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IB Core Geography
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Mortality
The one certainty in our lives
So its simple, its just about
comparing death rates!
Country Death rate
Ecuador
Algeria
France
Japan
Ethiopia
Ukraine
Country Death rate
Ecuador 4.21
Algeria 4.62
France 8.55
Japan 8.98
Ethiopia 14.67
Ukraine 16.07
Country Death rate % pop over 65
Ecuador 4.21 5.1%
Algeria 4.62 4.8%
France 8.55 16.2%
Japan 8.98 21.0%
Ethiopia 14.67 2.7%
Ukraine 16.07 16.3%
Country GDP per capita PPP
Infant Mortality
33100
31100
7800
7600
4500
1000
Country GDP per capita PPP
Infant Mortality
Japan 33100
France 31100
Ukraine 7800
Algeria 7600
Ecuador 4500
Ethiopia 1000
Country GDP per capita PPP
Infant Mortality
Japan 33100 2.8
France 31100 3.4
Ukraine 7800 9.5
Algeria 7600 28.7
Ecuador 4500 22.1
Ethiopia 1000 91.9
Measuring Mortality
• Death Rate
• The problem with using CDR (Crude Death Rates) is it affected by the age structure of the country.
• If all other things are equal CDR goes up as the average age of the population goes up.
Measuring Mortality
• Life Expectancy • It is an AVERAGE. • Pollution levels, conflict, occupation, shelter, food,
medical facilities, income, literacy.• You can split the total population into different groups
(cohorts) to compare some of these differences within a population.
• Rich v poor, urban v rural, male v female, ethnic groups, age groups.
• Life expectancy figures can be affected by high IMR. If you survive infancy you could live much longer than the life expectancy figures suggest.
Measuring Mortality
• Age Sex Specific Death Rate
• The death rate for a particular age group within the population (male/female)
• Most common…
• INFANT MORTALITY (First year of life)
• CHILD MORTALITY (First 5 years)
Measuring Mortality
• Infant Mortality
• Many deaths in this age group are preventable (low birth weight, jaundice, gastroenteritis, pneumonia) and therefore IMR decreases dramatically as medical care is improved.
• For this reason IMR is seen as an accurate indicator of development.
Measuring Mortality
• Infant Mortality
• Other factors which affect IMR which are linked to development.
• Status of women and income
• Educational level of mother
• Age of mother
• Also birth interval
Mortality trends
• MEDCs main decrease in late industrial revolution. Due to improved sanitation, water, housing, reduction in pollution, improved medical care.
• In 1870 life expectancy • Manchester - 29 years• Sheffield – 33 years
Mortality trends
• LEDCs main decreases in second half of twentieth century due to improved medical care particularly immunisation programmes such TB and Polio, successful eradication “Roll back Malaria” programmes in Asia and South America.
Mortality trends
• Malaria continues to kill between 1 and 3 million people a year mainly in Sub Saharan Africa.
• HIV Aids has had a huge impact on populations.
• SARS, Asian Bird Flu, potential pandemics?
HIV Aids
• Botswana , 39% adults infected,, females (vagina, males with multiple partners, female carers) ARVs now used to keep people with HIV alive.
Epidemiological Transition Model
LEDC ____________________________________ MEDC
Infectious diseases ____________ Degenerative diseases
Cholera, TB, Aids, Diarrhoea, Malaria, Typhoid
Cancer, Heart disease
Disease CategoriesEndogenetic (from inside)Congenital diseases from birth and degenerative diseases resulting form old age.
Exogenetic (from outside)
Environmental conditions, social habits and hazards.