Nigeria and Honduras

Mr. MoralesWorld Politics

NIGERIACurrent Policy Challenges

Nigeria might be the only country whose continued existence is currently in doubt. The country´s ethnic, regional and religious divisions have intensified in recent years. Even though Nigeria has returned to constitutional rule, that constitution will continue to be tested by Nigerian´s frustration over the failure of their potentially wealthy country to provide basic human

needs like education,

health care, basic

services, and food

supply.

HONDURASCurrent Policy Challenges

Honduras is the one of the poorest nations in Central America due to the unequal distribution of production, goods, and resources. Honduras has a great gap between the rich and the poor posing major problems for the Honduras society; low levels of education, low health care quality, basic services are not covered, hunger specially in the rural areas. Strikes and other forms of mass representation are very common in the Honduran

society.

NIGERIAHistory

In one sense there are ´´many´´ Nigeria’s. That is, there are distinct political cultures with pre-colonial origins, and there are varied colonial experiences. Some of the people’s that inhabit what is now Nigeria were organized only at the village or extended family level. While in other areas there were kingdoms and states. For example the Hausa people began forming city-states in northern Nigeria between 1000 and 1200 A.D and came under the influence of Islam no later than the fifteenth century.

HONDURASHistory

During the first millennium, Honduras was inhabited by the Maya. Other indigenous groups were the Lencas, Miskitos to the east, Mayans, Pech, Sumos, and Tolupan.Columbus explored the country in 1502. contact with Europeans began soon after Christopher Columbus landed on the Honduran coast in 1502. During the early 1520s, the region was subjugated by a variety of conquistador expeditions, each of which laid claim to a part of it. Cortés, who arrived in 1525 via Mexico, imposed some order on the squabbling groups but after his departure, the local

conflicts resumed as before.

Only after the discovery of gold and silver deposits in the 1540s was some order imposed on theregion; large numbers of slaves from Africa were then imported to work

the mines. In 1524, Conquistador (conqueror) of the Mexican Aztecs Hernan Cortés sent Cristóbal de Olid to conquer and rule Honduras in the name of the Spanish Crown. The sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries saw relatively little change in this land. In the eighteenth century, gold and other mineral deposits were found in the central mountains and near the Caribbean coast, and the Spanish colonists employed nearby Indians in the mines.

The Fulani people with their origins in western Sudan entered into the Hausa lands and have since then mixed together so much that the people of the north are usually referred to as the Hausa-Fulani. In the forest region we find the Yoruba and Bini people both of the southwest, which began forming kingdoms between the 12th and 15th centuries at Oyo.

Indeed the name Nigeria itself was coined by Flora Shaw, an Englishwoman who later married sir Frederick Lugar , the architect of colonial Nigeria.

• In 1884-1885 European powers met at the conference of Berlin and divided Africa into spheres of influence. This colonial thrust placed boundaries that intercepted the climate zones.

• It first became a state in 1914 when the north and south protectorates and Lagos where brought under one colonial administration. Along with commerce and education British brought also missionaries. Modern constitutional development began within a few years of the creation of Nigeria as a single colony with elective office first provided in 1922. Independent Nigeria was born on October 1, 1960. Nigerian´s independent government at the federal and state levels experienced a very short ´´honey moon´´ period. Many modern Nigerian´s remain Yoruba and Hausa.

• In the eighteenth century, most colonists settled in the highlands near the Pacific coast, in cities including Tegucigalpa and Comayagua.

• In 1821 Honduras declared its independence from Spain to form the federation of central American States but in 1823, the Central American provinces of Mexico broke away to form the United Provinces of Central America.

• Then, after years of interstate tension, squabbling, rewriting of the constitution, and moving of the capital, the Central American states decided to form independent, sovereign nations. Honduras declared independence on October 26, 1838, and adopted a constitution as the Republic of Honduras in January of 1839.

NIGERIAEnvironmental potential and

Limitations Nigeria is counted among the world´s less developed third world countries.

• In the south: producing cocoa, palm oil, timber, and rubber

• In north the market products are cattle, hides, and skins trying to make Nigerian production compatible with British needs.

• increasing population growth• diseases like AIDS and high infant

mortality rates,• the commercialization of agricultural

techniques • rapid increase in urban population have it

came to independence with the typical economy of a third world country.

HONDURASEnvironmental potential and

Limitations• Agriculture continues to dominate the

Honduran economy, supplying in 1999 over 60 percent of the jobs and over half of all merchandise export earnings.

• Banana production, which takes place on the northern coast, is controlled primarily by the subsidiaries of 2 U.S. conglomerates, Chiquita and Dole.These companies have established effective monopolies over the banana export trade in . Nontraditional crops such as melon, pineapple, sugarcane, shrimp, and African palm has expanded since the mid-1990s.

• Has problems with vectors like Dengue, increseasing natality rate and rapid grow of urban population

NIGERIAPolitical Culture and

SubculturesEthnic Identity

Nigerian can be easily identified base on:– Language– Cultural Traits

Has more than 250 different ethnic groups

Mayor groups:• Yoruba people are one of the

largest ethno-linguistic or ethnic groups in West Africa.

• Igbo are an ethnic group living chiefly in southeastern Nigeria.

• Hausa regions of northern Nigeria.

HONDURASPolitical Culture and

SubculturesEthnic Identity

• The Lenca, inhabit the central and southern region

• The Tolupan, inhabited the north of the country

• The Pech, inhabit the area east of the country. 

• The Tawahka, inhabit the area east of the country near the border where is now Nicaragua.

• The Chorti, inhabit the country's west, where 500 years earlier ruled the Mayan empire. 

• The chorotegas, inhabit the southern region

bg

NIGERIAReligion

• Islam• Christianity

Nationalism3 mayor sources of nationalism

– Number of freed slave from North America

– National fervor for the ones who fought the World War II for the British

– Nigerians who studied in England & in the United States

HONDURASReligion

• Christian• Minority of Evangelicals• less than 1% of the population that

shares the planet's most diverse religions Muslims, Jews, animism, Buddhism

Nationalism• The sense of nationalism is shown

mostly when the Honduran Soccer team plays a game with another team.

• It’s been growing since the event of June 28, 2009

NIGERIAPolitical Socialization

• Family: whether nuclear or extended remains the core unit of political activity and socialization.

• School: plays a central role in developing a sense of community, is important in means of economic and social advancements for Nigeria.

• Mass Media: newspaper, radio and television are one of the most influential mass media in Nigeria because that's how people get inform about latest news in politics or any other topic.

• Contact with urban life: the oil boom in 1970 cause people to move from side to side of the country because it stimulated wealth and employment opportunities

• Religion: Very important in many Nigerian lives it is not surprising that religious institutions and leaders affect political orientations.

HONDURASPolitical Socialization

• The family: is the fundamental social unit in Honduras, providing a bulwark in the midst of political upheavals and economic reversals.

• Schools: Because of a lack of schools, understaffed schools, the high cost of materials needed for these schools, and the poor quality of public education, a good education is still largely the privilege of the few who can afford to send their children to private institutions.

• Mass Media: television , radio and newspapers are one of the most common mass media here in Honduras.

• Contact with urban life: highlights the contrasts between the life-styles of the rich and the poor. There is a lot of movement to urban areas.

• Religion: the church has remained an important social actor, and the vast majority of Hondurans have remained Roman Catholic. Church schools receive government subsidies, and religious instruction is part of the public school curriculum.

•

NIGERIAPolitical Recruitment

In first place northerners have dominated the leadership of the country under both civilian and military rule, in the first case because the population of the north is about the same as in the east and west combined and in the case of the military regimes, because of increasing dominance of the officer corps by northerners.

HONDURASPolitical Recruitment

The political Recruitment in Honduras is basically from the high class, the owners of the national private owned companies. It is also very common to have patron client relationships in the system that can even lead to bribery. It is also common to have several members of certain important families in power.

NIGERIAPolitical Structure

• Decisions are not make at a national level.• Decentralize federal system.• Local government is unable to produce revenues and public services.• State-level political dominated by ethnic groups.• There is an educational advantage in the south.• Senator, House representatives, president serve a 4 year term.

Federal Constitution of Nigeria of 1999

Judicature-Supreme Court

-Court of appeals

-Federal high Courts

Executive-President

-Vice President

-Council of State

Bicameral legislature

-National Assembly

-House of Representatives

HONDURASPolitical Structure

• The president is both the chief of state and head of government and is elected by popular vote for a four-year term with no possibility of re-election.

• The National Congress of Honduras has 128 members elected for four year term by proportional representation; congressional seats are assigned to the parties' candidates on a departmental basis in proportion to the number of votes each party receives.

• The judges of the Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia, are elected for seven-year terms by the National Congress

Unitary system of Constitution 1982

(democratic constitutional Republic)

Judicature

-Supreme Court

-courts of appeal

several courts of original jurisdiction – such as labor, tax,

and criminal courts

Executive-President

-Vice-president

-Cabinet

Unicameral systemNational

Congress of Honduras

NIGERIAInterest Articulation

Associational groups• Trade unions • NUPENG• Medial association• Nigerian union of journalist

No associational groups• “Kaduna Mafia” strong influence over

the military Nigerian politics. Ethnic division prevented to form any associations at a national level

• Military itself• Teacher and trade unions• People that belong to the Yoruba maybe

able to take advantage at local level.

HONDURASInterest Articulation

Some associational groups are: • Committee for the Defense of Human

Rights in Honduras or CODEH• Confederation of Honduran Workers or

CTH• Coordinating Committee of Popular

Organizations or CCOP• General Workers Confederation or

CGT; Honduran Council of Private Enterprise or COHEP

• National Association of Honduran Campesinos or ANACH

• National Union of Campesinos or UNC; United Federation of Honduran Workers or FUTH

NIGERIAPolitical Participation

• It is difficult to see its voting turnout. It is about 40-60%.

• Violence is often employed frequently as a form of interest articulation.

• Nigeria is a highly politicized country.

Parties and Elections• It used to have a 5 party system before

the Abacha presidency. The first modern party was created by Macaulay

• Parties:

Peoples Democratic Party, All Peoples Party, Alliance for Democracy, All Nigeria's Peoples Party, PRP, and GNPP.

HONDURASPolitical Participation

• Honduras voting turnout is about 55%. • Strikes are a form of interest articulation

and the existence of patron client relationships.

Parties and Elections

Parties:• Liberal Party of Honduras*• National Party of Honduras*• Democratic Unification Party• Christian Democratic Party of Honduras• Innovation and Unity Party

NIGERIAPolicy Formation and

Implementation• The economy of Nigeria depends entirely

on revenues from petroleum. • Life expectancy 51.7%, Adult Literacy

Rate: 87% ,Youth Literacy Rate:87%• Distribution of Resources is hard since

Nigeria is a large and culturally diverse country added to the fact that corruption and mismanagement have led the country into indebtedness and depression.

• The indebtedness increased dramatically during the military rule, the Second Republic and the 1970`s.

• Currency: Naira( 1 Naira=$ 0.01).• The Nigerian Police Force was at first

regionalized but was then nationalized and has the duty to enforce traffic laws and other government legislation.

HONDURASPolicy Formation and

Implementation• Honduran economy depend of foreign

investments.• Life Expectancy:73 years, Adult Literacy

Rate: 80%.Youth Literacy Rate: 84%• Distribution of resources is unequal

throughout the country because the means of production are either owned by international companies or the very small and selective high class.

• The Indebtedness in Honduras initiated in the late 1970´s when loans were began to be asked for supposedly cultivating lands but at the end was stolen and never paid.

• Currency Lempira ( 1$=20lps.)• The Armed forces were founded in 1825

and during the late 1979 been used to give military coup´s and since then been used to prevent crime and law enforcement.

NIGERIANigeria in Africa and the World

Nigeria has the population and the resource to b e a regional power, and has stimulated hopes and fears among its neighbors about this potential.

Nigeria took a leading role in the foundation of ECOWAS(Economic Community of West African States); which has had little success in bettering economic relations among the countries but has played a major role as a regional political organization in mediating disputes among member States. Nigeria has contributed a lot with military support. The Western powers have been critical of Nigerian military rulers but returned its support upon Obasanjo´s administration.

HONDURASHonduras in America and the

WorldHonduras is a country rich in

resources and labor force, but has had problems transforming this richness into something that benefits the people. Honduras is member of the free trade agreement with the United States, and member of the Tratado General de Integración Económica Centroamericana. Honduras is also member in free trade agreements between Central America and Chile, Panama, Dominican

Republic, and México.

Read. Test on

Friday