POLLUTION

PREVENTION

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Pollution Prevention:

A Win-Win Solution P2 Hierarchy

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DEFINITIONS OF POLLUTION

• THE UK: A SUBSTANCE WHICH IS PRESENT

AT CONCENTRATIONS WHICH CAUSE HARM OR

EXCEED AN ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARD.

• POLLUTION MAY ALSO BE REFERRED AS ANY

HARMFUL CHANGE IN THE ENVIRONMENT DUE

TO HUMAN ACTIVITIES

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ACCORDING TO THE 1996 EU

DIRECTIVE ON

INTEGRATED POLLUTION PREVENTION &

CONTROL,

POLLUTION CAN BE DEFINED AS

“ANY DIRECT OR INDIRECT

INTRODUCTION AS A RESULT OF

HUMAN ACTIVITY, OF SUBSTANCES,

VIBRATION, ETC. WHICH MAY BE

HARMFUL TO THE QUALITY OF

ENVIRONMENT”

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SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS: PESTICIDES, SOLVENTS,

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS AND PLASTICS, SOME

EXAMPLES :

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Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP)

1) pesticides: aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin,

heptachlor, mirex and toxaphene

2) industrial chemicals: hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and

polychlorinated biphenyls

(PCBs) and

3) unintended by-products: dioxins and furans

India signed the Stockholm convention on Persistent

Organic Pollutants (POP) on 14 May 2002, to

restrict the use of a dozen toxic chemicals.

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India moves to eliminate the POP

India has to a large extend banned the use and manufacture of the 8 identified

pesticides and HCB (listed in both categories of intentional and non-intentional POPs)

and has been permitted as of now to use DDT only for its malaria control programme.

The main objective of the convention is to protect the human health and the environment from the twelve of these toxic organic compounds or POPs, popularly known as the dirty dozen.

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What is Pollution Prevention?

Reducing or eliminating toxic materials

replacing a material in the production line

reformulating the product

installing new or modifying existing process

equipment

Closed loop (on-site) recycling

Should involve a holistic approach

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Pollution Prevention Policy

pollution should be prevented or reduced at the source whenever feasible;

pollution that cannot be prevented should be recycled in an environmentally safe manner whenever feasible;

pollution that cannot be prevented or recycled should be treated in an environmentally safe manner whenever feasible; and

disposal or other release into the environment should be employed only as a last resort and should be conducted in an environmentally safe manner.

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Source Reduction

Example: H2O2 as replacement oxidant for chlorine based oxidants: New cost

effective benign manufacturing process makes this possible.

Pollution Reduction at Source

Reduce or eliminate the creation of pollutants

through:

increased efficiency in the use of raw

materials, energy, water, or other resources,

or

protection of natural resources by

conservation.

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Define "source reduction" to mean any

practice which:

reduces the amount of any hazardous

substance, pollutant, or contaminant entering

any waste stream or otherwise released into

the environment (including fugitive emissions)

prior to recycling, treatment, or disposal; and

reduces the hazards to public health and the

environment associated with the release of

such substances, pollutants, or contaminants.

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Pollution Reduction at Source

Reduce or eliminate the

creation of pollutants

through:

increased efficiency in the

use of raw materials,

energy, water, or other

resources, or

protection of natural

resources by conservation.

synthesis, processing and

use of chemicals that

reduces risks to human

health and the environment

synthetic chemistry

designed to use and

generate fewer hazardous

substances

aims at reducing the use of

endangered resources by

switching to more plentiful

or renewable resources

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Conventional H2O2 process: Catalytic hydrogenation

followed by auto-oxidation of alkylated anthraquinone.

The autoxidation of 2-ethyl-9,10-

dihydroxyanthracene (C16H14O2) to 2-

ethylanthraquinone (C16H12O2) and

hydrogen peroxide using oxygen from

the air.

In this reaction, the hydroxy groups on

the middle ring of anthracene are

deprotonated and are turned into

ketones, while two double bonds are

lost from the middle ring and are

replaced as C=O double bonds in the

ketone groups.

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Conventional process: Catalytic hydrogenation followed by

auto-oxidation of alkylated anthraquinone.

The anthraquinone derivative is then extracted

out and reduced back to the dihydroxy

compound using hydrogen gas in the presence

of a metal catalyst.

The overall equation for the process is

deceptively simple: H2 + O2 → H2O2

However the economics of the process depend

on effective recycling of the quinone and

extraction solvents, and of the hydrogenation

catalyst.

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H2O2 manufacture by cleaner Technology:

Recent Development

Catalytic route to aqueous H2O2 by DUPONT

Controlled oxidation of hydrogen.

In 2009, a new process of producing hydrogen peroxide using gold-palladium nanoparticles has been reported. This process claims to be inexpensive, efficient, and environmental friendly.

^ http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090219141507.htm ".

Science) 323 (5917): 1037–41. doi:10.1126/science.1168980. PMID 19229032.

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Solvay is a fully integrated producer of hydrogen

peroxide using the Auto-Oxidation process to

combine the basic raw materials oxygen and

hydrogen for manufacturing technical grades of

hydrogen peroxide on a large scale.

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RECYCLE

RECLAIM

Recycling paper by reusing paper

as a raw material Papers such as newspaper, magazines, cardboard,

packaging, wrapping paper, etc. can be recycled. In Europe, an average of 50% of the paper is recovered for recycling.

The first step in the recycling process is the cleaning of the used fibers. The fibers are made into a slush substance similar to the slurry used when the originally paper was made. Reused pulp is usually not sufficient in strength to be used alone, so new pulp must be added to the mixture of recycled pulp before the paper is made. Depending on the grade of paper desired, large or small quantities of new pulp must be added.

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Under the US Pollution Prevention Act,

recycling, energy recovery, treatment, and disposal

are not included within the definition of pollution

prevention.

Some practices commonly described as "in-process

recycling" may qualify as pollution prevention.

Recycling that is conducted in an environmentally

sound manner shares many of the advantages of

prevention—it can reduce the need for treatment or

disposal, and conserve energy and resources.

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Process Development And Design

Refinement of a process concept from

early conceptual stages through

preliminary engineering

Waste generation can often be minimized

through proper design and operation of the

process system

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Typical Environmental Design Constraints

and Objectives

Constraints Objectives

Compliance with all applicable

environmental regulations

Minimal use of toxics in-process

Compliance with existing permit

requirements for discharge and emissions

Minimize life-cycle impact within

acceptable financial parameters

Process loadings not to exceed existing

treatment capacity

Implement all pollution prevention options

meeting investment hurdles

Zero discharge of regulated wastes Maximize use of recycled raw materials

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Academic Award in 1999

General Activation of Hydrogen Peroxide for Green

Chemistry: a series of environmentally friendly

oxidant activators based on iron. These TAMLTM

(tetraamido-macrocyclic ligand)

activators catalyze the reactions of oxidants in

general. Their activation properties with hydrogen

peroxide in water are of greatest environmental

significance.

Professor Terry Collins

Carnegie Mellon University

TAML™ Oxidant Activators:

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TAML™ Oxidant Activators: General Activation of

Hydrogen Peroxide for Green Chemistry: 1999 Award

Users of TAMLTM peroxide activators will

range from huge primary extractive-

processing industries to household consumers

throughout the world. In laboratory tests, the

Collins activators have shown this potential in

the major industrial application of wood-pulp

delignification and

In the broad-based consumer process of

laundry cleaning

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totally chlorine free (TCF) bleaching.

It has been clearly demonstrated that TAMLTM

activators can provide the Pulp and Paper Industry

(P&PI) with the first low-temperature hydrogen

peroxide-based delignification technology for

treating pulp.

The new process moves the elemental balance of

pulp delignification closer to what Nature

employs for degrading lignin, a strategy reflected in

the industry‘s recent development of totally chlorine

free (TCF) bleaching procedures.

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What tasks enable Pollution Prevention?

1. equipment or technology modifications,

2. process or procedure modifications,

3. reformulation or redesign or products,

4. substitution of raw materials, and

5. improvements in housekeeping,

maintenance, training, or inventory control.

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LCA

Life-cycle analysis (LCA) is a sophisticated

way of examining the total environmental

impact of a product through every step of its

life -- from obtaining raw materials all the way

through making it in a factory, selling it in a

store, using it in the home, and disposing of

it.

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What is LCA?

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a technique for

assessing the potential environmental aspects

associated with a product (or service), by:

compiling an inventory of relevant inputs and

outputs,

evaluating the potential environmental impacts

associated with those inputs and outputs,

interpreting the results of the inventory and impact

phases in relation to the objectives of the study.

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What is LCA of a product?

A product: From

obtaining raw materials

all the way through

making it in a factory,

selling it in a store,

using it in the home,

and disposing of it.

It asks three basic

questions

Where does the

product come from ?

What is its effect on

Environment ?

Where does it go ?

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Product Life Cycle

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LCA and the Regulatory Process

LCA is voluntary in the U.S. At present

its use is limited, but expanding

LCA is mandatory in some European

countries

used as the basis of packaging recovery and

recycling targets

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Benefits Of LCA

companies can claim one product is better

than another on the basis of LCA

LCA inventory process helps to narrow in on

the area where the biggest reductions in

environmental emissions can be made

can be used to reduce production costs

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Basis of Pollution Prevention Planning

requires a detailed understanding of how a

company does business and how it makes its

products

the plan should provide a mechanism for

comprehensive and continuous review of

company‘s activities as they pertain to

environmental issues

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Major Elements of a

Pollution Prevention Plan

building support for the plan throughout the

company

organizing the program

setting goals and objectives

performing a preliminary assessment of P2

opportunities

identifying potential problems and solutions

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Environmental Management Systems

[EMS]

P2 planning procedures are now unified into

a comprehensive system for managing

environmental impacts by industry

ISO 14000 standards establish benchmarks

for environmental management performance,

and describe the measures that must be

taken by industry to conform to these

standards

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Examples of Bioprocesses in EMS:

1.Biological Wastewater Treatment

systems; Solid and Sludge Disposal by

Composting, and Landfills Technology;

2.Biodegradation of xeno - biotic

compounds; 3.Bioremediation; 4. Bio-fuel

Technology to provide supplements to

fossil fuels; 5.Bio-fertilizers, Bio-

pesticides and Plant Biotechnology for

Agriculture; 6.Bio-leaching of ores.

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ISO 14000 EMS Model Principles

ISO 14000:

Commitment and Environmental Policy

Environmental Management Plan

Implementation

Measurement and Evaluation

Continual Review and Improvement

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Green Design

term coined by Office of Technology

Assessment-USA

signifies a design process in which

environmental attributes of a product are

treated as design opportunities, rather than

design constraints

incorporates environmental objectives with

minimum loss to product, useful life or

functionality

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Dual Goals of Green Design

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Product Design

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Product Design example: milk satchet

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Green Chemistry

synthesis, processing and use of chemicals

that reduces risks to human health and the

environment

synthetic chemistry designed to use and

generate fewer hazardous substances

aims at reducing the use of endangered

resources by switching to more plentiful or

renewable resources

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Sustainable Development

Sustainable development is development

that meets the needs of the present

without compromising the ability of

future generations to meet their own

needs

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POLLUTION PREVENTION

APPROACH

APPLICATIONS

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN

INDIA

Pollution prevention approaches can be

applied to all pollution-generating activities:

In the energy, agriculture, consumer, as well

as industrial sectors. The impairment of

wetlands, ground water sources, and other

critical resources constitutes pollution, and

prevention practices may be essential for

preserving these resources. These practices

may include conservation techniques and

changes in management practices to prevent

harm to sensitive ecosystems.

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In the agricultural sector, pollution

prevention approaches include:

reducing the use of water and chemical

inputs;

adoption of less environmentally harmful

pesticides or cultivation of crop strains with

natural resistance to pests; and

protection of sensitive areas.

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In the energy sector, pollution prevention can

reduce environmental damages from extraction,

processing, transport, and combustion of fuels.

Pollution prevention approaches include:

increasing efficiency in energy use;

substituting environmentally benign fuel sources;

and

design changes that reduce the demand for energy.

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Environmental Protection in India-1

Particularly in urban slums and rural areas,

problems emerge in the supply of safe drinking

and service water.

At the same time, sewage disposal from private households and industries is not ensured.

An environmentally sound communal

waste disposal system and proper treatment of

industrial residuals are still not in place.

Rivers are burdened with effluents and wastes to a large extent.

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Environmental Protection in India-2

Urban traffic, wood-burning and firing

plants of numerous small industries lead to air pollution, frequently exceeding the stipulated limits.

Urban industrial conglomerations are

responsible for severe pollution of the environment.

Several enterprises in rural areas also

contribute to considerable contamination.

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Environmental Protection in India-3

Even though the statutory organization of

the Indian Government, i.e. Central

Pollution Control Board (CPCB), was

constituted in September, 1974, the

awareness of environmental protection

and pollution control in India came into

sharp focus only in the aftermath of the

―Bhopal Gas Tragedy‖ in 1984

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Ministry of Environment and Forests

At Bhopal, on 2-3 December 1984, thousands

died due to a leakage of over 40 tonnes of highly

poisonous methylisocyanate gas from the

pesticide factory of Union Carbide in Bhopal.

Thereafter, the environment industry received

formal recognition in the year 1985 when a full

fledged Ministry of Environment and Forests was

constituted at the federal level.

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In 1986, following the tragedy of Bhopal,

THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT

was enacted. Under this measure, the central

government has responsibility for

• deciding standards,

• restricting industrial sites,

• laying down procedures and safeguards

• for accident prevention and handling of

hazardous waste,

• oversight of investigations.

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THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT-2

Central Govt has also responsibility for research on pollution issues, on-site inspections, establishment of laboratories, and collection and dissemination of information.

Samples collected by central government officials can be admissible in court.

The Department of Environment, Forests and Wildlife, which is within the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, was designated as the lead agency for administration and enforcement.

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Biomethanation Technology in Industry

2000

Industries Existing Biomethanation

plants units

Distilleries 254 145

Paper & Pulp 347 5

Starch 13 1

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Questions-A

1. Discuss hydrogen peroxide as an

alternative clean oxidizing agent in organic

synthesis and as replacement of chlorine

based oxidizing agent. Describe alternate

processes that can make H2O2 production

less expensive.

2. Discuss the general powers under the

Environment (Protection) Act 1986 and

subsequent notification of Rules, to take

measures to protect and improve

environment?

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Questions-B

3. What are the parameters mentioned and the

standards for control of emissions or discharge of

environmental pollutants for Thermal Power

Plants?

4. Explain the pollution problems associated with

large application of Pesticides and alternatives that

are available/ being developed.

5. Distinguish between industrial pollution 'control ‗

and 'prevention'. Explain end of pipe emission

control. Give examples

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Wood-pulp delignification has traditionally relied

on chlorine-based processes that produce

chlorinated pollutants. It has been clearly

demonstrated that TAMLTM activators can

provide the Pulp and Paper Industry (P&PI) with

the first low-temperature hydrogen peroxide-

based delignification technology for treating

pulp.

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Text books

Green Engineering , D. T. Allen and D. R.

Shonnard,2002, Prentice-Hall PTR New York

T.K. Roy, (Editor), Chemical Technology for

better Environment, Allied publishers Ltd,

Chennai 1998

Bishop P., Pollution Prevention:

Fundamentals and Practice, McGraw-Hill

International Edition, McGraw-Hill book Co,

Singapore, 2000

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Reference books;

• El Halwagy, M. M, Pollution Prevention through

Process Integration : Systematic Design Tools,

Academic Press, N.Y. (1997)

• P.T. Anastas and J.C. Warner, Green Chemistry:

Theory and Practice, Oxford University Press.

N.Y. 1998