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Objectives of this lesson: Primary and Secondary DataDEFINITION AND TYPES OF DATADESCRIBE PRIMARY DATA,METHODE OF
COLLECTION,MERIT AND DEMERIT.DESCRIBE SECONDARY DATA,SOURCE,MERIT
AND DEMERIT CONCLUSIONREFRENCEQUESTION AND ANSWER
DATA- Data is information in raw or unorganized form(such as alphabet, number or symbols) that refers to or represent ,ideas, object. data is limitless and present everywhere in the universe.
TYPES:- PRIMARY DATA - collected by the researcher himself
SECONDARY DATA - collected by others to be "re-used" by the researcher
TYPES OF DATA
Data that has been collected from first-hand-experience is known as primary data. Primary data has not been published yet and is more reliable, authentic and objective. Primary data has not been changed or altered by human beings, therefore its validity is greater than secondary data
PRIMARY DATA
A. Observation method B. Indirect Oral Interviews C. Questionnaire methodD. Schedule Method E. From Local Agents F. Survey Method
A.
B.
C.
METHOD OF COLLECTION OF PRIMARY DATA
Standardized interviews a. Structured b. UnstructuredNon-standardized interviews a. One to one 1.Face to face, 2.telephonic, 3.internet mediated interviews b. One to many(focus group)
INDIRECT ORAL INTERVIEW
Questionnaire- A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of question and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondent.
Self administered questionnaireInterviewer -administered questionnaireTelephone questionnaireDelivery and questionnairePostal or mail questionnaire
Questionnaire method
SURVEY- A detailed study of geographical area to gather data attitudes, impressions, opinions, satisfaction level etc., by polling a section of the population
TYPE
1.CENSUS SURVEY 2.CONTINOUS OR REGULAR SURVEY 3.AD-HOC SURVEY
SURVEY
Degree of accuracy is quite high.It does not require extra caution.It depicts the data in great detail.Primary source of data collection frequently includes
definitions of various terms and units used.For some investigations, secondary data are not available.
MERIT OF PRIMARY DATA
Collection of data requires a lot of time.Requires lot of finance.In some enquiries it is not possible to collect primary data.Requires a lot of labour.Requires a lot of skill.
DEMERIT OF PRIMARY DATA
Data collected from a source that has already been published in any form is called as secondary data. The review of literature in any research is based on secondary data. Mostly from books, journals and periodicals.
SECONDARY DATA
Published printed source BooksJournals/periodicals Magazines/Newspapers Published Electronic Sourcese-journals General websites Weblogs
SOURCE OF SECONDADRY DATA
Unpublished Personal Records Diaries Letters Government Records Census Data/population statistics: Health recordsEducational institutes records
Contd…………
MERIT OF SECONDARY DATA Use is very convenient. Saves time and finance. In some enquiries primary data cannot be collected. Reliable secondary data are generally available for many
investigations.
MERIT OF SECONDARY DATA
DEMERIT OF SECONDARY DATA Very difficult to find sufficiently accurate secondary data. Very difficult to find secondary data which exactly fulfils
the need of present investigation.Extra caution is required to use secondary data. Not available for all types of enquiries.
DEMERIT OF SECONDARY DATA
Because of the above mentioned disadvantages of secondary data, we will lead to evaluation of secondary data. Evaluation means the following four requirements must be satisfied:-
Availability- It has to be seen that the kind of data you want is available or not. If it is not available then you have to go for primary data.
Relevance- It should be meeting the requirements of the problem. For this we have two criterion:- Units of measurement should be the same. Concepts used must be same and currency of data should not be outdated.
Accuracy- In order to find how accurate the data is, the following points must be considered: - Specification and methodology used; Margin of error should be examined; The dependability of the source must be seen.
Sufficiency- Adequate data should be available.
EVALUATION OF SECONDARY DATA
Secondarydataareinformationpreviouslygatheredforadifferentpurposethatmayberelevanttotheproblemathand.
Secondarydatacancomefromsourcesinternaltotheorganizationorexternal.
Theinternetandsyndicatedfirmshave,inmanyways,enabledthegatheringofsecondarydata.
Secondarydataaregenerallyuseful,low-cost,rapidlyavailablesourcesofinformation.
Always look for secondary data first
CONCLUSION
“Tabulation”The classification of data leads to the problem of
presentation of data. The presentation of data means exhibition of the data in such a clear and attractive manner that these are easily understood and analyzed. There many forms of presentation of data of which the following three are well known: (i). Textual Presentation, (ii). Tabular Presentation, (iii). Diagrammatic Presentation. Here, we discuses in detail Tabular method of data presentation.
Meaning and Definition of TableA table is a symmetric arrangement of statistical data
in rows and columns. “Table involves the orderly and systematic presentation of
numerical data in a form designed to elucidate the problem under consideration.”
---According Prof. L.R.Connor,”
“Table in its broadest sense is an orderly arrangement of data in column and rows. “
---According to Prof. M.M. Blaire
Features of a good Table Title as compatible with the objective of the
study To facilitate comparison. Ideal Size Stubs Use of Zero Heading
Types of Tables
There are three basis of classifying tables.I. Purpose of a table II. Originality of a tableIII. Construction of a table.
Kinds of Tables
According to Purpose
According to Originality
According to Construction
General Purpose
Table
Special Purpose
Table
Original Table
Derived TableSimple or One-Way
Table
Complex Table
Double or Two-Way
TableTreble Table
Manifold Table
Simple TableIn a simple table (also known as one-way
table), data are presented based on only one characteristic. Table 1.1 illustrates the concept.
Faculties Number of Users
Science 50
Commerce 70
Arts 90
Total 210
Table 1.1 Faculty-wise Library Users
Complex Tables
In a complex table (also known as a manifold table) data are presented according to two or more characteristics simultaneously. The complex tables are two-way or three-way tables according to whether two or three characteristics are presented simultaneously.
a. Double or Two-Way Tableb. Three-Way Tablec. Manifold (or Higher Order) Table
Double or Two-Way TableIn such a table, the variable under study is
further subdivided into two groups according to two inter-related characteristics. The two-way table is shown in Table 1.2.
Faculties
Numbers of User
TotalGirls Boys
Math20 30 50
Commerce30 40 70
Arts35 55 90
Total85 125 210
Table 1.2 Faculty-wise Library Users
Manifold (or Higher Order) Table
Such tables provide information about a large no of interrelated characteristics in the data set. Manifold (or Higher Order) Table is shown in Table 1.4.
Faculties
Numbers of UserTotal
(1)+(2)
B.A IstB.A IInd
Boys Girls Boys Girls
I
Sem
II
Sem
I
Sem
II
Sem Total (1)I
Sem
II
SemI
Sem
II
Sem Total (2)
Science 15 34 20 54 123 20 45 30 27 122 245
Commerc
e
35 23 30 34 122 45 37 40 29 151 273
Arts 25 56 35 22 138 35 34 55 36 160 298
Total 75 113 85 110 383 100 116 125 92 433 816
Table 1.4 Faculty-wise Library Users