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Presentation of Dr. Lydia Leonardo, College of Public Health, UP Manila, on "Impacts of Climate Change to Health," during the UP Manila Conference on Global Climate Change, held October 22-23, 2009 at the Pearl Garden Hotel, Manila.
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Lydia R. Leonardo, DrPHCollege of Public HealthUniversity of the Philippines Manila
(Based on McMichael et.al. 1995 p565)
Altered frequency and/or intensity of other weather extremes
Ways in which climate change can affect human health
Effects on range and activity of vectors and
infective parasites
Altered local ecology of water-borne and food-borne infective agents
Altered food productivity due to changes in climate, weather, pests and diseases
Sea level rise; with population displacement and
damage to infrastructure
Air pollution; including pollen and spores
Social, economic, and demographic disturbance
Exposure to thermal extremesDeaths, injuries, and psychological disorders,
damage to public health infrastructure
Changes in geographic ranges and incidence of
vector-borne diseases
Changes in incidence of diarrheal and certain other infectious diseases
Regional malnutrition and hunger, consequent impairment of growth and development
Injuries, increased risks of various infectious
diseases, psychological disorders
Asthma, allergic disorders; other acute and
chronic respiratory disorders and deaths Wide range of public health consequences (e.g. civil strife, nutritional impairment) economic, and
demographic disturbance
Heat and cold-related illness and death
MEDIATING PROCESS HEALTH OUTCOMESDIRECT EFFECTS
INDIRECT EFFECTS
“Overall, climate change is projected to increase threats to human health,particularly in lower income populations,predominantly within tropical/subtropical countries.”
Third Assessment Report the IPCC (2001)
“The actual health impacts will be strongly influenced by local environmental conditions and socio-economic circumstances, and by the range of social, institutional, technological, and behavioural adaptations taken to reduce the full range of threats to health.”
“The vulnerability of a population depends on factors
such as population density, level of economic development, food
availability, income level and distribution, local environmental
conditions, pre-existing health status, and the quality and
availability of public health care.”
An Initial Examination of Potential Association of Climate Change and Some Facets of Health
Based on Philippine Weather and Health Reports
Jonathan David A. Flavier MD, MA; Lead ResearcherMaria Lourdes L. Baylon MA and Glenn Roy V. Paraso MD, MPH; Co-Researchers
COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT FOR ENCOURAGING NSV (CMEN)15-B Matapat Street, Barangay Pinyahan, Quezon City, 1100 Philippines
Water-borne Diseases
• 1. Cholera
• 2. Cryptosporidiasis
• 3. E. coli infection
• 4. Giardiasis
• 5. Shigellosis
• 6. Typhoid
• 7. Hepatitis A
Rodent-Borne Diseases
• 1. Leptospirosis
• 2. Tulaeremia
• 3.Hemorrhagic disease
• 4. Tick-borne encephalitis
• 5. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
Vector-borne Diseases
• Jointly affected by climatic conditions, population movement, forest clearance, land-use pattern, biodiversity losses, freshwater surface configuration and human population density
• Examples are malaria, dengue, filariasis, schistosomiasis
National Consolidation - Cases of Mosquito Vector-Borne Diseases HEALTH AND CLIMATE CHANGE
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0Cas
es of M
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er 1
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00 per
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0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
Cas
es of D
engu
e or
Fila
rias
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er 1
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malaria filariasis dengue, h-fever
Health outcomes measured in climate change
•Food and water-borne disease - Diarrhoea episodes
•Vector-borne disease - Malaria cases
•Natural disasters - Fatal unintentional injuries
•Risk of malnutrition - Non-availability of recommended daily calorie intake
•*All natural disaster impacts are separately attributed to coastal floods and to inland floods/
• changes in air pollution and
aeroallergen levels
• altered transmission of other
infectious diseases
• effects on food production via
climatic influences on plant pests
and diseases
• drought and famine
population displacement due to
natural disasters, crop failure,
water shortages
Health Impacts that are not currently quantifiable (1)
• destruction of health
infrastructure in natural disasters
• conflict over natural resources
• direct impacts of heat and cold
Health Impacts that are not currently quantifiable (2)
Adaptation
“Adjustment in natural or human systems in
response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or
their effects, which moderates harm or exploits
beneficial opportunities.”
Adaptive Capacity
“The ability of a system to adjust to climate change
(including climate variability and extremes) to moderate
potential damages, to take advantage of opportunities,
or to cope with consequences.”
The extent to which human health is affected depends on:
(i) The exposures of populations to climate
change and its environmental
consequences,
(ii) the sensitivity of the population to the exposure, and
(iii) the ability of affected systems
and populations to adapt
The rebuilding and maintaining of public health
infrastructure is often viewed as the“most important, cost-
effective and urgently needed” adaptation strategy.
This includes public health training, more effective
surveillance and emergency response systems, and sustainable
prevention and control programs.
Thank you.