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Presented bySurya Pratap SinghM . Sc , Life SciencesCentral University of Gujarat
Types of Plant tissue cultures
INTRODUCTION
The aseptic culture of plant protoplasts, cells, tissues or organs under conditions which lead to cell multiplication or regeneration of organs or whole plants.
HISTORY OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
The idea of the totipotency of plant cell was given by Haberlandt in 1902.
White first time established successful root culture of tomato in 1937.
Vanoverbeek used coconut milk for growth and development of young Datura embryos in 1941.
Skoog and Miller demonstrated the role of auxin and cytokinin on root and shoot formation in tobacco – tissue in 1957.
Murashige and Skoog introduced the medium for tobacco culture in 1962.
Guha and Maheshwari obtained for the first time haploid Plants through anther culture of Datura.
TYPES OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURES
Plant tissue culture
Embryo culture Seed culture Meristem culture
Protoplast cultureCell culture
Callus culture Bud culture Organ culture
Callus – A tissue that develops in response to injury caused by physical or chemical means, most cells of which are differentiated although may be and are often highly unorganized within the tissue. In nature, this wound tissue produces a protective layer of cells to cover an injury, example.
Differentiated Cells - products of cellular maturation, i.e. cell types with particular function, e.g. xylem tracheary elements; large cells that are highly vacuolated with relatively little cytoplasm
Undifferentiated Cells - meristematic; progenitors of differentiated somatic cells, e.g. small, isodiametric, small vacuoles.
Tobacco Callus
CELL SUSPENSION CULTURE
Tissues and cells cultured in a agitated liquid medium produce a suspension of single cells and cells clumps of few to may cell, these are called suspension cultures.
2nd Passage1st PassageFriable Callus
PROTOPLAST CULTURES
Isolated protoplasts have been described as "naked" cells because the cell wall has been removed by either a mechanical or an enzymatic process.
Protoplasts can be induced to reform a cell and divide if placed in a suitable nutrient medium than form callus.
Isolation of Protoplast
(Separation of protoplasts from plant tissue)
1. Mechanical Method 2. Enzymatic Method
MECHANICAL METHOD
Plant Tissue
Collection of protoplasm
Cells Plasmolysis
Microscope Observation of cells
Cutting cell wall with knife Release of protoplasm
ENZYMATIC METHOD
Leaf sterlization, removal of epidermis
Plasmolysed cells
Plasmolysed cells
Pectinase +cellulase Pectinase
Protoplasm releasedRelease of isolated cells
cellulase
Protoplasm released
Isolated Protoplasm
MERISTEM CULTURE
Cultivation of auxiliary or apical shoot meristems, particularly of shoot apical meristem ,is known as meristem culture.
Application
Production of virus free germplasm.
Mass production of desirable genotypes.
ANTHER CULTURE/POLLEN CULTURE
Anther culture is a technique by which the developing anthers from unopened flower bud are cultured on a nutrient medium where the microspores within the cultured anther develop into callus tissue or embryoids that give rise to haploid plant.
Application
Production of haploid plant
Production of useful gametoclonal varition.
Figure Show the Anther culture and haploid plant
SOMATIC EMBRRYOGENESIS
In somatic embryogenesis the embryos regenerate from somatic cells, tissue or organs either de nove directly from the tissues, which is the opposite of
zygotic or sexual embryogenesis.
TWO TYPES OF SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS
Direct embryogenesis The embryos initiate directly from explants
in the absence of callus formation.
Indirect embryogenesis Callus from explants takes place from
which embryos are developed.
APPLICATION
Production of artificial seeds.
As source materials for embryogenic
protoplast.
For genetic transformation.
Production of primary metabolites specific to
seeds such as lipids in oil seeds.
OVARY/OVULE CULTURE
Ovary or ovule culture involves development of haploid from unfertilized cells of embryosac present
in ovary.
Application
Production of haploid plants.
Achievement of in vitro fertilization.
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