Shaan Education society’sShaan Education society’s

Guardian College of Guardian College of EducationEducation

Technology Based LessonTechnology Based Lesson

NAME OF THE STUDENT: NAME OF THE STUDENT: MALTI RAIMALTI RAI NAME OF THE INCHARCHGE: NAME OF THE INCHARCHGE: MRS MRS

NILOFERNILOFER MOMINMOMIN NAME OF GUIDE : NAME OF GUIDE : MRS LEENA CHOUDHRYMRS LEENA CHOUDHRY

SUBJECT : SUBJECT : SCIENCESCIENCE

UNIT : UNIT : CELL- THE UNIT OF LIFECELL- THE UNIT OF LIFE

STANDARD : STANDARD : IXIX

INDEXINDEX

1. CELL AS BASIC UNIT OF LIFE1. CELL AS BASIC UNIT OF LIFE

2. STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF A CELL2. STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF A CELL

3. CELL ORGANELLES3. CELL ORGANELLES

4. PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELL4. PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELL

Cell: The unit of lifeCell: The unit of life

Robert HookeRobert Hooke (1665) (1665) Discovered dead cells Discovered dead cells

from thin slice of cork.from thin slice of cork. He found they resemble He found they resemble

honey comb and labelled honey comb and labelled them as cell, means them as cell, means ‘small room’.‘small room’.

A V LeewenhoekA V Leewenhoek (1674)(1674)

First observed living cells First observed living cells from bacteria and sperm.from bacteria and sperm.

Cell TheoryCell Theory M.J.Schleiden and M.J.Schleiden and

Theodre SchwannTheodre Schwann

Cell theory was proposed by M. J. Cell theory was proposed by M. J. Schleiden and Theodre Schwann Schleiden and Theodre Schwann in (1838 -1839) .in (1838 -1839) .

““All plants are composed of cell All plants are composed of cell and cell is the basic unit of life.”and cell is the basic unit of life.”

In 1885 R. Virchow modified this In 1885 R. Virchow modified this theory as “Omnis celula a cellula” theory as “Omnis celula a cellula” i.e all cells arise from pre existing i.e all cells arise from pre existing cells.cells.

Mordern cell theoryMordern cell theory

All organism are made of cell.All organism are made of cell. Cell is the structural and functional Cell is the structural and functional

unit of life.unit of life. All cells arise from pre existing cells, All cells arise from pre existing cells,

that is all new cells come from that is all new cells come from divison of cells.divison of cells.

Every organism starts its life as Every organism starts its life as single cell.single cell.

Structural organisation of cellStructural organisation of cell

3 Dimensional diagram of animal cell

2 Dimensional diagram of animal cell

Different shapes of cellsDifferent shapes of cells

Fat cell circular shapeFat cell circular shape

Rod shape

Branched cell Irregular shape

Spiral shapeSpindle shaped

Morphology of cellsMorphology of cells An egg and an Amoeba An egg and an Amoeba

both are single cellboth are single cell Size of cell varies from Size of cell varies from

(.1 micrometer to 18 (.1 micrometer to 18 centimeter in diameter).centimeter in diameter).

1micrometer is=1/1000 1micrometer is=1/1000 millimetermillimeter

Smallest is- cells of Smallest is- cells of Mycoplasma Mycoplasma galliseptium.galliseptium.

Egg of an ostrich is 18 Egg of an ostrich is 18 cm in diameter is also a cm in diameter is also a single largest cell.single largest cell.

Ostrich Egg

StructuralStructural Organization of Cell Organization of Cell

Each cell has specific components which Each cell has specific components which perform specific functions within cell.perform specific functions within cell.

Cell structureCell structure

Parts of cellParts of cell cell wall (in plants only).cell wall (in plants only). Plasma membrane.Plasma membrane. Cytoplasm.Cytoplasm. Cell organellesCell organelles

1 Plasma membrane1 Plasma membrane It is the outer most It is the outer most

covering of cell.covering of cell. It is extremely delicate It is extremely delicate

elastic membrane.elastic membrane. It is made up of It is made up of

phospholipids bi-layer phospholipids bi-layer with protein molecules with protein molecules and is semi permeable and is semi permeable in nature.in nature.

That is, it allows only That is, it allows only selected molecule to selected molecule to enter or exit from cell.enter or exit from cell.

Cell WallCell Wall In addition to plasma membrane plant cells In addition to plasma membrane plant cells

have another outer covering called as cell wall.have another outer covering called as cell wall.

It lies just outside the plasma membraneIt lies just outside the plasma membrane

Cell wall is non living and freely permeable.Cell wall is non living and freely permeable.

It is made up of cellulose.It is made up of cellulose.

It gives protection to the cell, and also It gives protection to the cell, and also determines the shape.determines the shape.

CytoplasmCytoplasm

It is the fluid which lies between plasma It is the fluid which lies between plasma membrane and nucleus.membrane and nucleus.

Living cytoplasm is constantly moving.Living cytoplasm is constantly moving.

Cellular chemical reactions take place in Cellular chemical reactions take place in cytoplasm.cytoplasm.

The part of cytoplasm other than The part of cytoplasm other than organelles is called CYTOSOL.organelles is called CYTOSOL.

It stores amino acid, glucose, vitamins etc.It stores amino acid, glucose, vitamins etc.

CELL ORGANELLESCELL ORGANELLES

Various cell organelle are embedded in Various cell organelle are embedded in cytosol. They are organs of cell.cytosol. They are organs of cell.

Each organelles is living and performs a Each organelles is living and performs a specific function.specific function.

It has definite shape,structure and It has definite shape,structure and bounded by a membrane.bounded by a membrane.

Membrane keeps its content separate from Membrane keeps its content separate from surroundings.surroundings.

NucleusNucleus

Nucleus is a large Nucleus is a large

spherical body lying at spherical body lying at the centre of cell.the centre of cell.

It controls all the cell It controls all the cell activities and play activities and play important part in cell important part in cell division.division.

Covered by double Covered by double membrane.membrane.

Nucleoplasm contains Nucleoplasm contains nucleoli and chromatin nucleoli and chromatin fibres, composed of fibres, composed of DNA.DNA.

Functional unit of DNA Functional unit of DNA is Gene.is Gene.

LysosomeLysosome Lysosomes are simple one Lysosomes are simple one

membrane bound sac.filled membrane bound sac.filled with digestive enzymes.with digestive enzymes.

They digest the waste They digest the waste produced in cell.produced in cell.

They remove worn out They remove worn out cellular organelles hence cellular organelles hence called as demolition squad.called as demolition squad.

When cell gets old or When cell gets old or damaged lysosomes burst damaged lysosomes burst open and enzyme digest open and enzyme digest their own cell. Therefore their own cell. Therefore lysosomes also called as lysosomes also called as Suicide Bags.Suicide Bags.

When tadpole transform When tadpole transform into frog tail is digested by into frog tail is digested by lysosomes. lysosomes. LysosomeLysosome

Endoplasmic reticulum It is the intracellular transport It is the intracellular transport

system of cell.system of cell.

It is large network of membrane It is large network of membrane bound fluid filled tubules and bound fluid filled tubules and sheets.sheets.

It is of two types It is of two types 1.Rough E R 1.Rough E R

2.Smooth E R2.Smooth E R

1 Rough E R has Ribosomes 1 Rough E R has Ribosomes attacted to it .Ribosome are the attacted to it .Ribosome are the site where protein is site where protein is synthesised.synthesised.

2 Smooth E R is without riosomes 2 Smooth E R is without riosomes and meant for manufacturing of and meant for manufacturing of Fat and Lipid molecule. Fat and Lipid molecule.

Endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosome are the Ribosome are the sites where protein sites where protein is synthesized.is synthesized.

Found attached to Found attached to R Endoplasmic R Endoplasmic Reticulum.Reticulum.

Produced in Produced in nucleolus which is nucleolus which is apart of nucleus.apart of nucleus.

RibosomesRibosomes

Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus First discovered by First discovered by

German scientist German scientist Camillo Golgi.Camillo Golgi.

Made up of flattend Made up of flattend sacs called as sacs called as cisternae.cisternae.

It is the secretory It is the secretory organ of the cell.organ of the cell.

It modifies,sorts,and It modifies,sorts,and packs materials packs materials (enzymes,proteins,lipid(enzymes,proteins,lipids pigment s pigment etc.synthesized in cell.)etc.synthesized in cell.)

Plays a role in Plays a role in formation of cellwall, formation of cellwall, plasma membrane,and plasma membrane,and lysosomes.lysosomes.

Golgi apparatusGolgi apparatus

MITOCHONDRIAMITOCHONDRIA Called as power hose of Called as power hose of

cell.cell. It is a double membrane It is a double membrane

structure.structure. Inner membrane fold to Inner membrane fold to

form cristae.form cristae. Inner cavity contains Inner cavity contains

phosphates, DNA and phosphates, DNA and Ribosomes.Ribosomes.

They can make their own They can make their own protien.protien.

Here oxidation of fats and Here oxidation of fats and carbohydrates takes carbohydrates takes place.place.

Mitochondria produe Mitochondria produe energy rich compound energy rich compound ATP.ATP.

Mitochondria

PlastidsPlastids Plastid are double

membrane structure present in plants only.They are of two types.

1 Chromoplasts (coloured plastids)

2 Lecoplasts (white or colourless) plastids.

Chloroplast are type of chromoplast, contains green pigment chlorophyll.

They are important for photosynthesis, called as factories of cells.

Chromoplast give colour to flowers and fruits.

Leucoplast are involved insynthesis and storage of food e.g starch, oils e.t.c.

Chloroplast

Difference between Plant and Animal Difference between Plant and Animal cellcell

Animal cell Plant cell

Difference between Plant and Animal Difference between Plant and Animal CellCell

Plant cellPlant cell

Plants cells have cell Plants cells have cell wall .wall .

Chloroplast is present Chloroplast is present in plants.in plants.

Plants have a large Plants have a large vacuole in centre.vacuole in centre.

Lysosomes are Lysosomes are generally absent in generally absent in plant cell.plant cell.

Plants have few Plants have few mitochondria.mitochondria.

Animal cell

Animals don’t have a Animals don’t have a cell wall.cell wall.

Chloroplast is absent in Chloroplast is absent in animals.animals.

Animals have a small Animals have a small vacuole.vacuole.

Lysosomes are present.Lysosomes are present.

No. of mitochondria is No. of mitochondria is large.large.

VacuoleVacuole Vacuole are storage Vacuole are storage

sacs for solid and liquid sacs for solid and liquid content.content.

It is bound by single It is bound by single membrane hence one membrane hence one layered.layered.

In plants full of cell sap In plants full of cell sap and provide turgidity and provide turgidity and rigidity.and rigidity.

In animal very few and In animal very few and small in size, in plants small in size, in plants one or more large one or more large vacuole.vacuole.

They store Glycogen, They store Glycogen, Proteins and water. Proteins and water.

VacuoleVacuole

Difference between Prokaryotic Difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic celland Eukaryotic cell

Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell

Difference between Prokaryotic Difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic celland Eukaryotic cell

Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell Size is from 1-10 Size is from 1-10

micrometer.micrometer. Nuclear envelope Nuclear envelope

absent.absent. Chromosome single Chromosome single

circular in shape.circular in shape. Membrane bound Membrane bound

organelles are organelles are absent.absent.

Cell division by Cell division by fission or budding.fission or budding.

Centriole absent.Centriole absent.

Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Size is from10-100 Size is from10-100

micrometer.micrometer. Nuclear envelope is Nuclear envelope is

present.present. Chromosomes Chromosomes

multiple, and linear in multiple, and linear in shape.shape.

Membrane bound cell Membrane bound cell organelles are present.organelles are present.

Cell division by mitosis Cell division by mitosis or meiosis.or meiosis.

Centriole present.Centriole present.

Osmosis

The movement of water from a region of higher The movement of water from a region of higher water concentration to region of lower water water concentration to region of lower water concentration through plasma membrane is called concentration through plasma membrane is called osmosis.osmosis.

This is a pure mechanical process cell gains water This is a pure mechanical process cell gains water without spending energy.without spending energy.

Three types of solution Three types of solution 1. 1. Isotonic solutionIsotonic solution - Medium surrounding the cell - Medium surrounding the cell

has same water concentration as that of cell.has same water concentration as that of cell. 2. 2. Hypotonic solutionHypotonic solution - Medium surrounding the cell - Medium surrounding the cell

has higher water concentration.has higher water concentration. 3. 3. Hypertonic solutionHypertonic solution - Medium surrounding the - Medium surrounding the

cell has lower water concentration.cell has lower water concentration.

Osmosis in Animal and Plant cellOsmosis in Animal and Plant cell

Q.1 Differentiate between plant and Q.1 Differentiate between plant and Animal cell.Animal cell.

Q.2 Draw diagram of Mitochondria Q.2 Draw diagram of Mitochondria and chloroplast.and chloroplast.

Q.3 What will happen if we put Q.3 What will happen if we put plant and animal in a: plant and animal in a:

Cell wall is composed of cellulose. Cell wall is composed of cellulose. (Yes, No)(Yes, No)

Lysosomes are called as powerhouse Lysosomes are called as powerhouse of cell. ( Yes/No)of cell. ( Yes/No)

Chlorophyll is present in chloroplast .Chlorophyll is present in chloroplast .(Yes/No)(Yes/No)

Eukaryotic cell have membrane Eukaryotic cell have membrane bound organelles. (Yes/No)bound organelles. (Yes/No)

The EndThe End

your answer is rightyour answer is right

your answer is wrong.your answer is wrong.