POETICSPOETICS BY BY

“ARISTOTLE”“ARISTOTLE”PRESENTED BY:PRESENTED BY:

MUGHEES KHANMUGHEES KHANMILLAT COLLEGE JHANGMILLAT COLLEGE JHANG

BIOGRAPHYBIOGRAPHY

BORN IN “STAGIRA IN BORN IN “STAGIRA IN 384 BC”.384 BC”.

STUDENT OF “PLATO”.STUDENT OF “PLATO”.

FATHER, “NICOMACUS” FATHER, “NICOMACUS” WAS A COURT WAS A COURT PHYSICIAN.PHYSICIAN.

DIED IN 322 B.C IN DIED IN 322 B.C IN MOTHER’S CITY MOTHER’S CITY “CHALCIS”.“CHALCIS”.

Concept of TragedyConcept of Tragedy

► Serious ActionSerious Action► CompleteComplete► Must have an Ideal Must have an Ideal

MagnitudeMagnitude► Attractive LanguageAttractive Language► Pity & fearPity & fear► CatharsisCatharsis

ACTION MUST BE COMPLETEACTION MUST BE COMPLETE

ACTION

BEGINNING

MIDDLE

END

MAGNITUDEMAGNITUDE► NOT SO BIG SIZE THAT NOT SO BIG SIZE THAT

AUDIENCE FEEL AUDIENCE FEEL INCONVINEINCE TO HOLD INCONVINEINCE TO HOLD ATTENTIONATTENTION

► NOT SO SHORT THAT NOT SO SHORT THAT INCIDENTS REMAIN INCIDENTS REMAIN UNCLEARUNCLEAR

► AN IDEAL MAGNITUDEAN IDEAL MAGNITUDE

ATTRACTIVE LANGUAGEATTRACTIVE LANGUAGE

► TRAGEDY WAS TRAGEDY WAS PRESENTED IN PRESENTED IN VERSE FORM.VERSE FORM.

► CHORUS WAS CHORUS WAS THERE TO SING THERE TO SING SONGS.SONGS.

► THE VERSE THE VERSE LANGUAGE LANGUAGE BEAUTIFIES & BEAUTIFIES & DECORS A DECORS A TRAGEDY.TRAGEDY.

PITY & FEAR; FUNCTION OF PITY & FEAR; FUNCTION OF TRAGEDYTRAGEDY

► ARISTOTLE LEFT ARISTOTLE LEFT THE TERM THE TERM UNEXPLAINED.UNEXPLAINED.

► MEANINGS:MEANINGS:PITY: FOR THE PITY: FOR THE

TRAGIC TRAGIC CHARACTERS.CHARACTERS.

FEAR: FOR FEAR: FOR AUDIENCE, ITSELF.AUDIENCE, ITSELF.

► 3 MAJOR THEORIES 3 MAJOR THEORIES OF CATHARSIS.OF CATHARSIS.

1- PURGATION THEORY1- PURGATION THEORY► A MEDICAL A MEDICAL

INTERPRETATION.INTERPRETATION.

► PASSINS & EMOTIONS ARE PASSINS & EMOTIONS ARE REDUCED TO HEALTHY REDUCED TO HEALTHY BALANCE.BALANCE.

► TWO CONCEPTS OF THEORYTWO CONCEPTS OF THEORY

LIKE CURING THE LIKE.LIKE CURING THE LIKE.

UNLIKE CURING THE UNLIKE CURING THE UNLIKE.UNLIKE.

I- LIKE CURING THE LIKEI- LIKE CURING THE LIKE

► INWARD INWARD RESTLESSNESS IS RESTLESSNESS IS CURED BY CURED BY OUTWARD OUTWARD RESTLESSNESS.RESTLESSNESS.

► SAME SUBSTANCE SAME SUBSTANCE CURES THE SAME CURES THE SAME THINGTHING

II- UNLIKE CURING THE II- UNLIKE CURING THE UNLIKEUNLIKE

► JUST LIKE ALLOPATHIC JUST LIKE ALLOPATHIC TREATMENTTREATMENT

► A DIFFERENT A DIFFERENT SUBSTANCE CURES SUBSTANCE CURES THE DIFFERENT THINGTHE DIFFERENT THING

► THE FIRE OF PRIDE & THE FIRE OF PRIDE & ANGER IS COOLED ANGER IS COOLED DOWN BY WATERING DOWN BY WATERING OF SOFT HEARTED OF SOFT HEARTED EMOTIONS.EMOTIONS.

2- PURIFICATION THEORY2- PURIFICATION THEORY

► IT MEANS MORAL IT MEANS MORAL CODITIONING.CODITIONING.

► NOT ONLY NOT ONLY EMOTIONAL RELIEF EMOTIONAL RELIEF BUT PURIFICATION BUT PURIFICATION OF EMOTIONS.OF EMOTIONS.

3- CLARIFICATION THEORY3- CLARIFICATION THEORY

► PITY & FEAR IS PITY & FEAR IS CONNECTED WITH CONNECTED WITH INCIDENTS OF INCIDENTS OF TRAGEDY.TRAGEDY.

► EMOTIONS OF EMOTIONS OF AUDIENCE HAS AUDIENCE HAS NOTHING TO DO NOTHING TO DO WITH CATHARSIS.WITH CATHARSIS.

PLOTPLOT► ARRANGMENTS OF ARRANGMENTS OF

EVENTS IN LOGICAL EVENTS IN LOGICAL MANNERS.MANNERS.

► DEPICT A SINGLE DEPICT A SINGLE ACTIONACTION

► SIMPLE PLOT INVOLVES SIMPLE PLOT INVOLVES NO VOILENT CHANGENO VOILENT CHANGE

► COMPLEX PLOT COMPLEX PLOT INVOLVESINVOLVES

““CHANGE OF CHANGE OF FORTUNE + AWARENESS OF FORTUNE + AWARENESS OF

REALITY”.REALITY”.

PLOTPLOT► WRITER SHOULD CUT WRITER SHOULD CUT

DOWN WHAT IS DOWN WHAT IS UNNECESSARY.UNNECESSARY.

► ONLY INCLUDE ONLY INCLUDE NECESSARY & NECESSARY & PROBABLE ELEMENTS.PROBABLE ELEMENTS.

► NO SUPERFLOUS NO SUPERFLOUS DETAILDETAIL

► THIS IS ALSO CALLED THIS IS ALSO CALLED “ICE-BERG THEORY”“ICE-BERG THEORY”

DRAMATIC UNITIESDRAMATIC UNITIES

► UNITY OF ACTION:UNITY OF ACTION:““ACTION SHOULD BE LOGICAL ACTION SHOULD BE LOGICAL

& COHERENT. IT MUST & COHERENT. IT MUST LEADS TOWARDS SINGLE LEADS TOWARDS SINGLE END”END”

► UNITY OF TIME:UNITY OF TIME:““TIME SHOULD BE SINGLE TIME SHOULD BE SINGLE

REVOLOUTION OF SUN OR REVOLOUTION OF SUN OR AN IDEAL, SUITABLE LIMIT”AN IDEAL, SUITABLE LIMIT”

► UNITY OF PLACE:UNITY OF PLACE:““ACTIONS MUST NOT ACTIONS MUST NOT

PRESENTED ON DIFFERENT PRESENTED ON DIFFERENT PARTS ”PARTS ”

(ARISTOTLE MENTIONS ONLY (ARISTOTLE MENTIONS ONLY UNITY OF ACTION. LATER UNITY OF ACTION. LATER BOTH ARE ASCRIBED TO BOTH ARE ASCRIBED TO HIM BY FRENCH & ITALIAN HIM BY FRENCH & ITALIAN CRITICS)CRITICS)

TRAGIC CHARACTERTRAGIC CHARACTER

► FOUR ESSENTIALS FOUR ESSENTIALS OF A TRAGIC OF A TRAGIC CHARACTER…CHARACTER…

TRAGIC CHARACTERTRAGIC CHARACTER

► GOODNESSGOODNESSI- NEITHER TOO GOOD I- NEITHER TOO GOOD

NOR ENTIRELY NOR ENTIRELY WICKED WICKED PERSON.PERSON.

II- AN INTERMEDIATE II- AN INTERMEDIATE SORT OF PERSON.SORT OF PERSON.

TRAGIC CHARACHTERTRAGIC CHARACHTER

► TRUE TO TYPE/ TRUE TO TYPE/ APPROPRIATENESSAPPROPRIATENESSI- “MUST BE I- “MUST BE

REPRESENTATIVE OF REPRESENTATIVE OF ITS CLASS”ITS CLASS”

II- “MUST TAKE II- “MUST TAKE DECISIONS AS THAT DECISIONS AS THAT SPECIFIC SPECIFIC CLASS TAKES.”CLASS TAKES.”

TRAGIC CHARACHTERTRAGIC CHARACHTER

► TRUE TO LIFETRUE TO LIFE

MUST BELONG TO MUST BELONG TO HUMAN CLASS.HUMAN CLASS.

SHOULD NOT BE A SHOULD NOT BE A SUPERNATURAL SUPERNATURAL CREATIONCREATION

TRAGIC CHARACHTERTRAGIC CHARACHTER

► CONSISTENCYCONSISTENCY IT SHOULD REMAIN IT SHOULD REMAIN

CONSISTENT IN HIS CONSISTENT IN HIS DOINGS.DOINGS.

““OEDIPUS REX” IS A OEDIPUS REX” IS A FINE EXAMPLE OF IT.FINE EXAMPLE OF IT.

SESSION ENDS HERESESSION ENDS HERE