Population and economic development

TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES

Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75Affiliated Institution of G.G.S.IP.U, Delhi

B.Com (H) Indian Economy 888301

Population and Economic DevelopmentBy Dr Vandana Malviya…

TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIESSector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75

Population


Population growth and its Effect on Economic Development!!!


Population and Developed Countries

• Growing population positively affects economic development:– Increased labor force for increased production;– Enhance demand for good and expands size of

market;– Encourages capital formation


Population growth and Underdeveloped countries- 2 lines of thought

• Population growth as boon to economic development:


Population growth an obstacle to economic development


Relation between population growth and other economic factors

• Population growth and production;• Population growth and agricultural development;• Population growth and labor force;• Population growth and employment;• Population growth and capital formation;• Population growth and balance of payments;• Population growth and vicious circle of poverty;• Population growth and balanced growth

Why a growing population?

• India• Lack of Migration• Superstitious• Lack of Education• Desire for Male children• Fertility rate declining

– Younger women having children


Population growth in IndiaCensus year Population ( in million)1901 238.31911 252.01921 251.21931 278.81941 318.71951 360.91961 439.21971 548.11981 683.31991 846.42001 1028.72011 1210.1


Causes of High Birth Rate

• Economic Factors:• Mass poverty;• Predominance agriculture;• Majority of rural population living in joint

families;• Gradually rising per capita income of high

income group;


Causes of High Birth Rate

• Social Factors:• Universality of marriage;• Low age of marriage;• Liking for male child;• Religious beliefs;• Illiteracy and ignorance;• Low status of women in society;• Prevalence of joint family system.


Reasons for low death rate

• Improved medical facilities;• Effects of economic development;• Control of famines and epidemics;• Maternity hospitals and child care centers;• Spread of facilities for female education.


Population growth’s effect on India’s economic development

• Population and national income:• Population and food problem:• Population and burden of unproductive

population on productive population:• Population and unemployment;• Population and capital formation;• Population and increasing social and economic

responsibility


Chief demographic features in India

• Life expectancy:– It has risen in last few decades;– In 1951 it was 45 years;– In 1981-91 it was 58.2 years;– In 2012-13 it was 64.6 years for males and 67.7

years for females.



• Density of population:– It measures the number of persons living over an

area of 1 km radius;– In 1951 it was 117 persons;– In 2014 it rose to 382 persons.



• Infant mortality rate:– It measures children who die before 5 years;– In a report by US based organization Save the

Children more newborns die on the first day in India;

– Every year over 3,09,300 children do not live beyond 1st day in India.

– In 1951 it was 250 per thousand– In 2014 it was 44 per thousand in 2011



• Composition of population:– It refers to the distribution of population in

different age groups;– (0-14) years, (14 to 60) years and above 60 years;– At present age composition of India is young;– 37% of population below 15 years in India.



• Male-Female ratio:– Male population is more than females;– In 1901 female to male ration was 962:1000;– In 2011 female to male ration was 928:1000.



• Rural-urban population:– Gandhi ji said “true India resides in villages”.– In 1951 urban population was only 17% of total

population;– In 2011 urban population rose to 22% because of

migration from rural to urban.


Population policy

• People in rural and urban to be educated to adopt family planning techniques;

• Married couples need to be informed about benefits of small families;

• After independence the main focus of government has been on : – Lowering the birth rate;– Reducing infant mortality rate;– Improving the quality of life


• During 1951-74 about 307.15 crore rupee was spent on family planning programs;

• In June 1975 to March 1977, all sorts of coercive measures were practiced to propagate family planning.


In 1977 government announced New National Policy

• Public should be educated, persuaded and induced to adopt and practice various birth control measures;

• No coercion should be practiced in propagation of family planning;

• Education system to be formulated in such a manner that would create awareness among people on the importance of family planning;


In 1977 government announced New National Policy

• Print media to be used for spreading message of family planning to remotest areas of he country;

• Registration of marriage to be mandatory;• People opting for tubectomy to be compensated

monetarily;• Some tax concessions were announced on the

expenditure incurred by business houses on propagation of birth control measures.


National Policy on Population (2000)

• The objectives of the policy to be achieved by 2010. It is divided in 3 objectives.

• Short term objective: it aimed at looking after the needs of contraception and infrastructure with regard to health care;

• Medium term objective: one child per couple;• Long term objective: it aimed at achieving a

stable population during next 40 years


Socio-demographic goals of NPP to be achieved by 2010.

• Attend the unmet needs relating to child health care services;

• Provide free education to children below 14 years of age;

• Complete immunization of children;• Marriage of girls to be raised to 20 years and

none should get married before 16 years;• 100% deliveries to be performed by

professionally trained staff.


Socio-demographic goals of NPP to be achieved by 2010.

• Registration of marriage, pregnancy, birth and death;

• Check and prevent spread of AIDS;• Provide counseling regarding contraceptive

services;• Popularize small family norms.


• BR and DR has declined in last 13 years;• In 2015 projected Maternal Mortality Ratio

(MMR) is 149;• In 2017 projected Maternal Mortality Ratio

(MMR) is 127;• India projected Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is

38 in 2015;• India projected Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is

34 in 2017;