Plants…

Plants are essential for any ecosystem. They provide all the energy for the ecosystem, because they can get energy directly from

sunlight. They use a process called photosynthesis to use energy from the sun to grow and reproduce. They also must get nutrients from the soil. Those nutrients get into the soil when decomposers

break down waste and dead materials. Plants require space to grow and reproduce.

All other organisms in the food chain get energy from plants, either by directly eating them as herbivores do, or by eating plant

eaters, like carnivores do. 

How do seed plants grow and reproduce?

Is the process of creating new plants from a variety of sources: seeds, cuttings, bulbs and other plant parts. Plant propagation can also refer to the artificial or natural dispersal of plants.

Plant propagation

•Sexual Popagation: Spores: Pollination, fertilization

•Asexual or Vegetative Propagation:

Seed germination is a process by which a seed embryo develops into a seedling.  Plants need water, warmth, air, nutrients from the soil, carbon

dioxide, and light to continue to grow.

Flower Parts

Plant Parts

Apex

Parts of a Leaf

Parts of a Tree

Parts of a RootStem

Neck

Suberised area

Ramifications

Pilifera area

Zone of elongationRoot cap

Primary root (Taproot)Secondary root(Lateral root)

Root hair

Maturation zone

The embryo is the baby plant. It consists of plumule, radicle and

cotyledon.

The endosperm is a source of stored food, consisting primarily of

starches.

The seed coat consists of one or more protective layers that encase the

seed.

Basic Parts of a Seed

Seed coat

Stored food

Embryo

Fruit Parts

or cork

Parts of a Trunk

Asexual PropagationGrafting : 

Approach Tabbed splicing Splice Bud

Crown Plaque Lateral

Wedge

Air or ground layering:Layering is a means of plant propagation in which a portion of an aerial stem grows roots while still attached to the parent plant and then detaches as an independent plant. 

Division:Plant (usually an herbaceous perennial) is broken up into two or more parts. Both the root and crown of each part is kept intact.

Micropropagation o tissue culture:Practice of rapidly multiplying stock plant material to produce a large number of progeny plants, using modern plant tissue culture methods. Is used to multiply noble plants such as those that have been genetically modified or bred through conventional plant breeding methods

Stolons or runnersHorizontal connections between organisms. They may be part of the organism, or of its skeleton; typically, animal stolons are external skeletons.

Storage Organ:Part of a plant specifically modified for storage of energy (generally in the form of carbohydrates) or water. Storage organs often grow underground, where they are better protected from attack by herbivores

Striking or cuttings:A piece of the stem or root of the source plant is placed in a suitable medium such as moist soil, potting mix, coir or rock wool. The cutting produces new roots, stems, or both, and thus becomes a new plant independent of the parent.

Twin-scaling increase bulbs that would naturally propagate very slowly, or to speed up the production of desirable cultivars. Using twin-scaling it is possible to multiply one bulb into 16 to 32 (or more) viable bulbs.

Types of RootsClasifications…

The root is a plant body itself, which usually grow inside the earth, reverse the stem. The roots are the organs of plants that are responsible for the absorption of those

materials needed by the plant to grow and develop. Besides this, it serves as a support of the plant and they

can be classified in different ways.

According to their origin

Embryonic: When it’s originated in the embryo radicle

Adventitious: are roots that develop from other organs , stem , leaves, flowers.

According to their appearance:Principal: The first that appears. Secondary : Rootlets below primary and are smallerTertiary …

According to its development and shape Axonomorfa root (Pivoting- Taproot) : This consists of a root containing greater thickness , considered the principal, and others coming out of it and are characterized by being thinner.

Fasciculata root (Fibrous) : These , unlike the above , lack a taproot , but all have a similar thickness

Napiform root (Elongated taproot) : These developes a main fat primary root, which function is to store and reserve substances .

Tuberoid root (Tuberous root) : Are fibrous root that became fat because of the accumulation of nutrients

Branched: Do not have a primary root. They resemble to the branches of a tree

Columnar: Are roots columns shaped that are born in the branches and grow up hit the ground

According to their habitat:Subterraneous ”Underground”

: They develop underground.

Aerial roots are roots that grow above ground level , not being , therefore , buried in the substrate.

Aquatic: They develop in the water. They are deployed in the water and wetlands. These roots are characteristic of aquatic plants and remain in the water, floating, without holding anything. Apneumatophoros (respiratory roots)

Parasite roots (Hastorious): They stuck on another plant, sucking the nutrients from it.

Epiphyte: Refers to any root that grows on another plant using it only as a support, but not parasitic . These roots are sometimes called " air plants " because they do not take root on the ground. However, there are many species of algae , including marine , that are epiphytes on other aquatic species

According to their duration Annual: these roots make plants sprout , bloom and die during the course of a year. For example , wheat

Biennial: it has two periods. First growing period : at this stage , the plant develops short branches . On the other hand , it causes a number of nutrients that are served in the root plants with this type usually require root cold to flourish.

Second multiplication period : during the second year , the rods containing the flowers , and the plant begins to use those substances stored in the root develop.

Persistent : grow on plants whose life cycle extends over two years , as trees and shrubs.

According to their consistency:Ligneous (Woody): Is typical of trees and shrubs

because of its hardness and strength.

Semi ligneous (Half Woody): Are less resistant than woody .

Herbaceous: These roots are flexible and thin , lacking of woody tissue .

Fleshy: These roots store food substances

Among othersGirdling roots : these roots are also parasitic , but differently, there is no penetration for removal of sap , occurring just strangulation of the host species .

Xilopodios : Grow in areas where rains are scarce, forcing them to store water to survive these stages

Contractile : these roots are long, turgid , fleshy and adventitious . Trailing plant bud under or near the soil surface at a distance such as to allow its development

Buttresses roots roots are expanded in the form of sheets , which serve as a buttress tree. Are large roots on all sides of a shallowly rooted tree. Typically, they are found in nutrient-poorrainforest soils.

Stilts: Roots that develop on the stem, more precisely at its base and from there extend to the floor for support.

Types of LeavesClasifications…

An usually green, flattened, lateral structure attached to a stem and

functioning as a principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in most plants.

A leaf is…

According to the petiole

Stalked Unstalked

According to the blade

According to the veins

According to the arrangement

According to the shape of bladerhomboidal

sinuate serrate

According to the edge

To be continued…