredient; nanostructured silicon sponges to be exact. India should
invest in R&D in these technologies.
NICKEL CADMIUM (Ni-Cd) BATTERIES
NiCd cells and batteries have been in use for many years as the main form of secondary cell
or rechargeable cell for electronics equipment and for small electrical appliances such as
torches, etc. Although they are now not favoured for environmental reasons and there are
more efficient forms or rechargeable batteries and cells available.
SODIUM SULPHUR (NaS) BATTERIES
NaS technology was begun in 1966 by Joe Kummer and Neil Weber at the Ford Motor
Company. This battery technology is known for its high efficiency, excellent cycle life, low-
cost materials, and very high energy density. However, this comes with the disadvantages of
needing very high temperature to operate (molten sodium), the fact that the insulator can be
brittle, and safety concerns with regard to the need to protect the sodium from moisture.
Another concern with the technology is that many chemistries form undesirable Na2S2 solids
with higher depth-of-discharge operation. The main application area is for grid storage.
NaS battery technology has been demonstrated at over 190 sites in Japan. More than 270
megawatts of stored energy suitable for 6 hours of daily peak shaving have been installed.
The largest installation is a 34 MW, 245 MWh units for wind stabilization in Northern Japan.
The demand for NaS batteries as an effective means of stabilizing renewable energy output
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and providing ancillary services is expanding. US utilities have installed 9 MW for backup
power, firming wind capacity, peak shaving, and other applications. Projections indicate that
development of an additional 9MW is in progress.
PUMPED HYDRO STORAGE
Pumped hydroelectric storage (PHS) is the most established technology for utility-scale
electricity storage and has been commercially deployed since the 1890s. Since the 2000s,
there have been revived interests in developing PHS facilities worldwide. Because most low-
carbon electricity resources (ex. wind, solar, and nuclear) cannot flexibly adjust their output
to match fluctuating power demands, there is an increasing need for bulk electricity storage
due to the calls to mitigate global warming.
Pumped-storage hydropower currently accounts for more than 99% of installed storage
capacity for electrical energy worldwide: around 127 GW (gigawatts) which is around 3% of
the total installed capacity, according to the EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute – the
research arm of America’s power utilities) and Germany's Fraunhofer Institute.
Most of the global installed pumped-storage generating capacity is to be found in Asia –
which currently holds over 60 GW of cumulative installed capacity.
The October 2012 TC 4 Plenary Meeting took place in Japan, which is a prime global user of
pumped-storage facilities. The country's complex geographical features and an abundance of
rainfall have created a number of small rivers that provide opportunities for the development
of hydropower. As hydropower resources have been developed, Japan has tapped into
pumped-storage as a way of to meet the peak power deficit. Recently commissioned units are
in operation at the 1 200 MW Omarugawa pumped-storage project, where the head is 646
m. China is also developing pumped-storage facilities at large scale. It is to start building a
3600 megawatt hydroelectric pumped-storage facility in Hebei Province. The first phase of
the project, a capacity of 1800 MW, is expected to take around seven years to complete. The
plant is expected to help retain some of the province’s high wind turbine output, some 5% of
which was reportedly lost in 2011. In the same province a 1 024 MW pumped-storage plant
was completed in 2008. In 2010 the United States had 40 pumped-storage plants which
accounted for about 16% of renewable capacity and 2% of the country's energy capacity,
supplying 215 GW of pumped-storage capacity (20,6% of world capacity for this category).
Some 40 pumped-storage projects providing an additional 31 GW could be developed in the
US in the future to balance variable generation from solar and wind sources. The largest
hydroelectric pumped-storage plant in the world, with 2100 MW capacity, is the Bath County
plant located in Virginia, USA.
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INDIAN MARKET FOR ENERGY STORAGE
Currently the main energy storage
application is the backup / UPS market,
which perhaps was at least few GW in
size. It is difficult to estimate exact size as
the total sales also include automobile
sales. In next 7 years, IESA (India Energy
Storage Alliance) estimates that the
potential market size for grid / off grid
applications will be around 20 GW as
shown.
India has around 5 GW of PHS capacities,
which is 2% of total installed capacity.
Considering the GoI is planning to ramp
up renewable energy generation capacity,
India should increase its PHS capacity.
5.2. GROWTH OF RENEWABLE
5.2.1. SOLAR
In the last few decades, technological leaps and the scaled-up production of solar panels have
made solar power comparatively less expensive. What started as a technology used to power
telescopes, satellites, and other vehicles in
outer space is now used in office
buildings and warehouses homes, and
even in the form of solar farms. By the
end of the decade, solar energy could
become cheaper than conventional
electricity in many parts of the world, and
the continued growth of the industry could
create hundreds of thousands of jobs. The
cost of solar energy has fallen sharply
over the last 20 years and so, with
accelerating price declines in the last 5
years. The growing demand for solar
power has translated into manufacturing
Figure 2: Indian Energy storage market (2013-20)-IESA
Figure 3: US Solar PV Production from 2004-2014
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and supply chain efficiencies, resulting in price declines on par with consumer electronics
like laptop computers, cell phones, and high-definition televisions.
In the U.S., solar energy production is growing at a staggering pace. According to a report
from the U.S. Energy Information Administration, solar voltaic energy production this year
has more than doubled last year's production. Compared to other types of renewable energy,
like hydroelectric or wind, solar is the new kid on the block. But it is growing rapidly. From
June 2013 to June 2014, the U.S. produced more than 12,000,000 MWh of power, compared
to around 5,600,000 from June 2012 to June 2013. But the most recent growth is just a
continuation of the pace at which solar power production has been expanding. The staggering
growth in the solar energy production can be seen in the below mentioned Figure3&4.
Solar market studies are conducted everywhere, and apparently, things have never been
better. Power and energy market research
company Frost & Sullivan revealed that
global solar energy usage will more than
quadruple by 2030. Another
study sponsored by the U.S. Department of
Energy confirmed that the rapid growth is
largely because the cost of PV cells and
modules is on a major decline. Prices are
declining because overseas manufacturing
is becoming more popular and making
heavy advances in production and
technology. Recently, one of the world’s largest PV module producing plants, JA Solar
Holding, reported the development of cells with a 20% efficiency conversion rate. So we
have a situation where some countries at various times — Germany, Italy, Spain — are
actually finding times when solar can really challenge the conventional grid. A new report
from the International Energy Agency suggests the possibility of solar power becoming the
world's largest electricity source by 2050.India has also taken steps in this line by revising the
RE targets to 175 GW by 2022 of which 100GW is through solar followed by wind at 60GW,
biomass at 10GW and small hydro at 5GW. A road map to achieve the same is laid by
MNRE under MoP.
RECENT OVERCAPACITY ISSUE
Between 2007 and 2011 the solar industry grew at approximately 70% YoY. In particular,
from the major recession year of 2009 and the recovery year of 2010 the industry grew at an
incredible 172%. Production was hard pressed to keep up with demand. As a result, those
companies that were able to dramatically increase capacity gained market share. No one
wanted to be left out because of lack of capacity, so every company added capacity as fast as
Figure 4: Solar Usage growth in US (2010 &2014) Comparison
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they could thinking the industry growth would continue for the foreseeable future. In 2010
industry analysts warned that too much capacity was being brought on stream. But, the
market was growing at double the analyst's
forecasted growth rates, so the added capacity was
easily absorbed. But from early 2011 capacity
additions finally began to exceed demand. Prices of
solar cells began to tumble as companies, especially
second and third tier companies, fought to reduce
inventories that were piling up. In spite of the fact
that the industry continued to grow at a 40%, due to
huge inventory pile ups the prices of the solar
modules, cells etc. tumbled almost uncontrollably.
According to GTM Research 31 GW of PV solar
cells were produced of which 24% were left unsold.
This led to bankruptcy of many small and medium
scale companies all over the world. Hardest hit were
polysilicon suppliers, whose prices dropped almost by 70%. This happened because back in
2007 and 2008 there was a worldwide polysilicon shortage and polysilicon prices increased
to about $400/kg. Suppliers made a lot of money and added tons of capacity so that there was
a huge polysilicon capacity overhang, estimated to be 40 GW worth. The falling prices of
polysilicon were the main reason lower crystalline silicon "cell" prices. As a result of falling
prices while unit shipments increased, almost all the companies in the industry were in loss
from 2011 to 2013. But the things started to improve with the beginning on 2014.
SOLAR SHIFT FROM EUROPE TO ASIA
The global solar market is shifting from Europe to Asia. China installed 12 GW of new solar
PV power generation capacity in 2013, a whopping 232% year-over-year increase. On the
other hand new solar PV power capacity in Germany, in contrast, dropped a sharp 56.5
percent to 3.3 GW, while Italy’s fell 55 percent to 1.6 GW. China also accounted for a much
greater share of global solar industry financing. Some $23.56 billion of solar energy finance
flowed through China’s market in 2013, equivalent to the entire amount raised in Europe.
China's National Development and Reform Commission have set a goal of installing 100 GW
of solar capacity by 2020.
China is the world’s top energy consumer, with the vast majority of its electricity
coming from domestically-mined coal. But the Asian nation is cutting its dependence
fossil fuels and replacing it with solar at a breakneck pace. Between January and the end
of June, China added 3.3 GW of solar capacity, double the installation over the same
period last year, and equivalent to the entire solar capacity of Australia – one of the
sunniest places on earth. That brings China’s total solar power supply up to 23 GW,
Figure 5: PV Module price per watt (1990-2015)
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second only to Germany’s 36 GW. The main reason, of course, is environmental.
Choking clouds of pollution from fossil-fueled power plants and vehicles are the norm
for residents of many Chinese cities, and the situation is only getting worse. Recently,
Chinese government announced that it would ban the use of coal in Beijing by the end of
2020--although coal power use outside the capital is expected to continue.
Germany used to be the undisputed solar leader, but it is being surpassed by China and to
some extent, Japan, which embraced solar-powered after the Fukushima nuclear power
plant meltdown in 2011.
CHINA’S SOLAR DUMPING
As China ramped up its PV cell production to meet solar targets, global prices fell
significantly, leading to bankruptcy of uncompetitive solar panel manufacturers. Clean
Technica reports that over the past three years, PV system costs have fallen by more than
50%, while the number of suppliers has declined from 250 in 2010 to 150 in 2013. While
Germany and the rest of Europe have scaled back government incentives to install solar,
in China, increased targets for solar power have been backed by programs to boost
market demand. A feed-in tariff passed last year amounts to a subsidy of between 14 and
16 U.S. cents per kilowatt hour, and applicable to both ground-mounted and rooftop
panels. Feed-in tariffs incentivize renewable energy producers by allowing them to
charge a higher price for their electricity than the retail rate. New public buildings, along
with public infrastructure such as airport terminals and railway stations, will be eligible
for subsidies under the country’s goal of installing 8 GW of distributed solar. The
Chinese government is also encouraging financial institutions to offer discounts on loans
and the formation of PV industry investment funds among insurance companies and
trusts.
Other countries have also implemented government incentives, but not as effectively as
China. Following Fukushima disaster, Japan rolled out a feed-in tariff equal to 37 U.S.
cents, twice that of France and Germany, with the goal of producing up to 17 GW. But
over the past two years, the ministry cut the tariffs by a fifth and imposed time limits on
installations, leaving only 13% of approved projects actually installed and operating.
The US offers a federal tax credit for domestic solar-powered systems, and, depending
on the state, a system of tax credits, rebates administered by state utilities or agencies,
and performance-based incentives based on unit production. In 2013, the U.S. set a new
record for new installed PV capacity 4,751 MW. But according to a recent study,
complex regulations are inhibiting the growth of solar in the U.S., with one in three
installers avoiding selling solar in certain cities due to difficulties obtaining permits.
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PV SOLAR INSTALLED BY COUNTRY
The table on the right shows the megawatts of PV solar
installed by country, shows that Germany has historically
been the leader in solar power. Germany has a goal to
discontinue all nuclear power by the year 2022 and
replace it with renewable resources. However, as the
price of solar power has decreased and Germany is on
target to meet its goals, they have reduced their solar
incentives prompting their installations to peak in 2012
and fall off dramatically in 2013. The same thing
occurred in Italy in 2011. In 2013 China, who has about
65% of the world's manufacturing capacity, began to
focus on its own internal needs for clean power and
dramatically increased its solar power in 2013. China
is now the world leader in PV solar and will likely
remain so for the foreseeable future. In the last several years, both Japan and the United
States have also come on strong with significant installations.
MARKET SHARE BY TECHNOLOGY
As can be easily seen from the chart to the right, crystalline silicon dominates the solar
market by a large margin. Thin film's share for all thin film technologies was only 10% in
2013 down from 18% in 2009 according to Solarbuzz. Crystalline Silicon's share has been
rapidly increasing the last few years as Chinese manufacturers have come on strong. Thin
film's market share is forecast to decline further to 7% by 2017 according to Solarbuzz.
The leader by far in thin film technology is First Solar
whose cadmium telluride module manufacturing costs
are somewhat less than those of most crystalline cell
manufacturers. Crystalline wafers are about 200
microns (a micron = one millionth of a meter) thick. In
contrast, thin-film panels are made by vacuum
depositing several layers of semi-conductor materials
only a few microns thick. Silicon in its pure form
(99.9999% pure for solar applications) is very
expensive and makes up about 20% to 25% of the
cost of crystalline panels vs. the semiconductor cost
of about 2% in thin film panels. However, thin film panels are not as efficient as crystalline
panels and therefore more thin film panels are required to generate the same amount of
electricity. A thin film installation can take up to 35 percent more space (and land) to achieve
Table 1: Installed Capacity of Solar (MW)-country
wise
Figure 6: Technology market share of Solar (2013)
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the same total power output as a premium crystalline installation. Thin film is strongest in the
utility scale market because the cost of panels outweighs the cost of land in this market.
Sharp and a few other manufacturers are trying to make "thin film silicon" a success in the
utility market. Chinese suppliers using crystalline silicon have significantly reduced their
costs and prices thus gaining market share. They operate on very thin margins and depend on
large volumes to get their unit costs down. Of the ten top module producers in 2013, seven
were Chinese using crystalline silicon. The dramatic drop in silicon module prices from 2011
to 2013 has almost closed the cost gap between silicon and cadmium telluride.
Figure 7: Worldwide Solar PV growth & Cumulative results
INDIA
India’s concerted efforts to develop solar power began in 2010 in the month of January, when
the country launched the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) as one among
the eight missions under the country’s National Action Plan for Climate Change. Its aim was
to encourage solar power on a large scale and position India as a world leader in solar
manufacturing as well as in R&D.
The first phase of JNNSM (2010-13) witnessed enthusiastic participation from Indian and
international investors. The strategy deployed was an innovative mechanism of bundling
relatively expensive solar power with power from the unallocated quota of the Government
of India’s thermal power generation units that are relatively economical. It also followed a
reverse bidding mechanism that enabled qualified bidders to benefit from declining global
prices for solar related components and units. Thus plummeting the purchase price of both
solar PV and CSP for the utilities.
Some of the lessons that India learned from the JNNSM Phase 1 are:
1. Increase access to funds from commercial banks and attract private financing:
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Under Phase I of the program, scheduled commercial banks mostly shied away from lending
for solar projects while multilateral financial institutions, export credit agencies and some
nonbanking financial organizations took up most of the funding. Nevertheless, given that
most infrastructure lending in India has been led by commercial banks, the solar mission will
need their pro-active contribution to scale up to the levels envisaged.
2. Develop shared infrastructure facilities such as solar parks:
The provision of publicly developed infrastructure frees private providers to focus on solar
power development, lowering costs and increasing efficiency. For instance, Gujarat was the
frontrunner to declare a solar policy (2009) and today it is the solar power generation hub in
India. The first solar park was established on waste land in Charanka (Patan district) and it
has the biggest capacity of solar in Asia. The park offers the developers with a pre-developed
land along with crucial infrastructure along with facilities for transmission and power
evacuation, transport and water connectivity, in this manner confirming to the rapid
expansion of solar projects.
3. Use India’s comparative advantage to develop a niche in the manufacturing value chain:
India’s solar PV manufacturing capacity is limited and does not include the higher
technological echelons of the business. This is mainly due to the lack of raw materials, access
to low cost financing and underdeveloped and improper supply chains for India’s
manufacturers. In CSP, where local manufacturing is more intricate, India has not been in a
to manufacture some of the important machineries. Moreover technology suppliers are very
few in number and the lack of resources poses an impediment. Thus India should seek to
define and develop its manufacturing capabilities in specific parts of the value chain where it
enjoys a compatitive advantage and can emerge as a globally leading producer.
In the short span of just three years, India has made remarkable strides in harnessing its
abundant solar power potential. It has added capacity at a staggering pace, and reduced the
costs of solar energy to around $0.12 per kWh for solar photo voltaic (PV) and $0.21 per
kWh for Concentrated Solar Power (CSP), making India amongst the lowest cost destinations
for grid-connected solar power in the world. Growth of energy sector is key for India as more
than 300 million of the country’s people still lack access to electricity, and many industries
cite energy shortages as a critical barrier to growth. Solar power will help India produce clean
energy and contribute to reducing emissions per unit of GDP by 20-25% by 2020, over 2005
levels. As of now India has total installed capacity of 2.6 GW and the new governement has
an ambitious plan to install 100 GW under JNNSM program by 2022, upfrom 20 GW earlier.
To achieve such an ambitious we need to invest in R&D in various technologies like: Solar
Photovoltaic (PV), Solar Thermal (ST) often referred as concentrating solar power or CSP
etc.
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As the detailed report from IEA indicates, achieving this result would require global installed
PV capacity to grow 35-fold between 2013 and 2050, which is equivalent to addition of 124
GW per year, peaking at 200 GW/year between 2025 and 2040. That's a 6 fold increase in
installations over last year. The solar thermal portion of IEA's technology roadmap looks like
a tougher challenge. STE has been losing ground to PV lately, as the cost of the PV has fallen
faster than the STE. Making PV modules more economical and efficient is analogous to
improving computer chip manufacturing; on the other hand making STE economical and
more efficient is similar to manufacturing cheaper, more efficient cars or appliances.
One of the main reasons IEA appears to have concluded that STE could suddenly start
competing with PV again is its inherent thermal energy storage capability, which enables
STE to supply electricity after the sun has set. Storage of all types is still costly, which
explain why fast-reacting natural gas power plants offer important synergies for integrating
intermittent renewable like wind and solar power. However, it looks like a reasonable bet
today that batteries and other non-mechanical energy storage technologies will improve faster
than thermal storage in the decades ahead.
5.2.2. WIND
A decade ago, renewable energy technologies predominately occupied an environmental
niche, having a strong appeal to those who were interested in moving away from
conventional fuels for environmental reasons. Today renewable demonstrate that, in addition
to their environmental benefits, they are also an economic driver, creating jobs, helping to
diversify revenue streams, and stimulating new technological developments. The idea of
achieving high shares of renewable energy was radical ten years ago; today it is considered
feasible by many experts. The commitment to 100% renewable energy in various sectors by
local, regional, and national governments around the world is witness to this.
Figure 8: New RE power capacity additions by technology (2004-13)
As we can see from the figure 8, cumulative global wind capacity was 318 GW by the end of
2013, an increase of around 270 GW since 2004. However after more than 20 years of steady
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growth, in 2013 the annual wind market dropped for the first time; down 10 GW to 35.5 GW.
This decline was primarily due to the steep drop in US installations, from 13 GW in 2012, to
just around 1 GW in 2013. The failure of the US Congress to re-authorize the US production
tax Credit, which expired by the end of 2012 effectively killed 2013 market. The United
States— which was the largest global market from 2006 to 2008 and in 2012—fell to sixth
place behind Canada. But it is expected to expand in future.
Figure 9: Wind power capacity of the world (2014)
Else-where wind power is expanding. While the roots of the modern wind power industry are
in Germany, Denmark and the United States, 2004 saw the wind market spread to other
countries. From year 2004 to 2010 China doubled its wind installations annually from just 0.5
GW to 19 GW. It led in annual, yearly installations (except in 2012) and held the top spot in
2011 in terms of cumulative installations. Although the market dipped to just below 13 GW
in 2012, it grew to 16 GW in 2013 and is back on an upward trajectory. In addition to China,
Europe, and the United States; Brazil, Canada and India have become important markets with
Mexico and South Africa growing rapidly. Falling prices due to high competition and
technology improvements make wind power an economically feasible power generation
technology competing directly with heavily subsidized fossil fuels in an increasing number of
markets. As by 2014 over 240,000 wind turbines are operating in more than 90 countries.
Since 2008, wind power deployment has more than doubled, approaching 300 gigawatts
(GW) of cumulative installed capacities, led by China (75 GW), the United States (60 GW)
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and Germany (31 GW). Wind power now provides 2.5% of global electricity demand – and
up to 30% in Denmark, 20% in Portugal and 18% in Spain. Policy support has been
instrumental in stimulating this tremendous growth. Since 2000, cumulative installed capacity
has grown at an average rate of 24% per year (figure 10).
Figure 10: Percentage growth in cumulative capacity of wind
Most wind turbine manufacturers are concentrated in six countries (the United States,
Denmark, Germany, Spain, India and China), with components supplied from a wide range of
countries. Market shares have changed in the past five years. New players from China are
growing and have started exporting; the six largest Chinese companies (among the top 15
manufacturers globally) together have exceeded 20% of market share in recent years.
India’s rapidly growing economy and expanding population make it hungry for electric
power. In spite of significant capacity additions over the last 20 years, power supply is
struggling to keep up with demand. Electricity shortage is common, and a significant part of
the population has no access to electricity at all. The EIA projects that India and China will
account for about half of global energy demand growth through 2040. India’s wind energy
installations by July 2014 were 21,693 MW out of the total renewable capacity of 32,424
MW (excluding large hydro). Wind provided almost 67% of the total installed capacity of
grid-connected renewable in the country. In 2011 the state run National Institute for Wind
Energy reassessed India’s wind power potential as 102,778 MW at 80 meters, up from the
earlier estimate of approximate 49,130 MW at 50 meters at 2% land availability. The report
of the sub-group for wind power development appointed by the Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy to develop the approach paper for the 12th Plan Period (April 2012 to
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March 2017) has fixed a reference target of 15 GW in new capacity additions, and an
aspirational target of 25 GW for the 12th
five-year period.
TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES IN LAST DECADE
If you go back 10 years ago and look at wind power and then look at where is today, it's just
dramatically different. Those differences come in many different areas - rotors, controls,
electronics and gearboxes - but the advancing technology used in wind power production
have always aimed for the same goal: making wind power a better choice for power
generation.
Capacity Factor: While a previous focus of the industry was increasing the total
nameplate capacity of wind turbines, the focus has shifted towards the capacity factor
of the turbine, which helps to keep energy cost low by providing the most possible
power. If you go back 10 years ago, the turbine was at about 25 percent capacity
factor. Today, it's over 50 percent. The improved capacity factor and reduced cost of
energy enabled many wind power generator to go into more and more locations where
the wind is lower. One of the deciding forces so far for increasing capacity factors has
been an increase in the size of the rotors used on wind turbines. GE's predominant
turbine in the U.S., which has a 1.6 MW capacity, currently, comes with a 100-meter
rotor, compared to earlier 70-meter rotor. Alstom has made similar changes in the size
of rotors for its platforms. The company upgraded its eco100, a 3-MW turbine with a
100 meter rotor, and upgraded it to a 110-meter rotor in 2010. Last year, the company
increased it to a 122-meter rotor. When you increase the area of the rotor, you can get
more energy at lower wind speed.
Figure 11: Growth in size of wind turbines since 1980 and future prospects
Reliability: While the focus on increasing the power produced from wind turbines
may be on the capacity factor, another way is to make sure wind turbines are
operational and available. The availability of wind turbines 10 years ago was about
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just 80 to 85 percent which has improved to 98% today. To help achieve that sort of
industry reliability - and to continue improving on it, the main work was done on to
improve the individual components used in turbines, both electronics and gearboxes.
CHALLENGES IN OFF-SHORE PRODUCTION
The use of different technologies for onshore and offshore wind power projects is another
change that has occurred over the last 10 years. While companies earlier used to take the
same wind turbine used on land and installed it offshore, but Alstom took a different
approach with its current generation of offshore wind turbines. If we look at the new
generation of offshore wind turbines, the Haliade 150 has been designed from the very
beginning to operate in offshore conditions. This has driven different aspects of the design of
the wind turbines, with one of the main decisions was to use direct drive technology. The
Haliade 150 is a 6-MW turbine that uses a 150-meter rotor. Alstom plans to continue
developing and investing in the improvement of the direct drive solution for its offshore wind
turbines, including improving its efficiency and weight. Companies are also looking at the
use of floating wind turbine, which uses floating structures instead of requiring wind towers
be set into a foundation under water. Ten years ago, it was hard to imagine floating wind
turbines, and this is real now. We're in a demonstration phase right now; we will see the
development of floating wind farms in the next 10 years.
TOOLS TO IMPROVE EFFICIENCY
As companies look to make more sophisticated wind turbine technology, more sophisticated
tools and techniques are required. One of those is 3D modelling technology, which allows
companies to use computer simulations to see how products will respond before
manufacturing and testing the product in the field. Computer simulation can be a useful tool
for the companies as they look to increase the capacity factor of turbines. This allows
companies to help design blades that allows for attached flow across a range of flow velocity
without having to continuously make the rotors larger. Companies are able to use software to
create a virtual lab and set up the blade in the lab. Designers can vary the blade geometry,
blade twist, and yaw angle, angles of wind attack and wind velocities. The simulations will
allow designers to see the coefficient of lift and drag across the blade on both the top and
bottom surface. Modelling software can be used in more than blade design, however.
Software can be used when siting wind power projects. Hills, buildings and even trees can
change wind turbine behavior, so software can help choose the correct installation for a given
wind farm. Although siting may be less significant in offshore wind power projects, the
software can be used to help decide the best way to run power onshore as well as determine
on the right strategy for installing the tower into the ocean floor. The technology can be used
for a variety of other simulations as well, including manufacturing components, monitoring
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the potential performance of generators and components, performing structural analysis or
looking at electronic controllers.
5.2.3. GEOTHERMAL
Geothermal energy harnesses heat generated by the earth and is considered virtually
inexhaustible, making it a sustainable and clean energy source. Unlike wind and solar
installations, geothermal energy can run 24 hours a day, providing more reliable power yield.
The global geothermal power market continues to grow extensively, with exciting new
opportunities rising around the globe. As by August 2013, the global geothermal industry
reached 11,765 MW of installed capacity. Currently there are around 11,766 MW of planned
capacity additions of geothermal power in the early stages of development or under
construction in 70 countries and territories around the world. Furthermore, developers are
actively engaged with 27 GW of geothermal resource globally (Resource Capacity Estimate).
In figure 12, the “Global Installed Capacity” is a cumulative representation of the geothermal
power plants still operating today.
Figure 12: Global Installed Capacity (MW) of Operating Geothermal Plants
“PCA of Plants under Construction” is representative of the power projects under
construction. If all power projects become operational by their reported completion dates, the
potential global capacity will reach 13,402 MW by 2017.
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Figure 13: Geothermal power plants by project type
Figure 13 shows that single flash power plants are the most used technology for geothermal
power, composing 39% (~4,557 MW) of Installed Capacity globally. Dry Steam follows at
25% (~3,005 MW) and double flash ranks third at 19% (~2,184 MW) of global installed
capacity. Lastly, binary is 14% (~1,654 MW) of global installed capacity. The last 3% of
power plants are back pressure, triple flash, EGS, flash/binary hybrid, or some other
geothermal technology.
Figure 14: Geothermal projects under development
Figure 14 shows “Developing Geothermal Power Projects.” The U.S. is the world leader with
182 projects. Though, many of these projects are progressing slower than their counterparts
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in countries with less developed geothermal power markets. Many projects in the U.S. is
stuck in the same phase of development for several years. The United States has nearly three
times more developing projects than the closest counterparts – the Philippines and Indonesia
– due in part to the U.S. being area wise larger country and having built its first geothermal
power plant more than 50 years ago. The United States has also explored for geothermal
resources much more comprehensively than other nations. Countries such as Indonesia and
Chile are just beginning to explore their geothermal resources.
GEOTHERMAL POWER TECHNOLOGIES
There are three main types of geothermal turbines: flash, binary, and dry steam. In dry steam,
which is the oldest power technology, steam is withdrawn directly from an underground
geothermal reservoir and used to run the turbines that power the generator. In flash plants,
high- temperature and high-pressure geothermal water begins to separate into steam and
water as it rises to the surface. The two phase mixture of liquid and steam is separated
(“flashed”) in a surface separator. The steam is supplied to a turbine that powers a generator
and the resulting liquid is re-injected to the reservoir for reuse. In binary plants, geothermal
water is used to heat a secondary liquid called a working fluid, which boils at a lower
temperature compared to water. Heat exchangers are used to transfer the heat energy from the
geothermal water to vaporize the working fluid. The vaporized working fluid, like steam in
flash plants, turns the turbines that power the generators. The geothermal water is injected
back into the reservoir in a closed loop that is separated from groundwater sources.
INDIA
New data on the geothermal waters from Jharkhand, Bihar, and West Bengal are reported.
The most remarkable feature is that the thermal gases in these sites are highly enriched in
helium and the concentration varies from 1 to 3% v/v. Commercial extraction of helium is
being planned. India is still strongly promoting coal based power plants to bridge the supply-
demand gap. In the year 2010 India launched an ambitious solar mission to generate 20,000
MW by 2020; however, it is just generating a merger 2600 MW as of today. Considering the
cost of such renewables, land requirement and water requirement, geothermal is the most
economical source that the policy makers in India should realize. Countries across the globe
are making giant strides in the geothermal sector. India is still not able to fix tariff for already
approved 25 MW geothermal power project in Andhra Pradesh. However geothermal is
upbeat in India as several states like Gujarat, are coming forward to develop this resource. Oil
PSUs (public sector undertaking) are also keen in utilizing their abandoned oil wells in
Gujarat and other fields on the east coast of India for extracting geothermal power.
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Munger- Rajgir metasedimentary structure
in Bihar hosts several thermal springs with
issuing temperatures varying from 35 to 50 0C. This structure that holds the thermal
springs is part of the SONATA (Son-
Narmada-Tapi lineament, Figure 4). The
Tantloi geothermal site in Jharkhand, unlike
the Rajgir geothermal site, registered a
higher issuing temperature ranging from 68
to 70 0C and the thermal waters are of Na-
Cl type.
M/s GeoSyndicate Power Pvt. Ltd (GS)
made substantial progress in making the
country realize the potential of this energy
source to reduce the demand supply gap and
to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions. The
government of Andhra Pradesh realized the
potential of this energy within the Godavari
geothermal province and signed the country's
first geothermal power purchase agreement with GS in August 2010 for installing 25 MW.
The company is waiting for tariff ratification by the new state government, post the division
of the state. Similarly the company signed a MoU with the government of Gujarat in January
2013 to develop 55 MW from the geothermal reserves under Phase One. Gujarat has
sufficient geothermal resources in Cambay rift. Under this MoU, detailed geophysical
exploration (MT and deep resistivity survey) is being undertaken, The company, under an
agreement with the national and state oil exploration companies, are developing all the
abandoned oil wells to develop geothermal power. The company is proposing to establish a
10 MW unit in certain wells in the Cambay basin. Geophysical investigations along the west
coast of India geothermal provinces have been completed to assess the power generating
potential of the reservoirs. Similarly geophysical exploration investigations in the Puga and
Chummatang geothermal sites have been completed. Besides the wet geothermal systems
development briefed above, M/s GeoSyndicate has undertaken detailed assessment of the
country's EGS resources. Physico-chemical and stress analyses on the high heat generating
granites from certain sites have been completed. Indian granites will be the future warehouse
of EGS. It is estimated that these granites have the capacity to generate energy equivalent to
3.133 x 1022
BTU.
Although the country has vast geothermal resources that can supply base load grids
connected power as well as off grid power; energy policy makers and MNRE are not keen in
developing this resource. While geothermal is given priority as a resource mix by all the
Figure 15: Geothermal Provinces in India
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countries across the world, India is content with small scale development. The government
and energy policy makers should realize the cost benefits of geothermal over other
renewables. For example, the tariff for generating 1 MW from solar PV is 25 to 30 US
cents/kWh while with government subsidy it is 13 to 15 cents/kWh (MNRE, 2013). This is
extremely high considering the free source available. A major part of the tariff includes cost
of the support system and cleaning the panels. In addition, solar PV needs 1,000 L/MW of
fresh water (IEA, 2012) and land requirement for generating 1 MW is 7 acres. Geothermal
power plants, on the contrary, need 1 acre/MW and the tariff is 3 to 5 cents/kWh. Now that
air cooled towers are in use, the water consumption by geothermal power plants (wet
systems) will be far less than that of solar PV. Technology to use CO2 as circulating fluid in
EGS system is in the development stage. In future EGS will provide a clean source of energy
and will also provide most of the competitive power tariff over other renewables and this
source is available in all the countries. India has a large scope to utilize this energy source for
greenhouse cultivation in the cold climatic regions like Ladakh and Kargil and also for
dehydration of agricultural produce. These small initiatives will save power and CO2 and
bring thousands of rural villages under electricity grid.
The World Bank announced a $500 million Global Geothermal Development Plan (GGDP)
to better manage and reduce risks of exploratory drilling and help expand geothermal power
generation in developing countries. The Global Geothermal Development Plan’s (GGDP)
initial target is to mobilize U.S. $500 million dollars for geothermal projects. The GGDP is to
be managed by the World Bank’s longstanding Energy Sector Management Assistance
Program (ESMAP). The Bank Group’s financing for geothermal development has increased
from $73 million in 2007 to $336 million in 2012, and now represents almost 10 percent of
the Bank’s total renewable energy lending.
5.3. SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES
Smart grid technology is not a single silver bullet but rather a collection of existing and
emerging technologies working in coordination. When appropriately implemented, these
technologies will surge the efficiencies in transport, production and consumption by
improving reliability and making the operations economical. It also helps to integrate
renewable power into the grid and increase the efficiency through electricity markets and
consumer participation. GTM Research forecasts the cumulative value of the smart grid
market to surpass $400 billion by 2020, growing with an average compound annual growth
rate of over 8%10
. Some of the emerging smart grid technologies are:
10http://www.greentechmedia.com/research/report/global-smart-grid-technologies-and-growth-markets-
2013-2020
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Advance Metering Infrastructure (AMI): Meter hardware, communications and
networking, meter data management software etc.
Smart Grid Data Analytics: Consumer analytics, grid operation analytics, enterprise
analytics etc.
Network Operations Software: Geographic Information System (GIS), Outage
Management System (OMS), Demand Management System (DMS), Energy Management
System (EMS), SCADA (T&D) etc.
Transmission Automation: Automation of substations (communications, relays, SCADA
and related sensors), Wide Area Monitoring System (WAMS), Flexible AC Transmission
Systems (FACTS), HVDC etc.
Smart Distribution: Switching, monitoring and control applications and power quality
technologies & hardware (voltage regulators, automatic tap changers, static compensators and
capacitor switches, banks and controls).
Cybersecurity: Software, services and compliance process and techniques.
As smart grid implementations and applications begin to converge and diverge globally, the
once-linear depiction of a smart grid roadmap is increasingly becoming more complex. With
nation, power companies and vendors moving from enunciating a smart grid vision to now
implementing the first phases of the programs, it is becoming gradually clear that smart grid
is not so much a destination as a procedure. There are joint process mechanisms, hardware
and architectural changes that will be positioned across electrical grids globally; yet, each
result will begin to change differently based on requirements, path laid, necessities and
technological craving.
The following chart represents the global opportunity and growth rate for the various
technologies and services mentioned in the report, with technologies strategized according to
their share of the smart grid market and their relative growth rate compounded annually
(CAGR). The size of the bubble represents the overall value of that market in USD. It is clear
from the plot that the fasting-growing smart grid market segments globally are analytics
(CAGR 17.34%) and AMI (CAGR 9.6%). All other smart grid markets are growing at around
3.5% and 7.5%.
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Figure 16: Global Smart Grid market Share
5.4. ELECTRICAL VEHICLES
While most traditional cars (which have internal combustion engines (ICEs) run on petrol or
diesel, the motor of electric car uses electricity from a rechargeable battery. The first
production line fully-electric vehicle hit Australian streets in 2008 and more affordable and
varied models are being introduced each year. There are two main types of electric car:
Battery-electric (known in the industry as an electric vehicle (EV)): use a
rechargeable battery (normally called a storage battery) as it is only power source. It’s
charged using equipment that is dedicated for charging at home or at a charging
station.
Plug-in hybrid-electric (referred to in the industry as a PHEV): also have a
rechargeable battery but they also have a petrol or diesel power system which
generates additional power to increase their driving range.
Electric vehicles are environmental friendly. There are no emissions, practically no engine
noise and they can be recharged with renewable Power to further reduce carbon emissions.
The variable cost attached to these vehicles is very less and they can be charged overnight to
take advantage of cheaper off-peak electricity tariffs, and they have very few moving parts
for service, maintenance and repair than a normal car. As it is a relatively a new technology,
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the initial cost is more. But with time and economy of scale, the price will come down in
future.
5.4.1. V2G AND G2V
Recent advances in information and communications systems and battery technologies, along
with considerable importance given by society for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions,
resulted in dramatic boost for accelerated innovations in electric vehicles (EVs) and the smart
and renewable energy infrastructure necessary to fuel and support them. Due to the addition
of a large number of batteries by way of these EVs there is the potential to aggregate them to
create an energy storage buffer which can absorb excessive power during low-load periods
such as during late nights and become a source of power generation during high-load periods.
This capability of an EV will help significantly to attain Demand Response which is a key
and yet challenging problem for the utilities. This can also help in providing buffer power for
smoothing out frequency variations that occur due to mismatch between demand and supply
(generation versus consumption) - and therefore could be used for Demand Dispatch and
Grid Control by the utilities. All of these requirements and capabilities of EV will need the
integration of sophisticated technologies like IT implementation, communications systems,
sense-and-control, Internet, mobile and cloud computing, other battery technologies and
superconductors etc.
The vehicle to grid (V2G) idea is both
incredibly simple but at the same time highly
complex. Electrically driven vehicles
currently being developed have the power to
generate pollution free energy at 50-60 Hertz
Alternating Current at power levels ranging
from 10kW in the case of the Honda Insight
to 100kW for GM’s old EV1. Combined with
smart meters and suitable software, Plug in
Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) promises a
huge, even disruptive influence on electricity
supply system. When PHEV plugged in, the power can flow both ways: grid to vehicle
(G2V) (battery charging) and vehicle to grid (V2G). Even a modest adoption of PHEVs (and
electric vehicles like Tesla and the smaller THINK ) over the next few decades represents a
vast addition to the amount of electricity potentially available to the electricity grid. This
technology has the potential to integrate large renewable energy sources in the grid and
reduce demand supply gap.
Of course, there are a number of significant changes which would need to be implemented in
terms of policies and technologies. Car manufactures, Regulators, energy utilities and end
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users would have to become dedicated stakeholders in such a far-reaching infrastructure
change.
5.4.2. CHARGING STATIONS
Charging of EVs is one of the major obstacles in the proliferation of these vehicles. Many EV
companies like Tesla, BYD, Nissan, BMW etc. have adopted different charging models to
address this problem. The various business models for EV charging stations are functional
across the world. Let us discuss some import ones among them:
a. Home Charging: This is the most natural and convenient method. There are many
benefits home charging that ought to make it the most popular option viz.: it
eliminates waiting in lines; it is economical as you don’t have to pay any middle man
etc. Of course, everything has its drawbacks and one problem with charging at home
is that it is not an option available for some city dwellers.
b. Battery Swap Stations: Battery swap stations are a concept often associated
with Better Place, an EV infra company. The idea is that when your car is in need of
energy, car can be driven into a station and similar to an automatic car wash; depleted
battery is swapped robotically with a fully charged battery. The main benefit
associated with the swapping model is its speed. The whole operation takes less than
five minutes, the same amount of time people generally spend for filling their gas
tanks at stations today. Another plus point is that you do not have to leave your car or
deal with potentially tangled or dirty cords.
There are some drawbacks of this model also. One consideration might be the high capital
costs of building these stations and to maintain the stock of batteries. Standardization of
battery shape and chemistry is another consideration.
c. Public Charging Stations: It gives us the convenience of charging our vehicle when
we are away from our home. There are many kinds of charging station like level 1
charging, level 2 charging and DC fast charging stations.
Level-I charging:
It comes under slow charging.
It takes about 8 to 10 hours to completely charge the EVs.
These level-I charging stations are mainly available for public charging at the offices
or other places where people stay for longer durations.
These are also used for Home charging in USA, Norway etc. as it perfectly suits
overnight charging.
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With this type of charging, the life of the batteries is high.
Level-II charging:
It comes under medium charging category.
It takes about 3 to 4 hours to completely charge the EVs.
These level-II charging stations are the most popular means of charging worldwide.
Such charging units are available at the shopping malls where the people spend an
average of 3 hours for shopping and movies, offices & colleges will also be a good
place to user such stations.
With this type of charging, the life of the batteries is comparatively high but not as
that of Level-I charging.
DC Fast charging / Level III charging:
Fastest mode of charging presently available in the world.
The charging units are very expensive and require more power.
To charge 80% of the battery, it takes around 30 to 45 minutes.
Charging so quickly makes it more practical to drive beyond an EV's single-charge
range in one day.
These are widely used for public charging along with level-II charging.
The life of the battery is widely affected by the speed of the charging.
Most charging points available today take very long to recharge the batteries than it does to
fill a gas-powered automotive tank. To completely recharge the batteries it takes around 6 to
8 hours. Fast charging could possibly address the speed issues but that system too is not
without any drawbacks. The demand on the grid would require a lot of infrastructure up
gradation work. More importantly, quickly "pouring" electricity into many of the batteries
available today may stress the batteries and shorten their useful lifetime. The research has
proved that TYPE-II charging is the best way of charging the EV’s in the present scenario
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5.4.3. TARIFF PLANS/REVENUE MODEL
Prepaid Model: This allows the EV owners pay a fixed amount for an unlimited access to
Charging Station. A company called Austin Energy offers $25 prepaid plan for unlimited
access till 5 months.
Club Membership Model: In this model the owner pays a monthly fee and energy cost per
charge. Mainly applicable at gated communities, offices and cars under the same
manufacturer. Example: Coloumb Technology.
Cell phone Model: Offers home as well as public charging plan and the owner has to pay
high monthly fee and energy costs. Similar to wireless carrier plans. Example: eVgo.
Gas Station Model: EV owners who are in the network are charged on per session basis.
Currently it costs $2.00 per hour for a Level II charging. Example:Walgreens, Khol’s.
Green Model: Some EVSE companies feel there is no revenue model as the non-financial
benefits outweigh the financial costs of installing EVSE’s. The companies under this model
have to implement time restrictions to ensure that there are no Electricity or parking hogs.
Example: UCLA Parking.
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CHAPTER 6
6. CURRENT R&D SCENARIO IN INDIA
India has become one of the major Research and
development nations for many MNC’s globally.
The overall expenditure of Indian when compared
from 2007 has doubled to US $ 40 billion by 2012
as is expected to reach US $ 44 billion by 2014.
The overall government spending in R&D
activities has been below 1% of the GDP and
GERD expected to reach 2% of GDP by 2017.
India stands 8th
in the global R&D investments and
is expected to hold this position in 2014 as well. It
is also seen that in developed and emerging
countries the public to private investments in R&D
ration has been 1:2. Where as in India the
government is spending three fourths of the
GERD, followed by Private institutions and
companies at 20-25% and the remaining 5% is
through academia and universities.
Intellectual Property base, which is an important
measure of innovative R&D, is also on the rise in
India. The patent registrations in USA and Europe
increased drastically from 94 & 7 in 2000 to 465 &
100 in 2010 respectively. The maximum patents
were signed from Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Chennai,
Mumbai and Pune, which is in correlation with
number of R&D units at these locations.
Figure 17: Forecasted Expenditure in R&D (2014 IBEF)
Figure 18: Sector Wise R&D expenditure in India
(2012)
Figure 19: R&D units’ distribution in India. 2) No. of R&D units in India since 2000
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The main driver of the country’s growth and competitiveness globally is the Innovation
capacity. The R&D activities along with innovation are becoming the path layers towards the
growth in India. India with its young personnel, good engineering talent and the present
government focusing highly on research based innovation, implementation of quality new
ideas for growth and progress are increasing steadily day by day.
With India planning to set up an innovation fund, which helps in boosting scientific
innovation and R&D will lead to an improved life of the people of India. The market for the
R&D in India is going to increase many folds from the current size of US $ 10 billion to US $
11 billion11
by 2020.
6.1. R&D IN POWER SECTOR AND THE INSTITUTES
The bright prospect of R&D as discussed above was not clearly observant in the power
sector. The R&D efforts of the government or the other institutions have often been criticized
for being below par and lacking goal
orientation.
A comparative study of the
government expenditure in the R&D of
power sector for the 10th
, 11th
& 12th 5
year plans show that in the 10th
5 year
plan the planned expenditure was INR
3100 Crs of which a minimal INR 23
Crs was devoted towards R&D, which
is about 0.7% of the total planned
expenditure. In the 11th
5 year plan the
planned outflow for the R&D
investments was reduce to INR 1214 Crs, which is around 40% of the previous 5 year plan
agenda. But the optimistic view of the scenario was, though there was a global recession and
economic slowdown, the actual expenditure on R&D was around 30% of the planned
expenditure. In the 12th
5 year plan though there were tough times for the power sector, with
11http://www.ibef.org/pages/36318
Figure 20: Planned and Actual expenditure in R&D in power sector
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the new government taking charge, it is anticipated that there would be an increase in
attention towards the R&D.
According to MOP, R&D has two dimensions viz.
R&D for manufacturing of electrical equipment for generation, transmission &
distribution of power.
The applied research involving improvement of efficiency and effectiveness of
various techniques, procedures, processes and R&M activities for the older
infrastructure
To develop the technologies and implement them various R&D units are in place namely:
6.1.1. NETRA (NTPC ENERGY TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH
ALLIANCE)
NTPC established its first R&D unit way back in 1981.After a long gap of 23 years to
enhance the research activities towards energy technologies a technology centre was
established in 2004. In order to bring in co-ordination among the two units and to bring in
coordination in their efforts and to enable swift development of projects into an adoptable
technology, these two units were merged to form NTPC Energy Technologies Research
Alliance (NETRA) in 2009. It is a state of the art centre for the R&D and scientific services
in the sphere of electric power. This helps in enabling the smooth flow of the R&D activities
right from the concept creation. NETRA is mainly working towards climate change and
waste management, non-conventional sources of energy along with efficiency improvement
activities.
6.1.2. EEC FOR POWER SECTOR (EXCELLENCE ENHANCEMENT
CENTER)
India along with Germany is planning to set up an Excellence Enhancement Centre for the
Power Sector. The major objectives of the EEC are:
Provides a common platform which helps in sharing the best practices in all areas of
power sector and provides broader expertise
Increased cognizance for the need of excellence
Provides a common platform where all the players in the power industry and the
power plant operators can interact for technological development
Provides solutions and action plans in a collaborative environment to mitigate
problems associated with power sector in consultation with top experts of power
sector
Implementation and spreads the best practices at power stations
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To translate, print, publish and circulate appropriate material for dissemination of
useful knowledge through pamphlets, magazines and other modes of print media for
the development and advancement of excellence in power sector
6.1.3. CENTRAL POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE (CPRI)
CPRI, an autonomous body under MoP was mainly established for the applied research
specific to the power sector. Funds are disbursed under Plan head to carry out the vital
research schemes like the R&D activities under National Perspective plan, consultancy for
RAPDRP, RGGVY project, Smart Grids, SCADA and DMS etc.
6.1.4. NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR SOLAR ENERGY (NISE)
NISE was established in 2013 and It is an autonomous institute under MNRE (now MoP). It
is the apex body for R&D in the field of solar energy. This organization assists the
government in implementation of national solar mission along with R&D of new
technologies etc.
Establishment of NISE has formed an effective medium through which the government
institutions, industry and other user organizations are able to interact for development,
promotion and utilization of solar in the country. The institution also has a NABL accredited
Solar Photovoltaic module testing laboratory, a water pumping system test rig and battery
testing facility and outdoor test facilities due to its 200 acre land availability. The centre has
fully developed testing facility for small and large size solar thermal systems and Solar
Resource Assessment. A 1 MW solar thermal R&D power project was also completed in a
collaborative approach in partnership with one of the IIT’s.
6.1.5. NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR WIND ENERGY (NIWE)
It is an autonomous R&D organization under MNRE similar to NISE, established in 1998 in
Chennai.NIWE is a knowledge-based organization with high quality and dedication. It offers
services and develops complete solutions for various kinds of problems and also helps in
improving the wind energy sector by carrying out further research.
6.1.6. SARDAR SWARAN SINGH-NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR
RENEWABLE ENERGY (SSS-NIRE)
SSS- NIRE is an autonomous body under MNRE set up in Kapurthala (Punjab) working
towards R&D in biomass energy. The main objectives of the Institute are to facilitate design,
R&D, testing, standardization of technology that will help in commercialization of RD&D
output mainly focusing in the areas of bioenergy, biofuels & synthetic fuels in solid, liquid
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&gaseous forms. The research and development is mainly for the application of Bioenergy in
transportation, stationary and portable applications along with development of hybrid /
integrated energy systems. At SSS-NIRE there are three different R&D units that work
towards different technologies:
R&D – I: Chemical Conversion Lab
Biodiesel Lab
Hydrocracking Lab
Algal Biomass Lab
R&D – II: Biochemical Conversion Lab
Bioprocess Lab
Microbiology Lab
Molecular Biology Lab
R&D – III : Thermochemical Conversion Lab
Cook-stove Lab
Hybrid Systems Lab
Gasification Lab
Pyrolysis Lab
6.1.7. OTHERS
Apart from these R&D units, each of the utilities both public and private have their own
R&D divisions and are working to upgrade themselves with in their permissible resources
like TATA, Reliance, Crompton Greaves, L&T etc. and some largely depend on the R&D
undertaken by the International organizations. For instance manufacturers of electrical
systems and equipments apart from BHEL depend on the R&D of the international
organizations. BHEL being a pioneer in boiler technologies has a separate R&D unit at
Hyderabad and other locations.
The giants in the power sector also provide R&D in the power sector depending on the need
and area of activities to the top notch academic organizations like IITs, NITs and IISCs and
TERI etc.
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6.2. PROGRAMS GOING ON VARIOUS DOMAINS OF POWER
SECTOR
6.2.1. GENERATION
Renovation and Modernization (R&M):
With the growing supply demand gap for electricity in India, the country needs to add a huge
generation capacity to fulfil the target. Setting up new power plants is a highly capital
intensive work and takes a lot of resources and long gestation periods. With the aging assets
of generation, it is important for the Government of India to address this issue. To reduce the
capital investment in generation and fast track the capacity addition the government of India
is working on the process of improving the efficiency of the ageing generation units by
implementing the R&M activities. According to TERI, R&M activities can improve the
generation by 30%, environmental impact by 47% and efficiency by 23%. Through R&M
activities the government was able to attain extended life of the already existing generation
units, enhance its rated capacity by reducing the auxiliary consumption along with curtailing
environmental pollution and making a better utilization or energy resources like coal.
Particulars R&M (Renovation &
Modernization)
LEP (Life Extension
Program)
Number of Thermal Power
stations 21 23
Estimated cost Rs. 4487 Crores Rs. 12433 Crores
Total Capacity involved 18,965 MW 7318MW
Particulars R&M (Renovation &
Modernization)
LEP (Life Extension
Program)
Number of Hydro Power
stations 18
Estimated cost 412.83 Crores
Total Capacity involved 4821.20 MW
Table 2: R&M activities undertaken by GoI
R&D Activities by NTPC:
The major R&D activities as the part of 11th
5 year plan that have been taken up by NTPC
(through NETRA) consisted of projects related to IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined
Cycle) Technology, waste heat recovery of flue gases for air conditioning, solar PV and
thermal. Apart from this there were also project proposals related to Robotics usage in Boiler
inspection like boiler tubes, leakages and other advanced non-destructive testing methods.
NTPC has also outsourced some projects to academia like the projects related to CO2 fixation
by microalgae and development of an intelligent software system for plant performance
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improvement and CFD designs of the ducts mainly used for flue gases for a better
temperature and velocity balances.
Hydro Generation:
Studies were conducted on various Hydro technologies to understand the potential in India by
many Government players and the private players. The study was conducted on integrated
operation of Cascade Hydro Power plants, Pumped storage schemes that can be the best in
the Indian Context, Use of GIS and GPS to reduce the time necessary for pre project
requirements for a Hydro power plant. Material research was also conducted on the materials
to be used for turbines and other parts by addressing the issue of Slit deposits and wear and
tear due to the heavy silt during the rainy season. Similar to NTPC, hydro also had projects
related to automation, control and protection of costly equipments and maintaining the
efficiency parameters.
Renewable generation:
Renewable energy is the next big thing that’s going to happen in the power sector. So, it’s
important for India to enter into renewables market with equal importance as in the case of
coal generation. The major focus for the government of India is
a. Primary converter: developments for enhancement of efficiency, cost reduction and
new technology routes
b. Energy storage: electrical and thermal storage with enhanced charge-discharge
efficiencies and new technology routes
c. Electrical energy distribution and gridding: conventional grid-renewable grid ties,
micro grids, domestic grid tied systems, etc.
d. End use equipment for efficient interface to renewable power
6.2.2. TRANSMISSION
With the growing demand of electricity and Generation adding at a fast pace, it becomes
mandatory for the Government to focus not just on generation, but also on Transmission that
was neglected for long. India has one of the world’s longest Transmission network and it will
become difficult for India to maintain and stabilize such a huge grid. So, The main aim of
Government for Transmission is to increase the stability of the system, availability of the
network by increasing the reliability and efficiency of the operations and control of the
network. To attain this government has undertaken a lot of projects like bulk power transfer
over long distances, to enhance loadability of the network and technologies related to system
stability.
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S.No Technologies and Projects
1 EHV, UHV AC & DC Transmission network
2 Material research related to Tower to address the issue of RoW (Compact
Transmission Towers)
3 Material research related to conductors to improve the current carrying capacity
Gas insulated Transmission Lines
Submarine cables
4 High temperature super conducting technology –to develop transformers
5 GIS, which require less space. Mainly for high population density areas.
Development of Seismic resistant substations
6 Substation automation and remote operating systems for fault detection,
Emergency restoration systems for substations (ERS).
Use of Data Analytics in Transmission Domain
7 WAMS by implementation of PMU’s (improved observability of system dynamics)
8 VSC based HVDC transmission Systems-for bulk power transfer
9 R&D on safety of transmission assets like NIFPES system (Already in
implementation phase)
Table 3: Transmission Projects undertaken in India
6.2.3. DISTRIBUTION
The last mile connectivity in the power sector has many major issues that have to be
addressed by the Companies and the government of India. The major concerns in Distribution
domain are reduction of AT&C losses, improving the reliability and affordability of power
supply, Outage management, distribution infrastructure modernization etc. GoI has initiated
programs like RAPDRP scheme where the Distribution companies are financed for projects
like Utility automation, implementation of SCADA, Outage management systems, GIS,
Energy analytics, IT implementation and network augmentation. The major area that
distribution companies feel presently is towards development of indigenous full scale
distribution automation system. This includes automation of system from primary substations
to the consumer level.
The areas where the present R&D is on move in Distribution sector apart from network
augmentation work are:
Customer level intelligent automation units
Computer Aided Monitoring and automated control of Distribution Transformers
Substation and feeder level automation
Data communication system for Distribution Automation
Distribution Control Centre (DCC) - software development
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6.2.4. EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS
BHEL:
During the 11th
5 year plan there were good number of projects undertaken by BHEL, which
include
a. Development of 400 kV GIS and all the systems have cleared required dielectric tests
and the efforts for the field trial of GIS.
b. A trail project was developed based on the SAS developed by BHEL at Chintala by
AP TRANSCO- A complaint substation automation system.
c. BHEL developed a Phase Shift Transformer (PST) for transmission applications and a
study for the same was done with the help of CEA and APGENCO.
Others:
a. Green Transformer Oils in place of mineral oils that are being used in the
transformers presently.
b. Chemical/ Physical modification of Vegetable oils to make them suitable for
transformer oils
c. Development of CRGO transformer core, which is being imported for long.
d. SF6 filled large capacity power transformers
6.2.5. OTHERS
National Perspective Plan
There were many projects that were implemented as a part of Nation Perspective Plan under
MoP. The various Projects that were under taken in this scheme are for 11th
5 year plan are:
a. A collaborative project executed by M/s EMCO, Mumbai for development of a 630
kVA HTS system for Distribution transformer applications.
b. A 500 kVAr STATCOM project was developed for IT-Park in collaboration with
CDAC, Trivandrum.
c. Development of 2.5MVAr STATCOM for Bhilai Steel Plant. by BHEL, Hyderabad,
d. Material research and research on material coatings on Hydro turbine components for
silt mitigation issue. (IIT Roorke in collaboration with NHPC )
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S.No Thrust area Proposed budget in
Crores
1 Generation: Thermal, Hydro, Renewables and Distributedgeneration
Rs400
2 Transmission Rs600 3 Distribution Rs150 4 Energy & Environment Rs50
5
Centre of Excellence:(i)Energy Storage Devices(ii)High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) technology in Power Sector (iii) Power Electronics (iv)Smart Grid Technologies
Rs100
6 Power–Academy Rs200
TOTAL Rs1,500
Table 4: Proposed Budget as per NPP R&D scheme for 12th 5 year plan
Application of Nano Materials:
With power sector dealing with a lot of structures that are heavy, implementation of Nano
materials helps in reducing the weight of the structures thus reducing overall expenditure on
labour. These materials might offer the possibility of introducing new technologies that are
more efficient and environmental friendly than the existing ones.
The current R&D focus in Nano technologies is towards:
Antireflective coatings for PV application and Nano optimized cells
Coatings for wear and tear and corrosion protection for Hydro, thermal and wind
energy applications
Membranes and electrodes for fuel cell and energy storage devices
Hydrogen generation and biofuels – as a catalyst
Superconducting power applications- Nano ceramics and composites
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CHAPTER 7
7. BARRIERS TOWARDS R&D IN INDIA
The power industry is a technology intensive industry, where the companies have a lot of
options to research upon to improve the efficiency, reliability and stability of the system by
R&D in technology or by improving the operational and maintenance processes. By
understanding this importance GoI has taken initiatives like NPP as mentioned before. But
the R&D in the sector did not turn up as it was planned for. In the 11th
5 year plan of the
planned budget for R&D was 1214 Crs, but only 352 Crs were actually used towards the
R&D.
Though India has a well set plan for the research activities, there are many barriers that are
stopping the research activities to maximize. A survey was conducted by FICCI to understand
the problems being faced by the companies to go with their R&D activities and found that
there are three major reasons for this situation.
1. Raising sufficient funds
2. Lack of Government support
3. Lack of support from within the business.
Table 5: Survey- responses for R&D barriers in India (FICCI)
27%
17%
26%
30%
FICCI survey Responses
Lack of GoI support
Lack of internal support
Difficulty to raise sufficientfunds
Others
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Apart from these three major issues, there are other issues that are affecting the company’s
Research &Development investments and decision making. They are:
One of the motivational factors that creates conducive environment for people to
work and get a better R&D results is the Salary. According to one of the surveys
conducted by the “ The Scientists” it was observed that in USA a scientists in life
sciences back ground gets salary of around US $ 96,000 when compared to an Indian
who gets around US $11,200. This has also led to brain drain of the talented human
resource. Indian has the highest percentage of human resource working abroad and of
that about 70% are working at USA.
India is a young country with a high percentage of population within the age of 50
years. Also, year on year there is an exponential increase in number of students
pursuing engineering as their career. But, the level of education that the students
attain during their engineering tenure is not at the level, where students can be
absorbed into R&D units. This is becoming very difficult to find the suitable Human
resource for the companies.
The R&D activities that are being carried out in India are mainly happening in silos
with little or interaction with the various business units. This is also leading to
inability of the companies to utilize the scientific work force.
The Government policies that encourage R&D in India are skewed towards
increasing the imports. There is no R&D policy in place.
Complex institutional processes, leading to increased hurdles in carrying out better
research.
Difficulties in commercialization of technologies. For instance the bidding processes
that happen for building a Generation plant or a transmission line, the major concerns
generally for the Government is the L 1 bid i.e. the party which coats the least price.
This is hampering the parties to put in their innovative or the newly developed
technologies.
One of the other major issues is the lack of proper infrastructure for Research and
development activities. For instance, for SME’s to get government recognition
towards R&D, the investment in R&D is very high and SME’s cannot afford the
level of investments. This is discouraging the SME’s to go towards an R&D and
innovative mindset.
NPD expenditure by India has been comparatively less as compared to going for
proven technologies.
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CHAPTER 8
8. THE DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN POWER SECTOR
• Smart Grids
• Storage Technologies
• EVs
• Robotics
• LED
• Compressor-less air conditioning and electrochromic windows
• Renewables: Solar, Wind, Bio-fuels and electrofules, Geothermal
• Nanotechnology/Material
• Carbon Capturing Technology
8.1. SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES
To produce electricity that has to be used, it has to be transmitted to the end users. With
increasing renewables being added to the India’s Generation capacity to meet the demand
supply gap, new challenges arise and hence there is a requirement for a smarter grid. The end
users role will be one of the important and significant changes in the future grids to be
developed. With growing technologies such as smart meters, EV’s integration into the grid,
M2M interactions etc. the consumers will have a good control over their consumption
patterns, which will in turn help the DISCOMS in DSM.
GTM Research forecasts the cumulative value of the smart grid market to surpass $400
billion by 2020, increasing with an average compound annual growth rate of over 8%12
.
Some of the emerging smart grid technologies are:
12http://www.greentechmedia.com/research/report/global-smart-grid-technologies-and-growth-markets-
2013-2020
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Advance Metering Infrastructure (AMI): Meter hardware, communications and networking,
meter data management software etc.
Smart Grid Data Analytics: Consumer analytics, grid operation analytics, enterprise analytics
etc.
Network Operations Software: Geographic Information System (GIS), Outage Management
System (OMS), Demand Management System (DMS), Energy Management System (EMS),
SCADA (T&D) etc.
Transmission Automation: Automated substations (communications, relays, SCADA and
related sensors), Wide Area Monitoring System (WAMS), Flexible AC Transmission
Systems (FACTS), HVDC etc.
Smart Distribution: Switching, monitoring and control applications and power quality
technologies & hardware (voltage regulators, automatic tap changers, static compensators and
capacitor switches, banks and controls).
Cybersecurity: Software, services and compliance process and techniques.
Digital Power Conversion: High-speed, very reliable digital switches made of silicon carbide
and gallium nitride have been developed for high-frequency power management in military
contexts. They use 90 percent less energy and they occupy up-to 1% of the space that was
occupied previously. These are highly reliable and supple than current transformers. These
digital transformers could begin to replace conventional technology at less than one-tenth the
cost by 2020. India is particularly well positioned to benefit from adopting digital power
electronics due to the scale of grid expansion it has planned.
As smart grid implementations and applications begin to converge and diverge globally, the
once-linear depiction of a smart grid roadmap is increasingly becoming more complex. With
power utilities, sellers and nations moving from articulating a smart grid vision to now
implementing the first phases of their platforms, it is becoming gradually clear that smart grid
is not so much a destination as a procedure. There are of jointhardware, architectural and
process components that will be deployed across electrical grids globally; yet, each solution
will begin to progress differently depending on path laid, necessities and technological
appetite.
8.2. STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
India is going to add around 175 GW of renewable energy by 2022 and R&D in various
storage technologies can address the problem of its intermittent nature. One of the most
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important technologies among them is solid state batteries. Many researches are taking place
across the world to make the technology economically viable. The Department of Energy’s
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (USA) has created a new variety of lithium-ion
battery that can store at least twice the amount of energy found in your conventional smart
phone or laptop battery. Sodium Sulphur (NaS) batteries are also gaining popularity for grid
storage.
8.3. ELECTRICAL VEHICLES
GOI announced a national electric vehicle plan with a target of 6-7 million vehicles sold by
2020. That would save about 2.5 million ton of liquid fuels and lower emissions from
vehicles by 1.5%. Under the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020, automotive
industry and the government organizations will split $4.2 billion in investments to increase
domestic manufacturing and incentivize sales of hybrid and electric vehicles in India.
Vehicle to grid (V2G) and grid to vehicle (G2V) are new emerging technologies. Due to the
addition of a large number of batteries by way of these EVs there is the potential to aggregate
them to create an energy storage buffer which can absorb excessive power during low-load
periods such as throughout the night, and become a mode of electrical power at high-load
periods. This can help significantly with Demand Response, which is a key and yet
challenging problem for the utilities. Through this we can also provide buffer electricity for
smoothing out frequency fluctuations resulting from mismatched demand (generation versus
consumption) - and therefore could be used for Demand Dispatch and Grid Control by the
utilities. All of these requirements and competences will require the integration of
sophisticated technologies including communications, sense-and-control, Internet, mobile and
cloud computing, Lithium Ion and other battery technologies, superconductors, etc.
8.4. ROBOTICS
Robots can be used for various purposes in the power sector like:
Live power line inspection and maintenance
Underground robotized cable inspection
Robotized monitoring of reservoirs
Integrated system for monitoring and forecasting of the life-time of conductors in
distribution and transmission lines
8.5. LED
Lighting accounts for around 17% of India electricity demand. LED lighting currently
accounts for approximately 10 percent of the global lighting market, but it could represent 80
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percent by 2020. Scientific and engineering innovations will be required for a subsequent
wave of energy technologies to reach commercial scale at viable costs.
8.6. COMPRESSOR-LESS AC &ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOWS
Today, it costs about $3,000 to $4,000 per year to run a high-efficiency air conditioner in a
hot region, and the efficient windows now in common use allow 50 percent of this cooling
energy to escape. New compressor-less air conditioners and electrochromic window
technologies offer the potential to cut home heating and cooling bills in half. Today, these
technologies are expensive, but by 2020, they could begin to cost only about half as much to
install as current state-of-the-art cooling and window technologies.
8.7. RENEWABLES:
8.7.1. SOLAR
China is investing serious money in solar. Japan’s government is seeking to replace a
significant portion of its nuclear capacity with solar in the wake of the Fukushima nuclear
accident. And in Europe and the Unites States, solar implementation rates have more than
quadrupled since 2009. Government of India has already revised its JNNSM target from
20,000 MW to 1, 00,000 MW. Investment in R&D will help India not just only to meet its
own target but also to capture the market share.
A new research in the field of window glasses is being conducted where in, the scientists are
working on the composition of the glass so as to convert the glass into an energy source .i.e.
this glass acts as a solar panel. This could help India in not only catering to the growing need
for household but also bring in the concept of prosumers.
8.7.2. WIND
The technological advances made with wind turbines have resulted in clear bottom line:
Wind power is more efficient and affordable than it has ever been which has helped drive its
popularity along with power prices and incentives. Also, wind power has proven itself as a
good option for companies looking for power that can come online rapidly. It's a rapid
growth technology, it doesn't need water and it doesn't contaminate the earth, so it's an easy
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and swift energy solution for increased generation. As quickly as wind technology has
developed in the past 10 years, that pace is expected to at least continue and possibly
accelerate. Many advances are going to be there in the coming 10 years, with a new
generation of offshore and onshore wind turbines that will have more value for their owners
and more developments in the components and controls of a turbine.
8.7.3. BIO-FUELS AND ELECTROFULES
With crude-oil prices reaching $100 per barrel recently, biofuels such as cane and corn
ethanol have already rapidly increased their market share. But the supply of biofuels is
limited by demand for food and the declining quality of available land, which drives costs up
and minimizes the potential for growth. Genetic innovations that enable the use of cellulosic
and algae-based biofuels can free producers from these constraints. The most innovative
startups in this area are creating high-margin specialty chemicals and blend stocks, generating
cash now and providing a pathway to begin to deliver biofuels at $2 per gallon or a little less
by 2020. Also bio-pharmaceutical researchers are developing electro-fuels pathways that feed
water, carbon dioxide and energy to enzymes to generate long-chain carbon molecules that
function like fossil fuels at one-tenth the cost of current biofuels.
8.7.4. GEOTHERMAL
Geothermal energy is a massive, underutilized heat and power reserve that is clean (emits
little or no greenhouse gases), reliable (average system availability of 95%), and homegrown
(making us less dependent on foreign oil). Geothermal reserves ranges from shallow ground
to hot water and rock numerous miles below the Earth's surface, and beyond that to the
extremely hot molten rock called magma. Deep wells can be bored into the ground for
reservoirs to tap steam and very hot water that can be brought to the surface for use in a
variety of applications. Geothermal power plants operated in at least 24 countries in 2010,
and geothermal energy was used mainly for heat in more than 78 countries. These countries
presently have geothermal units with a total capacity of 10.7 GW, but 88% of it is generated
in just seven countries: Philippines, the United States, Indonesia, Italy, Mexico, New Zealand
and Iceland. The most noteworthy capacity increases since 2004 were seen in Turkey and
Iceland. Both the countries doubled their capacity. Iceland has the major share of geothermal
power contributing towards electricity supply (25%), followed by the Philippines (18%).
India has reasonably good potential for geothermal; the potential geothermal provinces can
produce 10,600 MW of power (but experts are confident only to the extent of 100 MW). But
hitherto geothermal power projects have not been exploited at all, due to a various reasons,
mainly due to availability of plentiful coal at cheap costs. However, with growing
environmental concerns with coal based projects, India should start developing clean and
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eco-friendly energy technologies in future; one of which could be geothermal. Mile-or-more-
deep wells can be drilled into underground reservoirs to tap steam and very hot water that
drive turbines that drive electricity generators.
8.8. NANOTECHNOLOGY/MATERIAL
Nano science and engineering knowledge is exploding worldwide because of the availability
of new investigative tools; maturity in the chemistry, materials, engineering, biology and
physics disciplines, and synergy among these streams and financial support driven by
emerging technologies and their markets. The nanotechnology revolution will lead to
fundamental breakthroughs in the way devices, materials and systems are understood and
then designed and manufactured. Since past few years using and applying fundamental
discoveries has developed multi-billion dollar product lines. These include: giant magneto-
resistance multilayers (for computer memory), nanostructured coatings (in data storage and
photographic industry), nanoparticles (colorants in printing and drug delivery in
pharmaceutical field), super-lattice confinement effects (for optoelectronic devices and
lasers), and nanostructured materials (nano-composites and nano-phase metals).
Nanotechnology will have potentially significant impacts on developing storage technologies,
improving energy efficiency and production processes. It can be used to monitor and
remediate environmental problems; improve control on emissions from a wide variety of
sources, and develop new, 'green' processing technologies that diminish the generation of
unwanted by-products. The impact on industrial control, processing and manufacturing will
be impressive and result in energy savings. Numerous technologies, developed without the
benefit of the new nanoscale analytical capabilities or in development, exemplify that
possible: (a) The Mobil Oil Co. long-term research methods into the use of crystalline
materials as catalyst supports has yielded catalysts with well-defined pore sizes in the range
of 1 nm; their use is now the basis of an industry that exceeds $30 B/year; (b) The discovery
of the mesoporous material -MCM-41 by the Mobil Oil Co., with pore size between 10 to 100
nm, is widely applied in removal of ultrafine contaminants; (c) The Dow Chemical Co. has
technologically advanced a nanoparticle-reinforced polymeric material that can replace
metallic components in the auto industry; the wide spread use of those nano-composites
could lead to a decrease in 1.5 billion liters of gasoline intake over the life of one year's fleet
of vehicles and reduce the related dioxide emissions by more than five billion kilograms; (d)
the replacement of carbon black in tires by nanometer-scale particles of inorganic clays and
polymers is a new technology that is leading to the production of wear resistant and
environmentally-friendly tires. Prospective forthcoming breakthroughs also include use of
nano-robotics and intelligent systems for environment and nuclear waste management. Some
of the most important application of nanotechnology can be summarized as follows:
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Next-Gen Silicon-based Nano-electronics superior to conventional silicon
semiconductors
Electron/Photon-controlled Nano-electronics
Manufacturing Technology for Electronics at Nano scale
Economical Technology innovation for viable Nano electronics Components
Energy-saving/Environmentally friendly Nano-electronics
Nano-electronics for Security
Advanced Materials research for Highly Efficient use of Energy
Replacement and Saving Technology for Rare or Deficit Materials
Materials for Environmental Improvement and Conservation
Materials research for the Most Advanced Electro-Apparatus
Materials research for Transport Equipment
Technology for Innovative Materials and Components manufacturing for the Next-
Gen
The scope is unlimited and India can gain a lot by investing in R&D.
8.9. CARBON CAPTURING TECHNOLOGY
The successful development of advanced CO2 capture technologies is critical to maintaining
the cost-effectiveness of fossil fuel based electricity generation. Today, there are
commercially viable First Generation CO2 capture technologies that are being used in various
small-scale industrial applications. The three major issues with existing commercial CO2
capture technology are:
Reducing the influence of CO2 capture on power generating capacity
Scaling up novel CO2detention technologies to necessary size for full-scale
deployment at fossil energy power systems
Improving the commercial viability for CO2 capture so that fossil based systems with
carbon capture are cost competitive
The Carbon Capture Program’s approach to achieve these goals is to utilize a combination of
developments in new chemical production methods, process chemistry, new equipment
manufacturing methods, new process equipment designs and optimization of the process in
combination with other power plant systems (e.g. cooling water system, the steam cycle, CO2
compression etc.). Furthermore, improvements in boiler/gasifier technologies, process stream
handling, materials of construction, heat integration, gas cleanup and separation compression
technologies and power cycle technology provide synergistic benefits are also required to
meet program goals.
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8.10. BIOMIMICRY
Biomimicry or Biomimetic is the process through which scientists are trying to mimic the
processes, systems and models of the nature to solve the complex human issues. This is a
growing field and is said that it could generate around $1.6 trillion of GDP13
globally by the
end of 2030. This gives a huge opportunity for India to invest in R&D in this area and be the
market leader in this technology.
Some of the R&D works that have started in this area are:
The concept of the Solar Tree, which is inspired by the positioning of leaves on a
branch that allows each and every leaf to get the right amount of sunlight for the
process of Photosynthesis.
The termites nest structure is
used to build the large buildings
to reduce the air conditioning
costs. A pilot was being tested
and it was found that the
building was energy efficient
with better ventilation and AC
load savings were of the range of
$3.5 million.
A study on portable solar flower
called Lotus Mobile is being
discussed and is in the design
phase. Developers say that it will
have 18 petals (inspired by the flower-Lotus) that would be solar panels on a single
stock. Like petals these solar panels fold to protect itself against the adverse weather
conditions like hail storms, Sand dunes, strong winds etc. Material research is also
going on to develop the delicate looking but tough solar panels.
Wave power carpets, a concept that was developed by understanding “Mud Hole” or
the muddy sea bed. Whenever there are storms, the mariners look out for the Mud
holes as they absorb the maximum energy of the waves and the disturbances are less.
A similar concept is being designed called the synthetic sea beds .i.e. a carpet of wave
energy. These carpets are also being tested with other forms of renewable energy like
Ocean Thermal Energy conversion units mainly to protect them from the disturbances
of sea.
13http://www.nyserda.ny.gov/Cleantech-and-Innovation/Biomimicry
Figure 21: Blue Whale Fins as reference for Wind Turbines
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CHAPTER 9
9. R&D ROAD MAP FOR INDIAN POWER SECTOR
Considering the present situation of Indian Power sector, it is very important for India to
venture into new technologies by commercializing them through various R&D programs. As
discussed earlier, it’s important to go with various collaborative R&D programs. Various
departments like Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, MoP,
Ministry of Heavy Industries, Mining etc. should come together to address the various
objectives of this report.
It is important for Government of India to see to it that a common platform for various R&D
divisions, both Public and Private are provided so that the R&D activities can have a better
skill involvement and can reduce the problem of R&D happening in silos. The private players
have to be roped in and encouraged to participate in the R&D process and policies
encouraging the use of new technologies should be brought in.
The technologies Road map is given in a tabular form as shown below:
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Disruptive
Technologies Current Scenario
Where we want
to be
Road Map
2015-2020 2021-2023 2024-2025
Smart Grids
Only few private utilities have
started to implement these
technologies
Forefront in all smart
grid technologies
1. Full rollout of Smart Grids in
major urban areas
2. R&D in forecasting techniques.
3. Development of Smart grid Cyber
Security
4. Renewables Integration with
Smart grids pilots.
Full rollout of Smart
Grids in semi urban
areas
Nationwide
application of Smart
Grids with
Renewables integrated
Storage Technologies Very small scale operation Net exporter of
technology
1. Development of low cost and
efficient batteries with long life and
Durability.
2. Other energy storage technologies
to mature like pumped storage
3. R&D efforts focused on high
temperature thermal storage
systems, thermochemical storage
4. Developing in house
manufacturing units with necessary
skill development
1. Pilot projects on
Renewable energy and
Storage technologies
Integration
2. Material research for
safety and mitigation
of environmental risks
Advance research and
integration of all
technologies
EV's
Very few private players, high
initial cost, lack of charging
infrastructure
Commercial viability,
full integration, net
exporter of technology
Large roll out of Electric Vehicles
(EV) by 2020, EV charging stations
in all
urban areas and strategic
locations on highways
EV charging stations in
all urban areas and
along all state and
national highways
Advance research and
integration of all
technologies
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Disruptive
Technologies Current Scenario
Where we want
to be
Road Map
2015-2020 2021-2023 2024-2025
Robotics Very limited application
Forefront in
technology
applications in Power
sector
1. Develop in-house R&D unit
specifically for Robotics. 2.
Develop expertize with
collaborative R&D with the
technology leaders like Japan, China
and Germany
3. Global benchmarking of Robotics
used in power sector and feasibility
check
4. Applied Research in the field of
Nuclear generation, Transmission
Surveillance, Testing of Boilers and
space energy generation
Integration with other
technology
Advance level
research
LED Very costly
Global manufacturing
hub Commercialization of LED
Advance R&D to
increase efficiency
Net exporter of
technology
Compressor-less air
conditioning and
electrochromic Windows Commercially unviable
Commercially
viability, net exporter
of technology
Pilot projects to show the
commercial viability of technology
Application in large
commercial buildings
Nationwide
application
Nanotechnology/Material
As nanotechnology in India is a
public driven initiative, industry
participation is still at a nascent
stage
Key global player in
nanoscience
& nanotechnology and
net exporter of
technology
Active and efficient public-private
participation in R&D that facilitates
speedy technology development and
commercialization; coordination
amongst
policymakers across various
agencies
Extension of various
technologies from
discovery to societal
use
Key global player in
nanoscience
& nanotechnology
and net exporter of
technology
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Disruptive
Technologies Current Scenario
Where we want
to be
Road Map
2015-2020 2021-2023 2024-2025 Renewables
Solar Very less manufacturing
capacity, almost nil R&D
Manufacturing and
R&D hub, exporter
of technology
1. To reach economy of scale
by installing large
manufacturing plants along
with R&D centers to increase
efficiency
2. Biomimicry for solar
through solar trees, Flowers.
3. R&D in development of
Transparent solar cells
Integration of
various research
institute and
organization for
knowledge sharing
Advance research
Wind
On shore technology is to
some extent little bit mature
but off shore technology is at
nascent stage
Manufacturing and
R&D hub,
increasing the
capacity factor and
reliability factor,
exporter of
technology, better
forecasting model
1. R&D for increasing the
capacity factor and reliability
factor, off shore technology
2. Biomimicry- Design of
wind turbines through the
study of whale humps.
Commercial
application Advance research
Bio-fuels and Electro
fuels
Mature bio-fuels technology,
genetic innovations at
nascent stage very small
scale plants, no innovation in
electrofules
Leader in
technologies
Integration of research
institutes for knowledge
sharing, R&D on electrofules
Commercial
viability of projects Advance level research
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Disruptive Technologies Current Scenario Where we want to
be
Road Map
2015-2020 2021-2023 2024-2025
Geothermal
Although it’s importance is
realized long back in other
countries, it’s exploitation is
still far away in our country
mainly due to lack of
knowledge on the deep
subsurface structure and deep
drilling technology in high
pressure, high temperature
regions
Tap the full potential
and be the net
exporter of
technology
Active and efficient public-
private participation in R&D
that facilitates speedy
technology development and
commercialization
Extension of various
technologies from
discovery to societal
use
Full potential utilization of all
340 geothermal hot springs
Carbon Capturing
Technology
Technologies for CCS are
rather well known, but system
integration and commercial
demonstration are needed.
Commercial
demonstration and
viability and full
scale application
Demonstrate the commercial
viability of CCS technologies in
an economic environment
driven by the emissions trading
scheme, and in particular, to
enable their cost competitive
deployment in coal-fired power
plants
Application in large
industry and power
plants
Full application
78 | P a g e
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