A WORLD IN FLAMES

Chapter 131931-1941

Total Government Control by Any Other Name

Dictatorship

Despotism

Tyranny

Totalitarianism

Absolutism

Authoritarianism

Mao Tse-tungChina60-80 million killed

Josef StalinUSSR25-50 million killed

Adolf HitlerGermany13 Million killed

Pol PotCambodia1-2 million killed

Saddam HusseinIraq1-1.5 million killed

Fidel CastroCuba1-1.5 million killed

Benito MussoliniItaly100,000+ killed

Idi Amin DadaUganda500,000+ killed

FascismFascism was an authoritarian political movement that developed in Italyand other European countries after 1919 as another form of socialism tothe political and social changes brought about by World War I and thespread of revolutionary socialism and communism. Its name was derivedfrom the fasces, an ancient Roman symbol of authority consisting of abundle of rods and an ax.

Fascist ideology, largely the work of the neo-idealist philosopher GiovanniGentile, emphasized the subordination of the individual to a “totalitarian”state that was to control all aspects of national life. Violence as a creativeforce was an important aspect of the Fascist philosophy. A special featureof Italian fascism was the attempt to eliminate the class struggle fromhistory through nationalism and the corporate state.

Italian fascism was founded in Milan on 23 Mar 1919, by Benito Mussolini, aformer revolutionary socialist leader. His followers, mostly war veterans,were organized along paramilitary lines and wore black shirts as uniforms.The early Fascist program was a left wing group of ideas that emphasizedintense nationalism, productivism, antisocialism, elitism, and the need fora strong leader.

Milizia Volontaria

per la Sicurezza

Nazionale, or

MVSN (Black

Shirts)

Fascist and Nazi Symbols

Hitler’s Rise to Power in GermanyBackgroundGermany’s defeat in World War I left the German people demoralized and without a stronggovernment.

Contributing FactorsPolitical problems The Weimar Republic government was seen as weak and ineffective.In 1919, Communist uprisings broke out in several German cities.Nazi critics feared that the Social Democrats would take over industry and break up large estates.Nationalists and militarists wanted to rebuild Germany’s army, which the Treaty of Versailles forbade.Economic crisis In 1923, hyperinflation drove Germany to near economic collapse. During the worldwide economicdepression that began in 1929, banks and businesses failed and unemployment soared in Germany.Anti-Semitic policy Hitler and the Nazi Party blamed Germany’s problems on the Jews and claimed that the Germans were asuperior people—Aryan race. These racist ideas led to extreme nationalism.

Major Events1923 Nazis fail in attempt to overthrow the Bavarian government. Hitler is jailed and writes Mein Kampf.1924 Hitler becomes German chancellor. Third Reich is created, and Hitler transforms Germany into a

totalitarian state.

Sturmabteilung (SA) (Brown Shirts)

Mein Kampf

One of the most important political tracts of the 20th century, Mein Kampf (My Battle orStruggle, 1924 and 1926; Eng. Trans., 1939) is considered the bible ofNationalsozialismus—Nazism. Written by Adolf Hitler while he served a sentence inLandsberg Prison, the book presents Hitler’s major ideas on anti-Semitism, anti-Communism, superiority of the Aryan race, German nationalism, the state’s superiorityover the individual, and Hitler’s feelings of hostility for freedom and miscegenation. Theimportance of the book, which calls for German domination of Europe is derived fromthe notoriety of its author rather than from his logical presentation of National Socialistideas.

The Stalin Years

Lenin died in 1924, and a struggle for leadership began between Joseph Stalin and LeonTrotsky. As secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist party, Stalin strippedTrotsky of power and exiled him in 1928.

Stalin continued Lenin’s New Economic Plan (NEP) until 1928. Fearing the entrenchmentof a capitalist class in agriculture, however, he initiated the First Five-Year Plan. The plancalled for rapid growth in heavy industry and collectivization of agriculture.

Rapid and forced collectivization of agriculture resulted in great inefficiencies, thedeportation of millions of the wealthier peasants, and confiscation of grain. Rather thanyield their livestock to the new collectives, many farmers slaughtered them. A man-madefamine resulted. In 1932, about 3 million people died of starvation in the Ukraine alone.Nevertheless, when the First Five-Year Plan ended in 1932, the government announcedthat great progress had been made. Peasant resistance had been smashed, and thecountry was on the road to industrialization.

Stalin meanwhile tightened his grip on the government and the Red Army by means of aseries of purges. In 1935 and 1936, nearly 500,000 people were executed, imprisoned, orforced into labor camps (gulags). He further consolidated his position through the GreatPurge trials of 1936-39. Through this system, Stalin eliminated his rivals. Hesystematically employed the services of the secret police Komitet gosudarstvennoybezopasnosti (later known as the KGB) to root out “political criminals.”

The KGB (Committee of State Security) Sword-and-Shield emblem

Author- George Orwell Pen name for Eric Arthur Blair Born in India Parents were in the Indian Civil Service

Other books 1984

Animal Farm SummaryCharacter Russia Germany

Old Major V.I. Lenin/Karl Marx Paul von Hindenberg

Snowball Leon Trotsky/Political enemies Jews

Squealer Propaganda minister Josef Göbbels

Napoléon Josef Stalin Adolf Hitler

Boxer Trusting, naïve working class of people Trusting, naïve working class of people

Molly Conceited, uninformed mass of people Conceited, uninformed mass of people

The People Czar and Royal Family, Fellow totalitarian nations

Allies and Treaty of Versailles, Appeasing nations

Pincher, dogs, pups Bolsheviks, KGB Sturmabteilung (SA), Schutzstaffel (SS), Gestapo

Jesse The conscience of the moral people The conscience of the moral people

Renaming of the farm Russian Empire to Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Weimar Republic to Third Reich

Slaughterhouse Gulags Todeslager

The Hens Farmers revolt over collectivization of farms Nazi resistance movement

Commandments Propaganda- Unity, Equality, Classless, Elitism, Productivism

Propaganda- Unity, Equality, Classless, Elitism, Productivism

Pigs Group Forming of political parties (communists,Nazis): Changing of Propaganda; Privileges

Milk, apples, alcohol, clothes, no work; Statue

Victory over the People invasion October Revolution of 1917 Death of Paul von Hindenberg

The Windmill The personification of the glory of the state over the individual

The return to the farm The fall of communism in 1991 The fall of the Drittes (Third) Reich in 1945

Prelude to Dictatorship Venn Diagram

Benito Mussolini-Fascism

Josef Stalin-Communism

Adolf Hitler-Nazism

Prelude to Dictatorship Quiz

1. Name a dictator and the amount of people executed during their reign of terror.

2. Who was the founder of fascism and who implemented Italian fascism?

3. Name one of the contributing factors that led to Adolf Hitler’s rise to power.

4. What was the book that was considered Hitler’s bible for Nazism?

5. What did Josef Stalin do to consolidate power in government and the Red Army?

Why do wars occur?

Countries are wronged by another nation.

Nations compete over natural resources.

Individuals demand greater political and economic freedom.

We will study 3 aspects of WWII

The war in Europe against Germany and Italy

The war in Asia with Japan

The home front

What caused WWII in Europe? Germany wanted

back what she lost from WWI, and revenge

Appeasement –Great Britain and France gave Hitler land w/o fighting for it.

Hitler was racist/Anti-Semitic; one reason he invaded countries was simply to kill the Jews living there.

Treaty of Versailles – end of WWI

The main points of the Treaty [BRAT]

1. Germany had to accept the Blame for starting the war

2. Germany paidextremely high Reparations for the damage done during the war.

Versailles (cont’d)

3. Germany was forbidden to have submarines or an air force. She could have a navy100,000 tons displacement (only six battleships), and an Army of just 100,000 men.

Versailles

4. Germany lost Territory(land) in Europe (see map). Germany’s colonies were given to Britain and France.

Depression in 1920s Europe

Economy was bad in Europe

WWI killed a lot of workers and customers

After years of humiliation and starvation, Germans looked for a strong leader.

NAZIs elected to power!

Nazis promised to build up their army and get revenge forWWI

This is Adolf Hitler in 1933 with the Sturmabteilung (SA). His thugs to convince the people his way was right!!

TotalitarianismMussolini (Italy) Hitler (Germany)

Germany late 1930s

Germany escaped the Depression by militarizing.

This is Berlin 1936

Appeasement – Hitler wanted land, Britain and France let him have it without war

WWII started when Hitler invaded Poland 1939.

British Monarchs

Reign End Ruler

WETTIN (Saxony)1901 Jan 22 -1910 Edward VII

WINDSOR1910 May 6 -1936 George V

1936 Jan 20 - Dec 10 abdicated Edward VIII1936 Dec 10 -1952 George VI1952 Feb 6 - present Elizabeth II

Prelude to World War II Concept Map

Progressivism World War II

America

Treaty of Versailles

Hitler’s Solution to Treaty

Great Depression, Totalitarianism, Foreign Policy

Causes

Prelude to World War II Quiz

1. Name a reason countries go to war.

2. Name a cause of war in Europe.

3. What were the terms of the Versailles Treaty concerning the size of Germany’s military?

4. What was the name of Hitler’s paramilitary thugs?

5. How did Germany escape the Great Depression?

ADOLF HITLER

He was born in Braunau am Inn, a small town in upper Austria

As a young child, Hitler was reportedly a good student in primary school.

In his first year of high school, he failed completely and had to repeat the grade.

His teachers reported that he had “no desire to work.”

On 21 Dec 1907, his mother Klara died a painful death from breast cancer at the age of 47.

Hitler was 18 years old.

He grew up without his father. The rumor that Adolf Hitler has Jewish ancestors is not proven.

He was rejected twice by the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna. This rejection was a blow because Hitler loved to paint.

By 1909, he sought refuge in a homeless shelter, and by the beginning of 1910 had settled permanently into a house for the poor. At this time, he was influenced by the Catholic church and had desires to become a priest.

It was in Vienna that Hitler first became an active Anti-Semite. This was a common stance among Austrians at the time, mixing religious prejudice with recent racist theories of eugenics.

Hitler was considered a “correct” soldier, but was reportedly unpopular with his comrades because of an uncritical attitude toward officers.

“Respect the superior, don’t contradict anybody, obey blindly,” he said. Later he would expect the same.

After the München Bierhalle Putsch (revolt) on 1 Apr 1924, Hitler was sentenced to five years imprisonment at Landsberg Prison for the crime of conspiracy to commit treason.

While at Landsberg, he dictated his political book Mein Kampf to his deputy Rudolf Hess, the propaganda minister.

From 1923-1930, Germany experienced great extensive

financial struggles under the Weimar Republic. Inflation was

in the 1000’s% range called hyperinflation. The Deutsche

Reichsmark was worthless. People needed a wheelbarrow

full of money to buy a loaf of bread. Others just used it for

fuel to keep warm.

The unemployment rate was so high, thatparents were unable to feed their children.

Because of the Reichstag Fire, Hitler declared a state of emergency and encouraged aging President Paul von Hindenburg to sign the Reichstag Fire Decree suspending the basic rights provisions of the Weimar constitution.

Communist members were arrested, put to flight, or murdered.

President Paul von Hindenburg died on 2 Aug 1934.

Germany was no longer a republic, it had become a dictatorship.

1935, The Nürnberg Laws prevented marriage

between any Jew and non-Jew and stripped

all Jews of German citizenship

A sign over the gate of a university in Germany

says that Jews are not welcome here.

In 1938, members of the Schutzstoffel (SS) prevent Jewish students from entering the University of Vienna. Jewish children were banned from attending normal schools.

Many scholars date the beginning of the Holocaust itself to the anti-Jewish riots of the Night of Broken Glass (Kristallnacht) of 9 Nov 1938.

In 1941, every Jew was forced to wear the “Star of David” on their upper arm or chest.

In 1942 during the Wannsee Conference, several Nazi leaders discussed the details of the “Final Solution of the Jewish Question.”

After intense combat when Soviet troops were spotted within a block or two of the Reich Chancellory in the city centre, Hitler committed suicide in the Führerbunker on 30 Apr 1945.

Adolf Hitler Semantic Map

Adolf Hitler

Background Anti-Semitism

Political Career Policies

Adolf Hitler Quiz

1. What was one of Hitler’s desires for a job before politics.

2. What was the book written by Adolf Hitler in Landsberg Prison and considered the bible of Nazism?

3. Name one of the measures taken against the Jews?

4. What measure did the Nazis use against the communists?

5. Where and when did Hitler commit suicide?

THE EUROPEAN WORLD WAR II

From Appeasement to Pearl Harbor

Hitler Rearms Germany and European Appeasement

German chancellor Adolf Hitler abandoned the efforts of his predecessors to ease theprovisions of the Versailles Treaty through a policy of reconciliation with the World War Ivictors. Instead, he unilaterally tore up the treaty. Hitler took Germany out of the Leagueof Nations in 1933 and began a massive program to build up the German army, navy, andair force. In March 1935, he restored universal military service. The democracies did notreact, and Britain even concluded a naval agreement with Germany in 1935 that permittedgreater German naval strength than that allowed by the Versailles Treaty. In 1936, Hitlersent troops into the demilitarized zone. Later, Austria capitulated without firing a shot.Hitler determined that the German people needed Lebensraum—living room.

Almost immediately afterward, the Nazi regime began agitating on behalf of the SudetenGermans—who lived in pockets of western Czechoslovakia known as the Sudetenland—claiming that they were a persecuted minority. The Czech government made numerousconcessions to the Sudeten Germans, but in September 1938, Hitler demanded theimmediate cession of the Sudetenland to Germany. On 29-30 Sep, Britain and France(Czechoslovakia’s ally) agreed at the Munich Conference to yield to Hitler, who promised tomake no further territorial demands in Europe. Czechoslovakia was excluded fromparticipation at Munich. Unlike Austria, Czechoslovakia was democratic, and its president,Eduard Benes, was prepared to resist Hitler, but the two western European democraciesinsisted on submission.

Hitler Rearms Germany and Europe Appeases (cont’d)

British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain hailed the Munich agreement as bringing“peace in our time.” His words would come back to haunt him and Chamberlain wouldbecome the poster boy for appeasement. In March 1939, however, Hitler destroyed whatremained of Czechoslovakia by occupying Bohemia-Moravia and making Slovakia aGerman protectorate. He also took Memel from Lithuania and began threatening thePolish Corridor, a narrow strip of land that separated East Prussia from the rest of Germany.In the meantime, Italy occupied and annexed (April 1939) Albania.

World War II(Overview)

World War II commenced as a localized conflict in eastern Europe and expanded until itmerged with a confrontation in the Far East to form a global war of immenseproportions. The war began in Europe on 1 Sep 1939, when Germany attacked Poland,and ended on 2 Sep 1945, with the formal surrender of Japan aboard the U.S. battleshipUSS Missouri in Tokyo Bay. Involving most of the world’s major powers as belligerents, italso included many smaller states and had a great impact on neutral nations. Thevictorious Allies included Great Britain and the Commonwealth, France, the UnitedStates, the USSR, and China. The losing side comprised Germany, Italy, and Japan, aswell as smaller nations. The opponents clashed in two major areas: Europe, includingthe coast of North Africa and the North Atlantic; and Asia, including the Central andSouthwest Pacific, China, Burma, and Japan. The belligerents fought over the centralissue of Axis expansion, which was halted at the cost of many millions of military andcivilian casualties.

World War II(Overview)

Action Eastern Europe Pearl Harbor

Attacker Germany Japan

Invaded Poland U.S. territory-Hawaiian Islands

Means Blitzkrieg- land warfare

Naval-air

Results Beginning of World War II

U.S. entry into World War II

German Attack on Poland

On 1 Sep, 1939, the German military machine struck decisively at Poland, in what wasknown as a blitzkrieg (lightning war). High-speed panzer (tank) units pushed across theborders, blasting holes in the Polish lines. From the skies, Luftwaffe (air force) bombersdestroyed the Polish air force, damaged communications lines, and prevented the Polesfrom moving reinforcements, supplies, and ammunition to the front lines. Then Germanfoot soldiers moved forward to hold the conquered ground. Meanwhile, Britain andFrance declared war on Germany on 3 Sep.

USA’s contribution was production, not blood.

Lend Lease Act

FDR sent war materials to Britain and the USSR.

This is a Sherman tank

Lend-Lease

The U.S. Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act, at President Franklin D. Roosevelt’srequest, in March 1941. Designed to allow Britain and China to draw on the industrialresources of the then-nonbelligerent United States in World War II, the measureauthorized the president to transfer, lease, or lend “any defense article” to “thegovernment of any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense ofthe United States.” The bill was opposed by isolationists, such as Sen. Burton K.Wheeler of Montana, who termed it “the New Deal’s triple A foreign policy; it will plowunder every fourth American boy.” Still it passed the House by a vote of 260 to 5 andthe Senate, by 60 to 31. By 21 Aug 1945, when the program was terminated, almost $50billion in Lend-Lease aid had been shipped to Britain, the USSR, China, and other Alliednations. From September 1942, the United States received “reverse lend-lease” fromthe British Commonwealth and the Free French in the form of $8 billion worth of goodsand services provided to U.S. forces overseas. Financial settlements were made afterthe war, until 1972.

Atlantikwall: Fortress Europa

In no time, Germany conquered most of Europe with tanks, planes, railroads.

Hitler in Paris

Battle of BritainBattle of Britain

Tough cold winters killed many NAZI troops in USSR.

Russian people are tough! Stalin executed the military leaders causing 21 million dead, yet no surrender!

Tank!

Anti-tank weaponry

English Channel protected England

Britain resisted German air force

MEANWHILE, IN ASIA. . .

Japan wanted China and the USSR

Japan is an island, and not a big one.

They wanted more living space andnatural resources for their “superior” people.

Japan wanted oil reserves

Japan wanted more oil to invade China.

America embargoed their oil in Indonesia

Japan considered this an act of war.

Japan joins Axis Powers

Germany was sick of the U.S. helping Britain with its lend lease program. Japan agreed to attack Pearl Harbor and distract the U.S. from the European war.

MEANWHILE, IN THE USA. . .

US Isolationism

Americans wanted to stay out of Europe’s wars.

FDR wanted to help Britain anyway

USA had 2 oceans to protect them (sort of).

WWII Quiz (European Involvement) Venn Diagram

German Actions European/U.S. Actions

WWII Quiz (European Involvement)

1. Name the 2 countries that Germany invaded before WWII started.

2. What was the lightning warfare that Germany developed?

3. What is the diplomatic term for “giving in?”

4. What is the U.S. policy to give European allies the necessary armaments?

5. After Hitler conquered continental Europe, what defense complex did he create?