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CREDIT SEMINAR ON CROP ROTATION

Submitted By:Lipi RinaMSAGRO0061st semester

Advisor:Dr. Vikram SinghAssociate ProfessorDept. of Agronomy

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Contents

Introduction Types of crop rotation Principles of crop rotation Why rotate crop? Why do farmers practice crop rotation? Crop rotation with animals Financial benefits to farmers Characteristics of crop rotation Advantages Disadvantages Tables Conclusions References

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INTRODUCTION Crop rotation is “system of growing different kinds of crops in reccurrent succession on the same land” (Martin, Leonard and stamp)It may include2-6 different crops with each crops having a particular benefit either financial or environment. It is more than just changing crops from year to year based on current economic situations.

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-Crops may be rotated every year or at different times in the growing season- Many crop rotations will include a legume. Examples of Crop RotationRotate Soybeans (legume)-corn-wheat .

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1. Lay system: In this system, several years of arable farming are followed

by several years of grassed and legumes utilized for livestock production.

a) Unregulated lay farming; In this system, natural vegetation grasses, bushy growth on

pasture is allowed to grow during the period of fallow. This is an improved managed pasture.

b) Regulated lay farming; During the period of fallow, certain types of grasses are

grown or planted. These are the managed pasture with fencing and adopting rotational grazing system.

2. Perennial crop system; The crop which covers the land for many years e.g. tea,

coffee, sugarcane. In some cases tree crops (oil palm, rubber) are alternated with fallow in other with arable farming, grazing etc.

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follow a legume crop with a high nitrogen demanding cropsGrow less nitrogen demanding crops in the second or third year a legume sod.Grow the same annual crop for only one year.Use crop sequence that promote healthier crops.Use crop sequence that aid in controlling weedsUse longer periods of perennial crops on sloping land.Try to grow a deep-rooted crops as a part of rotation.Grow some crops that will leave a significance amount of residue.When growing a wide mix of crops, try grouping into blocks according to plant family, timing of crops, type of crop etc.

Monoculture: Growing one type of crop on the same field year after yearProblems that were encountered when the same type of plant was grown in the field year after year.1)Some of the nutrients will be depleted more than others based on the needs of that plant2)The soil may become contaminated by large amounts of pests that attack that particular crops

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they used less land and kept the field fertile Every year the soil has a chance to become re-nourished. For eg: potatoes use potassium and corn uses calcium. It enabled farmers to keep their land continually

productive, rather than using nutrients were renewed in the soil.

Good healthy crops for a long time. Maintaining a lot of nutrients in soil, the farmers ensure

that it can produce nutrients than the previous crop to balance out nutrient use and production.

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1. On runoff and soil loss; Crop rotation of bajra- red gram or groundnut recorded

minimum runoff and soil loss followed by bajra red gram-horse gram.

2. On bio-logical yield: Legumes cereals or cereals rotation arenot only beneficial for

runoff but also increase biological yields.3. Use of crop rotations according to soil moisture a. Kharif season: (shallow and poor moisture rentention capacity

soil. Crop: Bajra, sorghum,pulses, groundnut followed by follow. b. Rabi season: (Medium to deep soils fairly good moisture

retention capacity soils) Sorghum, safflower, gram are rotted with kharif bajra sorghum

sorghum etcMonoculture or single of a crop on the same piece of land year after

year is known as monoculture or single crop system. Fallow – Jowar.

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Crop rotation may be mixed with grazing. First cows are allowed to graze in the field. Cows release manure which adds nutrients to the soil

Second year (After the manure has had a chance to decompose) plants are grown on the cattle fertilized field

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• Crop rotation offers additional benefits such as stable soil moisture levels and effective drainage. •After each harvest, the crops’ remains decay into natural compost, preparing the land for the next planting.• some e.g. like Cotton farmers maximize the benefits of crop rotation by carefully selecting crops that prime the soil for future cotton harvests. •Peanuts and sorghum are extremely popular in commercial cotton rotation yields.

1) Each crop depends on a specific amounts of each nutrient. Some plants will use up more of one nutrient than another.-By rotating crops you are not constantly depleting the same nutrient2) The number of pests that attack each crop is reduced.3) Farmers can grow more than one successful crop per year = Increased crop yields (10-25%)

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•Explanation due to improved nutrition , pest pathogen and weed stress reduction. •Improved soil structure have been found in some cases to be correlated.•Crop rotation include production cost advantage.•It can maintain production goals with fewer inputs.•Short and long term makes rotation a powerful tool for improving agricultural systems.

Cont…

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Characteristics of good rotation

•It should be based on proper land utilization.•It should be so arranged so as to help in control of weeds, plant diseases and pest•It should be so arranged so as to make economy in production •It should provide sufficient fodder for live stock reared on farm labour utilization.•It should provide maximum area under most profitable cash crop adopted in the area.

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Advantages•Prevent build up of pest, weeds and soil fertility•Control of soil erosion•Ensures balanced programme of work through out the year•Prevent or limit periods of peak•Conserve moisture from one season to next•Maintains and improves soil fertility

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Disadvantages•It demands expertise, equipment and differing management practices•Nutrient management programs have to be altered due to differing crop requirements•High cost for maintaining•Cost of labour

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Treatments Annual crop rotat ions

T₁ Pearl millet Wheat Green manure

T₂ Pearl millet Mustard Green gram

T₃ Soyabean Wheat Fodder cowpea

T₄ Arhar Wheat

T₅ Pearl millet Potato Green gram

T₆ Cotton Field bean Fodder maize

T₇ Pearl millet Wheat

T₈ Pearl millet Wheat

Annual crop rotations followed in the experiment

Chokkar et al 2008 lndian journal of agri.

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Effect of different crop rotation on soil pH, electrical conductivity, organic Carbon and total Nitrogen

Treatments

pH EC(dS/m)

Organic C(%)

Total N(%)

C/N

T₁ 7.8 0.29 0.475 0.062 7.3

T₂ 8.0 0.29 0.485 0.057 8.5

T₃ 8.0 0.26 0.475 0.054 8.8

T₄ 7.8 0.28 0.455 0.056 8.1

T₅ 7.7 0.30 0.505 0.063 8.0

T₆ 7.8 0.28 0.470 0.056 8.4T₇ 7.9 0.31 0.440 0.053 8.3T₈ 8.0 0.31 0.425 0.050 8.5CD at 5% NS NS 0.012 0.005 0.3

Indian journal;39(2): 128-132,chokkar et al 2008

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Crop Cultural practice

Cultural practice (mil l ion seeds per ha)

Nitrogen fert i l izer at planting

Planting date Stubble height(cm)

Spring wheat Regular 2.23 Broadcast Early to mid April

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Ecological 2.98 Broadcast Early to mid May

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Pea Regular 0.60 Broadcast Early to mid April

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Ecological 0.92 Broadcast Early to mid April

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Barley hay Regular 2.23 Broadcast Early to mid April

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Ecological 2.98 Broadcast Early to mid April

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Corn Regular 0.04 Broadcast Early May 5Ecological 0.05 Early May 5

3.Description of cultural practices (regular and ecological) used for crops in the rotation

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Conclusion

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Lal, R. (2002). Chookkar et. al 2008 Gajbhiye, Pravin N., Madhavi, M., Mandal, U.K., Srinivas, K. and Kausalya Ramachandran. 2011 Yields and cultural energy requirements for corn and soybeans with various tillageplantingsystems. ,29:141–182.EnvironAnderson, R.L. 2005. Are some crops synergistic to following crops? Agron. J. 97:7­10 Crop Rotation. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 11:309­326 Francis, C.A. 2003. Advances in the design of resource efficient cropping systems. Journal of Crop Production. 8:1532 Porter et al. 1997. Environment affects the corn and soybean rotation effect. Agron. J. 89:441­448 Medieval Technology and Social Change. Oxford University PressBrooklyn Botanic Garden. (1999): The ecological gardener's guide to foiling pests. Handbook # 139. Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Inc. Washington Avenue, Brooklyn, NY. : Integrated pest management: Guidelines. Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische; Journal of Agricultural Sciences 80(8): 679–85. Singh, G., Singh, O.P., Singh, S. and Prasad, K. 2010Ved Prakash, Kundu S , Ghosh B N , Singh R D and Gupta H S. 2003. Yield response patterns of soybean and wheat to K application and changes in K status in soil profile after 27 years of cropping in midhillsofN­WHimalaya. ,72(9):514 518Bhattacharya R , Prakash Ved, Kundu S , Srivastava A K , Gupta H S and Mitra S. 2009.

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