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02/18/15
QUALITY EDUCATIONQUALITY EDUCATION
Presented by:
Manmohan Joshi
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Education:Education:
A process of effecting desirable changes in students’ behaviour
Direction of these changes determined by objectives of teaching
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Quality Education:Quality Education:
Supports a rights based approach to all educational endeavours
Based on the four pillars of education and provides skills for:
Learning to know Learning to live together Learning to do Learning to be
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Quality education……Quality education……
Views the learner as an individual, and educates to create individual competency in all four roles
Is locally relevant and culturally appropriate Is informed of the past, is relevant to the
present, and prepares individuals for the future
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Quality education……Quality education……
Builds: Knowledge Life skills Perspectives Attitudes & valuesProvides skills for employability Is measurable
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Curriculum FrameworkCurriculum Framework
Learning: function of doing undergoing & testing (includes acquisition of habits, skills &
appreciations)Emphasis on thinking skillsNeed to use Information technology
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Curriculum framework……Curriculum framework……
Quality of books/course material: To have clearly defined objectives To be kept up to date – based on: New information/knowledge Classroom experience Level of comprehension of learners Preparation and use of supplementary material Preparation of material in time
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Transaction of CurriculumTransaction of Curriculum
Planning:Term plan: distribution of units/sub-units: Teaching time Testing time Revision time Final examination timeDaily lesson plan
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Teaching MethodologyTeaching Methodology
We often teach as we ourselves were taught, rather than in the way we were trained to teach.
Many in higher education without trainingKnowledge of subject only not sufficient for
effective teaching
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Teaching methodology……Teaching methodology……
Many teaching skills common to all subjects:
Management of teaching environment Use of teaching material Communication and presentation skills Interpersonal skills Assessment
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Teaching methodology……Teaching methodology……
Interactive teaching: Explore the links between teaching, learning and
formal assessment: How we learn Compare this with the way we teach Investigate our assessment methods – effect on the
quality of our students’ learning Encouraging to learn for the future – not for
examination alone
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Teaching methodology…….Teaching methodology…….
Interactive lectures: Make them meaningful experiences for
students Look at concentration spans How to activate students during breaks Presentation skills to maintain interest
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Teaching methodology……Teaching methodology……
Learning, teaching and assessment: Ask yourself: How can we understand the learning needs of
students who are less able than we were? What makes students want to learn more and to
continue to do so? How can the relationship between learning and
assessment be strengthened? How to encourage better performance through
positive and constructive feedback?
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Teaching methodology……Teaching methodology……
Lecturing: Ask yourself:
What are the ways of making lectures more interactive?
How can we improve our lecturing through student feedback?
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Teaching methodology…….Teaching methodology…….
Seminars & group discussions: They encourage students:
To compare their ideas with each other To give expression to their understanding of a
subject To develop skills in listening To draw out information To persuade others to their way of thinking To develop cooperation and teamwork
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Interactive teaching methodsInteractive teaching methods
Class discussion Whole group participates Teacher leads, coaches Discussion groups: Used for larger groups Reduces anxiety Structured for homogeneity or diversity Teacher to circulate to ensure effectiveness
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Interactive teaching Interactive teaching methods……..methods……..
Group projects: Teacher as consultant/facilitator Encourage skills in:• Interpersonal relationships• Negotiation• Teamwork
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Interactive teaching Interactive teaching methods……..methods……..
Peer teaching: Useful when great variance in levels of
learning Those who have mastered skill coach others Must ensure peer teachers are competent Can be used to master components of a task
– particularly useful for technical subjects
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Experiential teaching methodsExperiential teaching methods
Field/clinical: Provides real-life experience Student completes tasks while being
observed and/or reports back and receives feedback
Requires careful planning
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Experiential teachingExperiential teaching methods………. methods……….
Laboratory: Hands-on practice Good control by the teacherRole-playing: Useful for interpersonal skills Allows practice in lower-threat environment
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Experiential teachingExperiential teaching methods………. methods……….
Simulations/games: Facilitate practice in all areas Require well-structured materials Immediate feedback; highly interactiveDrill: Repetitions of tasks to build auto. Response Useful for lower cognitive domains
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Classroom InteractionClassroom Interaction
Critical thinking: students to think, speak & be listened to
Collaborative learning: encourage peer-to-peer interaction and cooperation
Value of group learning: student talk, listen, question, and so learn
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Classroom Interaction……..Classroom Interaction……..
Designing group tasks: Related to the course Related to subsequent testsTeacher’s role: Monitor unobtrusively Focus on what the group discovered and not
what teacher knows or thinks
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Interactive Classroom:Interactive Classroom:Encourage students’ interaction:Encourage students’ interaction:
Begin class with a controversy or problem.
Instead of: “We are going to cover this……”
Begin with: “ Here’s the question we want to
answer.” Use silence to encourage reflectionArrange and use classroom space to
encourage interaction
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Skilful QuestioningSkilful Questioning
As teachers we ask tens of thousands of questions that we already know the answer to!
The only point of asking questions is: To raise issues about which the teacher
needs information About which the pupils need to think
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Teachers use Questions for Teachers use Questions for many reasons:many reasons:
To provide students with an explanationTo allow students to use prior knowledgeTo check and correct, evaluate students’
understandingAs a classroom management strategy
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
On the students’ part Q’s can:On the students’ part Q’s can:
Encourage students to review or revise work
Engage in active listening and thinking
Actively involve in learning process
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Teacher assesses efficacy of Teacher assesses efficacy of teaching-learning processteaching-learning process
Via questioning students learn more as they become active participants rather than passive observers.
Students are encouraged to understand rather than just receiving knowledge.
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Classification of QuestionsClassification of Questions
‘Open’ questions: designed to elicit more than one possible answer – a detailed response.
Ex: What do you think the world would be like if there were no cars?
‘Closed’ questions: designed to elicit just the required answer.
Ex: When was the Rustaq fort built?
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Quality of questionsQuality of questions
Questions should be: Clear Brief In a natural and simple language Thought provoking & distributed widely Having balance between ‘fact’ and
‘thought’ questions
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Effective questioning strategyEffective questioning strategy
Wait time: Students have opportunity to think before answering.
Students are encouraged to consult with their partner/group to formulate answer.
Teacher involves a number of students in the answer to a single question creating an opportunity for discussion, ex:
What do you think? Do you agree with the answer?
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Continued…..Continued…..
Appropriateness of questions; fitness for purpose
Quality and range of questions Opportunities for students to formulate their
own questions
The better the questioning, the more reliable the evidence collected by the teacher to evaluate the teaching-learning process.
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
RecapitulationRecapitulation
At the end of every sub-unit/point
At the beginning of the class before starting a new unit/sub-unit/point
At the end of the unit
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Class workClass work
Supervise/go roundCheckGuide/assistPair workGroup work
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Home workHome work
Type of home work: Written Oral Project work – individual/groupCheckingFollow-up
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
RevisionRevision
Revision test Oral Written Practice examinationRemedial action
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Teaching aidsTeaching aids
Board and markerFlash cardsCharts OHPPowerPoint Presentation-good for revisionField visits
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Reflective TeachingReflective Teaching
What is reflective teaching? It is a form of: Problem solving Thinking to resolve an issue Involves active chaining Careful ordering of ideas linking each with
its predecessors
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Reflective teaching……Reflective teaching……
Reflection a key component of teacher development
Self-enquiry & critical thinking help in: assessing strengths and weaknesses taking remedial action
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Reflective teaching…….Reflective teaching…….
Reflective actions integrate with personal attitudes:
Open-mindedness Responsibility Whole-heartednessReflective actions bring balance between
thought and action
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Reflective teaching…….Reflective teaching…….
It is about using opportunities to systematically:
Explore Question Frame and re-frame Challenge own teaching Make informed choicesReflection is the heart of good teaching
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Principles of ReflectionPrinciples of Reflection
Teacher to be interested in the problem Issue to be owned by teacher – not imposed Solution is rested in the teacher Systematic procedures necessary Issue to be derived from teacher’s
experience Ideas once tested to lead to some action Reflexive action to redefine practice in
teaching
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Relationship between methodology and Relationship between methodology and reflection:reflection:
Reflection a process to integrate theory into practice
Link between learnt knowledge and practice Reflection is more than ‘thinking’ Focuses on day-to-day classroom teaching Improvement through reflection Process aimed at becoming a ‘critically
reflective teacher’
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Skills for a good reflective teacherSkills for a good reflective teacher
Self-initiated inquiry: Reinforce points of strength
Improve weak points Incorporates new theories in teachingOpenness and creativityDevelops himself/herself: through reading,
conferences & workshops, discussion with colleagues
Regular in reflection
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Reflective teaching……….Reflective teaching……….
How does reflective teaching integrate theory into practice?
Exploring Teaching “Shall I teach?”: teacher-centred/student-centred approachAcademic Preparation “What shall I
teach?”: content and amount of knowledge
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Reflective teaching……….Reflective teaching……….
Understanding Learners “How do students learn?”:
knowing students & strategies of learning will help in planning lessons
Organizing for Teaching “How shall I teach?”
to be built around the needs of students as well the target outcomes
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Reflective teaching……….Reflective teaching……….
Education and the cultural context “Why do we teach?”:
Teaching is done in social context Environment affects teaching Teachers need to know:o The aims of educationo The culture of their students
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Types of ReflectionTypes of Reflection
Pre-lesson reflection: Anticipate events & plan accordingly Tasks, organization of tasks, time for each,
the way to introduce it Techniques & strategies Language, skills, visual aids Classroom environment
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Types of Reflection……..Types of Reflection……..
Reflection-in-action: On-the-spot experience, try, check success Makes teacher’s performance thoughtful
and practical Helps in integrating theory and practice
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Types of Reflection……..Types of Reflection……..
Reflection-on-action: Questions an event/situation that occurred
in the classroom Plenty of time to think about Write down the observations Think and plan remedial action Discuss with colleague or consult reference
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
Activities for development of Activities for development of reflective teachingreflective teaching
Action research
Audio or video recording of lessons
Reflection sheet
Peer observation
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
How do teachers reflect on their How do teachers reflect on their teaching? (sequence of strategies…)teaching? (sequence of strategies…)
Teach! The teacher gives the lessonThink back. Describe. The teacher describes the events
in his lesson Investigate reasons that led to themRe-frame events in the light of several
theoretical frameworks
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
How do teachers reflect on their How do teachers reflect on their teaching? (sequence of strategies…)teaching? (sequence of strategies…)
Generate multiple understandingsDecide what to do nextStart it all over again
“Reflection on one’s teaching is a practice that requires discipline, openness, continuity and detachment.”
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
EvaluationEvaluation
Note: “Technology of Evaluation (including setting question papers)” to be discussed separately.
02/18/15Quality Education by Manmohan
Joshi
THANK YOU!THANK YOU!