PLA - Village visit

30TH October 2012, Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy, GEO

VILLAGE VISITBehavior, Capitals and PLA

Tools

Dr. MCR HRD IAP, Hyderabad

http://www.e-geo.org

87th Foundation Course for Civil Service Officers

Index• Behavior• Capitals___________________

• Physical Capital– Timeline– Venn Diagram– List

• Natural Capital– Resource Mapping– Transect walk – Seasonality– Imageries – Energy issues – HH visits– Climate Change indicators– Disaster Management

• Schemes Implementation• Success Stories• Suggested Actions

Participatory Learning and Action (PLA)

• One of the participatory approaches• Processes of communication• Methods for seeking villagers participation • Sensitization to bring about attitudinal and

behavioral change; and• Using participatory techniques to build

rapport, elicit support, information and participation of the people in their own development.

PLA is used• To ascertain needs• To establish priorities for

development activities• Within the scope of feasibility

studies• During the implementation phase

of projects• Within the scope of monitoring

and evaluation of projects• For studies of specific topics• For focusing formal surveys on

essential aspects, and identifying conflicting group interests.

• For action plans preparation

Areas of application

Natural resource management

Agriculture

Poverty alleviation

Women in development programs

Health and nutrition

Preliminary and primary education

Village and district-level planning

Institutional and policy analysis.

BEHAVIOR

Behavior with community• Greeting• Introduction• Sitting• Space and Energy• Respecting their opinion• Leader• Sharing the results• Thanking the community

• Appearance– Dress– Shoes– Etc.

• Comment on these photos

Community

Greeting

Pride and Dignity of people

04/13/2023

Capitals

SL framework: Determinants of adaptive capacity

Livelihood resources

Examples

Human Knowledge, Skills

Social Women’s savings and loans groups, farmer- CBOs

Physical Irrigation infrastructure, seed and grain storage facilities

Natural Reliable water source, productive land

Financial Micro-insurance, diversified income sources

Policies, institutions and power structures

Capitals

Natural

Sustainable LivelihoodsFood Security

Low agriculture

yield

Land Degradation• Steep slopes• Sandy / silt soils Water

scarcity• Uncertain

Rainfall • Climate change

Small Land holdings

Social and Economic

Sustainable Livelihoods

Poverty• Exploitation• Unskilled

Communal conflict

Seasonal Migration• Unemployme

nt

Corruption

Poor education /

Illiteracy

High IMR, UMR

Physical / Policies


Poor access, utilization and

delivery of govt. services

Poor accessibility

Poor communicatio

n

Human

Sustainable LivelihoodsIgnorance

Conflict between

SC/ST

Non- cooperation between families

Communal conflicts

Growing suspicion,

heartedness

IMPACT FACTORS


Natural

Social & Economic

Physical & Policy

Human

•Soil and moisture conservation

•Seeds

•Agriculture equipment

Agriculture

•Micro-watersheds

•Dug wells

•Water harvesting and conservation technologies

Water resources

•Skills development

•Enterprises

•SHGs and microfinance

Non-agriculture

•Government schemes

Convergence

•Reconciliation

•Meetings between communities

•Joint economic ventures

•Sports

Conflict resolution and

peace

List of programmes

INFO FROM SECONDARY STAKEHOLDERS

• Interaction and discussions with various officials and representatives of organizations in the District

• Chief Executive Officer (CEO)

• Chief Planning Officer (CPO)

• Project Director, District Water Management Agency (DWMA)

• Ground Water Department

• Officers at Agriculture Department

• Mandal level officials, MDO, MRO, Statistical officers, Agriculture officers, etc of the potential Mandals.

• Village level secretaries

• Secondary data collection and analysis

POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES

1.Mahatma Gandhi NREGP

2.Housing schemes

3.Bhakyalakshmi Yojana

4.Arivu Education scheme

5.Kishore scheme

6.Old age pension scheme

7.Family welfare schem

8.ICDS programme

9.Janani Suraksha Yojana

10.13th finance sanitation scheme

11.Total sanitation programme

12Water resource creation programme

POSSIBLE DELIVERY SYSTEMS AT VILLAGE LEVELNRM1. MGNREGA2. DWMA 3. Rural Infrastructure Development

Fund4. Ground Water Dept.5. Forest Dept. 6. Agriculture Dept.7. Animal Husbandry8. Fisheries9. Irrigation Dept (Minor / Medium /

Major)

Social10.Dist. Rural Dev. Agency (DRDA) /

District Poverty Initiatives Programme (DPIP)

11.DPEP / Education12.Medical and Health13.SC Corporation14.ST Welfare/Tribal Welfare15.BC Welfare / BC Corporation16.Social Welfare 17.ICDS

InfrastructureHousing Department

ServicesElectricityRoad Transport Corporation

Artisans / Industries / enterpriseNEDCAPIndustries DeptHandlooms and Textiles

Other ProgrammesAPRLPUNDP

Government departments (AP)• Agriculture and Co-Operation• Animal Husbandry and Fisheries• Backward Classes Welfare• Consumer Affairs Food & Civil

Supplies• Energy• Environment, Forests, Science

and Technology• FinanceFinance (PMU)Finance

(Project Wing)• General Administration• Health, Medical and Family

Welfare• Higher Education• Home• Housing• Industries and Commerce• Information Technology and

Communications• Infrastructure and Investment• Irrigation

• Labour, Employment Training and Factories

• Law• Minorities Welfare• Municipal Administration and

Urban Development• Panchayat Raj and Rural

Development• Planning• Public Enterprises• Rain Shadow Areas Development• Revenue• School Education (SE Wing)• School Education (SSA Wing)• Social Welfare• Transport, Roads and Buildings• Women Development, Child

Welfare and Disabled Welfare• Youth Advancement, Tourism

and Culture

http://www.aponline.gov.in/apportal/departments/portallistoforgsbydepts.aspx?i=3

http://www.aponline.gov.in/apportal/departments/portallistoforgsbydepts.aspx?i=3

PLA

PLA BEST QUALITATIVE APPROACHES

• PLA=an effective, low-cost, empowering,

participatory method of gathering qualitative

& semi-structured info (beliefs, behaviors)

• Can discuss controversial/sensitive topics

in a non-threatening way

• Heterogeneous—in age, gender, income,

religion, ethnicity, social class, etc

• Flexible: people come and go--anything goes

• No pre-set, leading questions

PHYSICAL CAPITAL

Functioning of Village Level Institutions

Infrastructure facilitiesFacilities Available Facilities not Available

• All weather road• PDS Shop• Primary school• Primary Health sub-

center• Overhead water tank• Electricity supply• Community hall• Panchayat Bhawan

• High School• Hospital (4km away )• Post office (4km away

)• Bank (4km away )• Police station (18km

away)• Medical store

Demography………No of Households 873

Total Population 4260 Population below 06 yrs 610

Male Population 2190 Population below 06 Male 311

Female Population 2070 Population below 06 Female 299

Total Agriculture Labour 240

Marginal Agriculture Labour - Male

58 Marginal Agriculture Labour - Female

182

Literate Polulation 1826 Illiterate Population 2434

Male Literate 1100 Male illiterate population 1090

Female Literate 726 Female illiterate population 1344

No of Households 873 Working Population 1989

Demography………

Main working population 328

Main Working Population Male 92 Main Working Population Female

236

Main Casual Working Population

69 Total Casual labour

Main Casual Working PopulationMale

21 Main Casual Working PopulationFemale

48

Number of SC 1164

Male SC Population 611 Female SC Population 553

Number of ST 125 Male ST Population 64 Female ST Population 61

Important activities

relevant to the

communities

Dhakna Pilli Aki Borala Bhilkheda Memna1. Seed Bank Formation

2 1 2 5 3 32. Provision for Agriculture - Spraying Machine, Seed, Pesticides and Fertilizers

6 3 4 8 4 43. Vermicompost - construction/repair & maintenance

3 5 4 9 74. Checkdam construction

7 7 65. Dugwell construction

8 2 7 56. Making of Farm pond

7 5 9 9 5 27. Horticulture Nursery - Plantation

5 6 6 3 8 68. Land Treatment in Hectares ( CCT, WAT, SB, FB,GB)

4 2 1 6 2 19. Agriculture / Watersheds Management Trainings

1 4 3 1 11. Awareness, Motivation and Mobilization of Community on Immunization, Malnutrition, Maternal Care & HIV/AIDS

1 1 1 22. Conducting Health Camps

3 2 2 13. Interfaced Program with Government Health Workers

2 3 3 31. Formation of Village Development Committee ( VDC) /KAS

4 1 3 6 1 52. Mobilisation, Awareness and Motivational Programs for Youth involvement in Advocacy for their Rights and their Livelihood

6 4 7 7 2 6

Time Line

Start of Settlements 1811

Ragi Cultivation1912

Sugarcane Cultivation1961

Primary School 1947

PUC 1961

High School 1968

Post Office 1969

PHC 1970

Electricity Board 1973

Last Drought 1981

Cotton Cultivation 1986

Gram Panchayat 1987

1st Tractor 1989

Telephone Exchange 1995

Library 1998

SHG movement 2000

Grameen Bank 2001

Chickengunya Disease 2007

Last Panchayat Election 2009

Time Line YEAR Event

1850 Forest department rest house

1850-57 Kundan Singh reign (popular local tribal king)

1960 Primary school

1975 Veterinary hospital

1985 Government bus connectivity

1987 Water pump

1990 Electricity supply

1995 Private bus transport begins

1995-96 Water tank

1996 Major earthquake of 6.0 richter scale (no deaths)

2001 Child marriage stopped; Ward election

2004-05 Land pattas given to villagers by forest department;Government buses stopped

2006-07 Tractor in the village

2009 Two trained ASHA in the village

2010 Total Sanitation Mission

VENN DIAGRAM REPRESENTING THE INTERACTION AND INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT COMMUNITIES ON THE LIVES OF THE VILLAGERS

Community

NGO

Police

LibraryPRI

Anganwadi

Teacher

BDO

TEHSILDAR TEHSILDAR

ForestOfficialsForest

Officials

Social Map

Social Map

Matrix Scoring

Problems M.Swamy (Lingayat male)

Shobhawati (Jr. Health Asst),Anganwadi

Deviramma(SHG woman)

Ramesh (STMale, Coolie)

Aggregate Rank

Irrigation 2 3 8 8 21 (5)

Drinking Water 3 7 6 6 22 (6)

Less Doctors/improper injection and diagnosis

4 4 4 1 13 (2)

Loan Facilities 1 8 7 5 21 (5)

School/College 6 5 5 7 23 (7)

All weather roads 7 6 3 3 19 (4)

Liquor 8 2 2 4 16 (3)

Sanitation/Drainage 5 1 1 2 9 (1)

Sanitation/Drainage

Lack of doctors/Inadequate Medical Help

Liquor

Road Condition

Loan facility/Irrigation

Drinking Water

School/College

Natural Resources & Agriculture

0

20

40

60

80

1 00

Surface water

Ground water

Drinking water

Soil moisture

Farmers Institutions

Marketing & Value addition

Agriculture extension

CPR management

Surface water

1 Adequate storage not created , not shared judiciously

0-25

2 Adequate storage created , not shared judiciously

25-50

3 Adequate storage created sharing with informal system

50-75

4 Adequate storage created sharing with institution

75-100

Quantification of Qualitative Information

Ashwini Bharini Kruthika Rohini Mrugasira Arudhra Punarvasu Pushyami Ashlesha Makha Pubba Uttara Hastha Chitta Swathi Vishaka Anuradha Jaishta Mula

1 Rainfall

No rains Good High

2 Water availability (Irrigation)

Very less Good Surplus

3 Water availability (Drinking)

Less Surplus

4 Paddy # # # O O O # # # O O O # # # # # # O O O

Transplantation

5 Seed Cotton C C C # # C C C

6 Jowar/ millets # # # O O O # # # # # # O O O # # # O O O # # #

7 Vegetables O O # # # O O O # # # O O O # # # O O O

Brinjal, Mirchi, Bendi, leafy vegetables, tomato Mirch, Bendi, Leafy vegetables Tomato, Brinjal, Leafy vegetables

8 Migration O O O O # # # O O O O # #

9 Wage Labour (Agriculture) # O C # # # O O O C C

No labour work Labour work

10 Earnings from crops

11 Farmers Debts O O O # #

12 Wage labour Debts O O O #

13 Draught animals O O O O O O

Purchasing Selling

14 MFP collection # # # # O O O O O O O O

Tunika Chenchu Gaddalu Gum Karaya

# # # # O O # # # O O O C C C

Moduga Custard Apple

O O O O # #

Fuelwood

15 Fodder availability

Less Good

16 Potters O O O O O O #

Clay collection Pot making

17 Kammari O O O

Major work Index # - Women O - Men C - Children

18 Health Problems

People: Fever, cough, conjectivities etc.

NATURAL / ENVIRONMENTAL CAPITAL

Resource and Social Mapping of Hanubalu Village

RESORCE MAP

IMAGERIESName of The Village : HediyalaTaluka : NinjangudDistrict: MySoreDemography

Star Pattern Settlements

Transect Walk

Zone Residential Arable Residential Arable Scrub Arable Scrub

Soil Type

Chelka Chelka / Dubba Chelka Chelka Chelka Chelka Chelka

Landuse Housing, Primary school, High School, Grampanchayat

Dry crops in Kharif

BC/SC Colony and Hostel

Dry Crops in Kharif,

Fallow since 30 years

Wet cultivation ½ acre

Scanty vegetation, mostly barren

Vegetation / crops

Neem, Accacia, Eucalyptus

Castor Neem & Eucalyptus

Castor, Cotton, Jowar

Thorny bushes, Manga, Neem, Ullinta, Uduga, Accacia, Moduga

Paddy Accacia, Moduga

Water source

Hand Borewells & Public Taps

Rainfed Hand Borewells & Public Taps

- - One Borewell Tank - Water remains for one month in a year

Interventions

- Piller posts are erected in the fields

Roads are relaid under Food For Work Programme

- Pattadar grazes his cattle,

Terraced fields Area under Watershed Programme

Problems / needs

Side drains needed

They want to sell these lands to prospective buyers for housing plots

Side drains, One hand pump needed

Earth Bunding, Silt application needed Partyhenium weed problem

Surplus water from the Rekulakunta flows leading to soil erosion

- Surplus weir to be repaired, Dam is to be repaired

Any other

Entry road to the village

These fields are between BC/SC Colony and the main village

- Moduga leaves collection by vil

- Tank area is under Patta,

Fee

der

chan

nel

Roa

d

Tank

Bun

d

Tank Zone

FCSC

FCOBC

Mah

abub

naga

r to

Naw

abpe

t

Transect of Kakarlapahad

Dr.

N.

Sai

Bha

skar

Red

dy

Ran

i pet

to

Sha

dnag

ar

Cropping patterns

• July- October- Paddy, Kodho, Black sesam, Urad,Maize

• July-April- Arhar• August-January- Mustard• November-March/April-Wheat, gram, Masur, Pea,

and alsiYield of different cropsMaize>Masur, Gram and Arhar>Alsi>Mustard>Paddy and

wheat

CROPPING PATTERN

Agriculture Contd…

Animal Husbandry

Disaster preparedness

Nishtaar samiti (Van Sangrakshan Samiti) Alert mechanism for forest fire Mitigation of forest fire Catching and handing over of forest law violators

to the forest department. Creating awareness about forest conservation

among villagers.

(Floods, Cyclones, Earthquakes, Drought, etc.)

Climate Change vulnerability

• Vulnerability to climate change is the risk of adverse things happening

• Vulnerability is a function of three factors:– Exposure– Sensitivity– Adaptive capacity

Exposure

•Exposure is what is at risk from climate change, e.g.,

– Population– Resources– Property

•It is also the climate change that an affected system will face, e.g.,

– Sea level– Temperature– Precipitation– Extreme events

Sensitivity

• Biophysical effect of climate change– Change in crop yield,

runoff, energy demand• It considers the

socioeconomic context, e.g., the agriculture system

• Grain crops typically are sensitive

• Manufacturing typically is much less sensitive

Adaptive Capacity

• Capability to adapt• Function of:

– Wealth– Technology – Education– Institutions– Information– Infrastructure– “Social capital”

• Having adaptive capacity does not mean it is used effectively

Adaptation

• “adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm of exploits beneficial opportunities” (Third Assessment Report, Working Group II)– Notice includes “actual” (realized) or “expected”

(future) changes in climate

Sustainable Biochar and livelihoods ?

•Agriculture productivity increase

•Low input agriculture

Natural

•Local jobs and equity

•Local enterprises

Social

•Least skills

•Biocharculture

Human

•Local technologies

•Low energy

Physical

•Low carbon economy

•Low cost

Financial

•Carbon sequestration and energy security

•Mitigation and adaptation to climate change

Environment

MA

GH

3G

STO

VE

Secondary AirSide Air

Primary Air Side Air

CHARCOAL PRODUCTION

Observe the night sky

No. of open wells: 77 nos. Functioning: 1 no.

No. of Bore wells: 126 nos. Functioning: 126 nos.

Small tanks: 10 nos.

Total area under tank irrigation: 86 acres

Total area under bore well irrigation: 250 acres

WATER SOURCES & IRRIGATION

DCBC-APRLP/DPAP-Mahabubnagar

WomenSHGsTotal: 1650In groups: 390No. of Groups: 26Corpus: Rs.2,00,000/-Networked: No

WOMEN & SHG

0 1 2 3 4 5

Women's Participation

Women's self esteem

Women's decision making

Womens Empowerment

39%

38%

15%8% Primitive

Consumption

Productive

Asset building


60

5

0

0

5

10

10

50

50

100

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

No not enroled in Anganvadi …

No of Children not Immunised

No of Meternal deaths in last 3 …

No of Infant deaths in last 3 …

No of disabled children

No of eligible couples not …

No of Boys not enrolled in School

No of Girls not enrolled in School

No of Boys working as Wage …

No of Girls working as Wage …

HEALTH, NUTRITION & EDUCATION

TOTAL NUMBERS


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Very poor 0 0 5 4 1 6 2 24 0 4 3 4 0 11 9

Average 0 3 6 8 4 47 25 25 3 5 8 1 5 63 0

Well to do 6 5 0 3 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

01020304050607080

Caste Wise Households & WellbeingCaste No. of HH

1 Komati 6

2 Reddy 8

3 Tenugu 11

4 Muslim 15

5 Ediga 5

6 Munuru Kapu 58

7 Pitchakuntla 27

8 Gollamushti 49

9 Ausala 3

10 Kummari 9

11 Kammari 11

12 Managali 5

13 Chakali 5

14 Madiga 75

15 Chenchu 9


Total Households in the village: 296

Existing Livelihoods

•Agriculture (Many) •Basket making (10)•Mat weaving (14)•Tadkalu weaving (2)•Carpentry and black smithy (9)•Potters (2)•Piggery (1)•Tailoring (6)•Dhais (2)•Toddy tapping (5)•Cobblers (2)•Washer men (5)

(In paranthesis no. of families)

37%

37%

25%

1%

Farmers

<2 Acres 2 to 7.5 Acres 7.5 to 10 Acres >10 Acres


Important Issues / Problems 1. Low productivity lands2. Majority of them possess small land holdings leading to disguised

unemployment.3. High vulnerability due to small land holdings by most of the villagers.4. Sanitation is poor, lack of adequate drainage and toilets.5. Women are enthusiastic, they are ready to do something but unable

to decide because of lack of awareness & skills.6. Girl child labour in cotton farms.7. Overall wage rates are low and also men are paid more than women.8. Due to increase in no of borewells for cultivation of water intensive

crops, the ground water table is going down.9. People are good but, Men and women take country liquor in the

evenings, some men beat their wives under the influence. 10. Lack of marketing facilities leading to exploitation of moduga leaf

plate makers and gum tapers.11. About 10% of the population is on seasonal migration for work.12. Forced migration due to non-sustainable traditional occupations.13. Most of the traditional LHs are no more sustainable such as black

smithy, carpentry, pottery, chappal making, barbers and gold smithy.


Suggestions / recommendations1. There is need to select this village for livelihoods interventions.2. This village has potential of Women and youth for initiating activities.3. Need to involve community in the optimum utilization of groundwater

resources. 4. Has potential to form more SHGs with women. 5. Networking with CBOs (SHGs, UGs, occupational groups and labour

groups) at village level.6. Formation of labour and occupational groups for capacitating in new

skills and / or upgrading existing skills. 7. Formation of thrift groups with small and marginal farmers 8. Farmers need to be organized for sustainable agricultural practices.9. Has the potential for Micro-enterprise activities for women groups. 10. Promoting backyard poultry and dairy activities with women groups.11. Finding ME activities or other LH opportunities for the men commuting

to Mahabubnagar to work as Hamalis. 12. Marketing facilities for leaf-plate makers and trainings on value addition.

13. Trainings on Gum karaya collection and grading and facilitating market

linkages. 14. Small and marginal Farmers need to be trained on better agricultural

practices, like vegetables production, seed production. 15. Need to train RMPs and Barefoot veterinary persons in the village.DCBC-APRLP/DPAP-Mahabubnagar