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This is a presentation on planning issues of the city of Sao Paulo. It presents trends of urbanisation in the city and discusses the main challenges of spatial planning, as well as some of the actions taken in the last decades to tackle those problems.
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Planning the post-boom
metropolis
Challenge the future
SpatialPlanning&Strategy
What is Sao Paulo?
Please, click for movie
Sao Paulo is a divided global city in a fast growing developing country
What is Sao Paulo?
Sao Paulo is this
But also this...
However (population) boom times are actually over
0
3750000
7500000
11250000
15000000
1872 1890 1900 1920 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1991 2000 2010
City of Sao Paulo
93.7 % urban population in the State of Sao Paulo (2010)87% urban population in Brazil (2010)
Some basic starting points• Brazil (and LA as a whole) has experienced a dramatic
demographic transition. Birth rates are lower, the population is mostly urban (+85% in Brazil), life expectancy is longer and families are wealthier.
• Cities must face historically produced problems, the result of decades of strong demographic pressure, poor governance and lack of effective planning strategies.
• Meanwhile, a new economic scenario (globalisation?) is creating new urban form and structures. Human activity is differently distributed over the territory.
• Much of the continent is now democratic. This makes an enormous difference on how cities are planned and managed. The ‘right to the city’ has become a central point of many governments agendas.
Sao Paulo is the financial and managerial centre of South America. It is also its hugest
hub for advertising and fashion.
Avenida Paulista: one of 5 main business districts
Marginal Pinheiros: The newest and biggest CBD
BOSS
São Paulo International Film Festival
Click to see an inventory of all cinema related fes3vals in the world: h7p://www.filmfes3valworld.com/fes3val/Sao_Paulo_Intl_Film_Fes3val/
São Paulo Art Biennale
Click to see a list of all Art Biennales in the world: h7p://fineart.about.com/od/Interna3onal-‐Art-‐Exhibi3ons/tp/top-‐15-‐interna3onal-‐art-‐biennial-‐exhibi3ons.htm
Click for a list of the most important fashion events in the world h7p://www.independent.co.uk/life-‐style/fashion/2011-‐top-‐fashion-‐weeks-‐around-‐the-‐world-‐paris-‐new-‐york-‐milan-‐tokyo-‐2174288.html
São Paulo Fashion Week
São Paulo Gay Pride Parade3.5 million (2009)
Click to see a list of the biggest pride parades in the world h7p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_parade
2005 Estimated public: 300.000 attractions: 200
2006 Estimated public: 1,5 million attractions: 304
2007 Estimated public: 3 million attractions: 350
2008 Estimated public: 3,5 million attractions:700
2009 Estimated public: 4 million attractions: 800
2010 Estimated public: 4 million attractions: 1000
Click for the website of the Virada: h4p://www.viradacultural.org/sobre/en
São Paulo Virada Cultural (similar to Amsterdam Museum Nacht ): the biggest event
Source: h4p://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0101-‐33002012000300002&script=sci_ar4ext
22Source: h7p://www.infoescola.com/wp-‐content/uploads/2009/11/ibirapuera2.jpg
Ibirapuera Park
But the challenges are many
24
Mobility
25
Environment (specially floods)
26
Source h4p://vaccarezza.com.br/governo-‐federal-‐estabelecera-‐punicoes-‐aos-‐municipios-‐por-‐uso-‐e-‐ocupacao-‐irregular-‐do-‐solo/
Informal urbanization
27Source: h4p://1.bp.blogspot.com/-‐-‐QMuHHXFq9s/UGD8P9sIRLI/AAAAAAAAAcs/DlAX8m6CcIg/s1600/ilhas-‐de-‐calor-‐mapa-‐de-‐sao-‐paulo.jpg
Environmental degradation
Not a primal city...
Pacific
A m a z o n
B a s i n
An
de
s
Mo
un
ta
in
s
Mato Grosso
Plateau
An
de
sM
ou
nt
a
i ns
Atacam
aD
ese
rt
Pa
m
pa
s
Macapa
Antofagasta
Ar ica
Concepcion
Iquique
Valparaiso
Cucuta
Mitu
Puno
Talara
BahiaBlanca
Mendoza
Resistencia
Salta
San MiguelDe Tucuman
SanRafael
San SalvadorDe Jujuy
Tar i ja
Aracaju
Boa Vista
CampoGrande
Cuiaba
Imperatr iz
Porto VelhoRioBranco
Santarem
Tarauaca
Teres ina
Pasto
Apoter i
B luef ie lds
Concepcion
C. Oviedo
Arequipa
Ayacucho
Cerro De PascoCocama
Cuzco
Huanuco
Ica
Iquitos
Orel lana
Sul lana
Tacna
Durazno
Paysandu
Tacuarembo
Ciudad Bol ivar
Matur in
PuertoAyacucho
San Cr istobal
Foz Do Iguacu
PuertoCabezas
Barquisimeto
Brazil
Argentina
Uruguay
Paraguay
Bolivia
Peru
Chile
Ecuador
Colombia
VenezuelaGuiana
SurinameFrench Guiana
> than 10 million inh. (megalopolis)
> than 5 million inh. (continental metropolis)
> than 3 million inh. (metropolis)
> than 1 million inh. (big city)
São Paulo > than 18 million inh.
Bogota
Medellin
Lima
Cali
Maracaibo
Caracas
Belem
Sao Luis Fortaleza
Recife
Salvador
Goiania
Belo Horizonte
Rio de Janeiro
São PauloCuritiba
Buenos Aires Montevideo
Florianopolis
Porto Alegre
Manaus
Brasilia
Vitoria
Santos
Campinas
Natal
Maceio
Joinville
Cordoba
Rosario
Santiago
La Paz
Santa Cruz
Asuncion
Barranquilla
Quito
Guayaquil
Valencia
Callao
a
m
pa
s
Bahia
Resistencia
Salta
San MiguelDe Tucuman
SanRafael
San SalvadorDe Jujuy
Tar i ja
CampoGrande
Concepcion
C. Oviedo
Durazno
Paysandu
Tacuarembo
Foz Do Iguacu
Argentina
Uruguay
Paraguay
> than 10 million inh.
> than 5 million inh.
> than 3 million inh.
> than 1 million inh.
São Paulo > than 18 million inh.
Belo Horizont
Rio de Janeir
São PauloCuritiba
Buenos Aires Montevideo
Florianopolis
Porto Alegre
Vitoria
Santos
Campinas
Joinville
Cordoba
Rosario
Santa Cruz
Asuncion
But the centre of a complex urban system...
> than 10 million inh. (megalopolis)
> than 5 million inh. (continental metropolis)
> than 3 million inh. (metropolis)
> than 1 million inh. (big city)
São Paulo > than 18 million inh.
São Paulo
...yet unbalanced
in the Brazilian territory
But what is what?
A Macrometropolis in the South East of South America
An extended metropolitan complex with 5 contiguous metropolitan areas
27.6 million
The metropolitan area
19.8 million
The metropolitan areaThe municipality
11.2 million
Population (2010) - Municipality11.244.369 - Metro19.672.582
Metropolitan Area: 8.051 km2Urbanized Area: app.2.000 km2Core Municipality: 1.500 km2
The metropolitan area and the municipality
Different polycentricities
GDP PPP compared
GDP Per Capita PPP compared
São Paulo ‘in comparison
Randstad-Holland Sao Paulo Metropolitan
Possible contrast?
Possible contrast?
175 km
Photo
by S
ão P
aulo,
Bra
zil, at
Nigh
t -
NASA
Ear
th O
bserv
atory
Example of a city-region in a middle-income
country
Main municipalities in the Expanded Metropolitan Complex
Other municipalities in the Expanded Metropolitan Complex
Other municipalities in the State of Sao Paulo
Main highway
Regional highway
Viracopos Airport
Sorocaba AirportCongonhas Airport
Campo de Marte Airport
Sao Paulo International Airport
Ernesto Stumpf Airpot
Port of Santos
11. Alto Paraiba
5. Paraiba Macro- Axis
13. Mantiqueira10. Bocaina
14. Litoral Norte
3. Santos
1. Core 2. MASP
4. Campinas
6. Sorocaba
7. Jundiai
8. Bragantina
9. Sao Roque
12. Water Sources Circuit
Santos
Sao Roque
Jundiai
Campinas
Sorocaba
Sao Jose dos Campos
Multilevel governance in emerging city-regions
Multilevel governance in emerging city-regions
0 15 30 45 km
1: 1 500 0001 CM = 15 KM
11. Alto Paraiba
5. Paraiba Macro- Axis
13. Mantiqueira10. Bocaina
14. Litoral Norte
3. Santos
1. Core 2. MASP
4. Campinas
6. Sorocaba
7. Jundiai
8. Bragantina
9. Sao Roque
12. Water Sources Circuit
Santos
Sao Roque
Jundiai
Campinas
Sorocaba
Sao Jose dos Campos
1. Core Municipality
2. Greater Sao Paulo (MASP)
3. Metropolitan Santos
4. Metropolitan Campinas
5. Paraiba Macro Axis Proto Metropolis
6. Sorocaba Proto Metropolis
7. Jundiai Peri-Metropolitan Regional Unit
8. Bragantina Peri-Metro Regional Unit
9. Sao Roque Peri-Metro Regional Unit
10. Bocaina Peri-Metro Regional Unit
12. The 'Water Circuit' Homogeneous Outer Metro Unit
13. Mantiqueira Homogeneous Outer Metro Unit
14. Litoral Norte Homogeneous Outer Metro Unit
11. Alto Paraiba Peri-Metro Regional Unit
Main unit urban node
Other important urban node
Airport
Core: 11.3 million (31 sub-municipalities)Metro: 19.9 million (39 municipalities)Macro-metro: 27.6 million (95 municipalities)
Who plans the region?The State of Sao Paulo
Secretary of Metropolitan Development
State System of Metropolitan Development
Chamber of Metropolitan Development
Ministry of Cities: The Statute of Cities +Ministry of Planning and Development
Secretary of Metropolitan Development (+EMPLASA)
95 municipalities of Macro-metropolis + 5 metropolitan councils+ sectorial enterprises
Chamber of Metropolitan DevelopmentState governorChief of the HouseFinanceEnvironmentPlanning and Regional DevelopmentSewerage and water resources
EnergyMetropolitan TransportEconomic development, science and technologyLogistics and transportationHousing
Secretary of Metropolitan Development
Paulista Enterprise for Metropolitan Development
Metropolitan Fund for
Investment andFinance
5 Metropolitan Councils
Main partner
EMPLASA: Paulista Enterprise for Metropolitan Planning
http://www.emplasa.sp.gov.br/
Main tasksInstitutional organisationCoordination and feasibilityPlanning foundationsTerritorial PlanningCoordination of Regional Projects
The metropolis today
Areas where multi-level networked governance is
required
Water and waste management
Source: Google Earth
Informal development around one of Sao Paulo’s water reservoirs
+ 928 local bus lines on core municipality
Metropolitan mobilitySa
o Pau
lo Co
mpnh
ia M
etropo
litan
a de T
rans
portes
Large Regional Infrastructure
Source: Google Earth
Congonhas: the busiest airport in South America and its integration in the city
Large Regional Infrastructure
Source: http://upgradesemanal.blogspot.nl/2011/04/trem-bala-no-brasil.html
The route of the proposed speed train between Rio de Janeiro and the city of Campinas
Environmental protection and management
Source: Google Earth
The new external ring road of Sao Paulo crossing the water reservoirs of the city and large parts of the
Atlantic Forest
Favelas are build on invaded land. Shacks are built by each family with improvised materials. The State was absent from the space of the ‘favela’.
With time, inhabitants conquered rights. They start improving their shacks and soon the houses are built with bricks and are connected (legally or illegally) to electricity and water supply. There is usually no sewage system.
There are special programmes of empowerment for the inhabitants. Some of them focus on the land rights and other on the infrastructure and services available.
Slums (8.7%of total pop. in 2000)
Cortiço (tenement houses)(8.5%of total pop. in 2000)
“Auto Construcao”Informal self-help
(28.5%of total pop. in 2000)
Slide provided by Jan Loerakker, TU Delft
Click to see a complete map of informal urbanisation
Area covered by irregular occupations is 338,8 km2
(2000), or 22,5% of the total area of
the municipality (1500 km2), with c. 17%
of the population.
Irregular occupation of land
The Clandestine City
Popu
latio
n: c
. 10.
5 m
illio
n (e
stim
ated
200
0)
Population Percentage
Illegal or unregulated land occupation c. 338 sq. km (22,5%)
Population living in sub-standard dwellings (favelas, slums, tenement houses): c. 1.8 million (2000) 17% of total population (source: Amaral & Pereira, 2003)
0 20kmN
ast
South-West
Centre
North-West North
South-East
East 1
East 2
South
Human Development Compared
0 20kmN
Anhanguera
Perus
Jaragua
S.
D omingos
Pirituba
Freguesia
do O
Brasilandia
Limao
Cachoei-
rinha
Mandaqui
Casa
Verde Santana
Trememb e
Tucuruvi
Jacana
Vila
Medeiros
Vila Maria
Vila
Guilherme
Cangaiba
Penha
Tatuape
Carrao
Belem
Mooca
Agua Rasa
Vila Matilde
Vila
Formosa
Ermelino
Matarazzo
Itaquera
Ponte Rasa
Artur
Alvim
Cidade Lider
Parque do
Carmo
Jose
Bonifacio
Cidade
Tiradentes
Guaianases
Lajeado
Vila Curuca
Itaim Paulista
Jardim
Helena
Sao
M iguel
Vila Jacui
Iguatemi
Sao Rafael
Sao MateusSapopopembaemba
Aricanduva
Sao LucasVila
Pruden teIpiranga
Sacoma
Cursino
Jabaquara
Cidade
Ademar
Pedreira
Cidade D utra
Grajau
Socorro
Camp o
Grande
Santo Amaro
Parelheiros
Marsilac
Jardim A ngela
Jardim
Sao LuisCapao
Redondo
Camp o Limpo
Vila Andrade
Vila Sonia
MorumbiRaposo Tavares
Rio Pequeno Butanta
Jaguare
Vila
Leopoldina
LapaJaragua
Alto de
Pinheiros
Itaim
BibiMoema
Camp o
Belo
Saude
Vila
Mariana
Jardim
PaulistaPinheiros
Perdizes
Barra Funda
Consolacao
Santa
Cecilia
Bela
VistaLib erdade
Cambuci
Bras
PariBom
Retiro
Serepublica
Norway
Norway
Iceland
Iceland
Australia
Australia
SWEDEN
SWEDEN
Netherlands
Japan
Denmark
Finland
FRance
Austria
Austria
New Zealand
germany
spain
spain
Hong kong
Hong kong
singapore
singapore
slovenia
s.Korea
kyrgyztan
Dominican Rep.S. Korea
S.KOrea
Cyprus
cyprus
cyprus
cyprus
cyprus
cyprus
cyprus
Czech
Rep.
Malta
MALTA
MALTA
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
poland
poland
chile
chile
estonia
slovakia
qatar
bahrain
bahrain
croatia
cyprusuruguay
latvia
st kitts
bahamas
bahamas
bahamas
seychelles
seychelles
cuba
cuba
cuba
mexico
bulgaria
Panama
Panama
lybia
lybia
lybia
Malaysia
Malaysia
Russia
mauritius
bosnia
oman
Albania
thailand
venezuela
saudi arabia
ukraine
ukraine
ukraine
ukraine
perukazakhstan
Dominican
republic
China
sri lanka
sri lanka
turkey
bulgaria
Sky high: SWEDEN
Very high: Spain
high: Czech republic
moderately high: mexico
Medium: thailand
Medium to low: kyrgystan
HDI Human development index (2007(
city of sao paulo districts compareddata source: PMSP and IBGE/PNUD 2007
there are no districts that score less than 0.7, therefore no district with low HDI
the lowest HDI index belongs to marsilac (0.701
0 20kmN
Anhanguera
Perus
Jaragua
S.
D omingos
Pirituba
Freguesia
do O
Brasilandia
Limao
Cachoei-
rinha
Mandaqui
Casa
Verde Santana
Trememb e
Tucuruvi
Jacana
Vila
Medeiros
Vila Maria
Vila
Guilherme
Cangaiba
Penha
Tatuape
Carrao
Belem
Mooca
Agua Rasa
Vila Matilde
Vila
Formosa
Ermelino
Matarazzo
Itaquera
Ponte Rasa
Artur
Alvim
Cidade Lider
Parque do
Carmo
Jose
Bonifacio
Cidade
Tiradentes
Guaianases
Lajeado
Vila Curuca
Itaim Paulista
Jardim
Helena
Sao
M iguel
Vila Jacui
Iguatemi
Sao Rafael
Sao MateusSapopopembaemba
Aricanduva
Sao LucasVila
Pruden teIpiranga
Sacoma
Cursino
Jabaquara
Cidade
Ademar
Pedreira
Cidade D utra
Grajau
Socorro
Camp o
Grande
Santo Amaro
Parelheiros
Marsilac
Jardim A ngela
Jardim
Sao LuisCapao
Redondo
Camp o Limpo
Vila Andrade
Vila Sonia
MorumbiRaposo Tavares
Rio Pequeno Butanta
Jaguare
Vila
Leopoldina
LapaJaragua
Alto de
Pinheiros
Itaim
BibiMoema
Camp o
Belo
Saude
Vila
Mariana
Jardim
PaulistaPinheiros
Perdizes
Barra Funda
Consolacao
Santa
Cecilia
Bela
VistaLib erdade
Cambuci
Bras
PariBom
Retiro
Serepublica
Norway
Norway
Iceland
Iceland
Australia
Australia
SWEDEN
SWEDEN
Netherlands
Japan
Denmark
Finland
FRance
Austria
Austria
New Zealand
germany
spain
spain
Hong kong
Hong kong
singapore
singapore
slovenia
s.Korea
kyrgyztan
Dominican Rep.S. Korea
S.KOrea
Cyprus
cyprus
cyprus
cyprus
cyprus
cyprus
cyprus
Czech
Rep.
Malta
MALTA
MALTA
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
poland
poland
chile
chile
estonia
slovakia
qatar
bahrain
bahrain
croatia
cyprusuruguay
latvia
st kitts
bahamas
bahamas
bahamas
seychelles
seychelles
cuba
cuba
cuba
mexico
bulgaria
Panama
Panama
lybia
lybia
lybia
Malaysia
Malaysia
Russia
mauritius
bosnia
oman
Albania
thailand
venezuela
saudi arabia
ukraine
ukraine
ukraine
ukraine
perukazakhstan
Dominican
republic
China
sri lanka
sri lanka
turkey
bulgaria
Sky high: SWEDEN
Very high: Spain
high: Czech republic
moderately high: mexico
Medium: thailand
Medium to low: kyrgystan
HDI Human development index (2007(
city of sao paulo districts compareddata source: PMSP and IBGE/PNUD 2007
there are no districts that score less than 0.7, therefore no district with low HDI
the lowest HDI index belongs to marsilac (0.701
Average income (2000)
Average household income (2000)(in US$ in december 2000)
from 230 to 343 (relative poverty)
from 347 to 448 (low income)
from 452 to 616 (low middle income)
from 628 to 933 (middle-income)
Source: IBGE Census 2000, EMPLASA.
above 1096 (high-income)
The politics of social-spatial difference
Race and space
% of unemployed persons among blacks and whites
Source: Seade, 2003
0
4
8
11
15
2003
Blacks Whites
Low vulnerability
Middle vulnerability
Very high vulnerability
% of the wealth of the poorest 50% in relation to the richest 50%
No serious vulnerability
High vulnerability
Parks, green areas, dams and inhabited places
Social Vulnerability Scale
1990s Emigration: Centre looses almost 20% of pop.
Causes:1. Low birth rate
(national trend)2. Deconcentration of
industrial production3. Disappointment with
lifestyle/housing/economic opportunities
4. Cost of life (plots are cheaper in outside municipalities)
Population Growth perDistrict in the period1991-2000
Lost population
> 7.87%
Source: IBGE 1991 and 2000
Pop. 1991: 9.646.185Pop. 2000: 10.405.867Growth: 7.87 %
CentreLost 19.73% of its inhabitantsPari District lost 31.82%
< 7.87%
Centre
Anhanguera
Perus
Jaragua
S. Domingos
PiritubaFreguesia do O
Brasilandia
Limao
Cachoei-rinha
Mandaqui
Casa Verde Santana
Tremembe
Tucuruvi
Jacana
Vila Medeiros
Vila Maria
Vila Guilherme
Cangaiba
Penha
Tatuape
Carrao
Belem
Mooca
Agua Rasa
Vila Matilde
Vila Formosa
Ermelino Matarazzo
Itaquera
Ponte Rasa
Artur Alvim
Cidade Lider
Parque doCarmo
Jose Bonifacio
CidadeTiradentes
Guaianases
Lajeado
Vila Curuca
Itaim Paulista
Jardim Helena
Sao Miguel
Vila Jacui
Iguatemi
Sao Rafael
Sao MateusSapopopembaemba
Aricanduva
Sao LucasVilaPrudente
Ipiranga
Sacoma
Cursino
Jabaquara
CidadeAdemar
Pedreira
Cidade Dutra
Grajau
Socorro
Campo Grande
Santo Amaro
Parelheiros
Marsilac
Jardim Angela
Jardim Sao Luis
CapaoRedondo
Campo Limpo
Vila Andrade
Vila SoniaMorumbiRaposo Tavares
Rio PequenoButanta
Jaguare
Vila Leopoldina
Lapa
Jaguare
Alto de Pinheiros
Itaim Bibi
Moema
Campo Belo
Saude
Vila Mariana
JardimPaulista
Pinheiros
Perdizes
Barra Funda
Consolacao
Santa Cecilia
Bela Vista
Liberdade
Cambuci
Bras
PariBom Retiro
Se
Repu-blica
0 20kmN
79
80
81
82
83
85
86
World Cup Stadium
click for movie
Source: http://esportes.r7.com/futebol/fotos/r7-exclusivo-fotos-aereas-revelam-como-estao-os-novos-estadios-de-sp-e-os-ultimos-dias-do-pacaembu-20130115-4.html#fotos
Source: http://esportes.r7.com/ Source: http://fifa.com/
Source: Google Earth Source: http://noticias.uol.com.br
Intermunicipal Bus Terminals
Source: Google Earth
Main problems in regional planning and design
1. GOVERNANCE
a. excessive sectorialization: lack of integration of policies
b. lack of transparence and accountability
c. too many levels of decision making + too many administrative units: bureaucratic nightmares
Main problems in regional planning and design
2. LACK OF REGIONAL STRATEGIC VISION
Reactive planning rather than active planning
The regions develops faster than plans and planners
Policy formulation and implementationNetworks involving:
• public actors (politicians and administrators) in different decision levels
• technocrats
• economic agents
• interest representatives (civil + corporate)
• other stakeholders
• experts (e.g. planners)
New forms of steering complex governance networks
Deliberation
Bargaining
Compromise-seeking
Thanks for listening
Questions?
Prepared by Roberto RoccoChair of Spatial Planning and Strategy, TU Delftfor information, please contact [email protected]
