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OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
INTRODUCTION
Some cells are stores of chemical energy . The chemical energy is converted to electrical energy when placed in a circuit.
Some cells generate electrical energy only.
2
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this presentation, students should be able to:
1)Recall what is a primary cell;
2)Identify types of primary cells and their applications;
3)Recall what is a secondary cell;
4)Identify types of secondary cells and their applications.
3
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
PRIMARY CELLS
A primary cell is a cell that once it has been fully discharged, cannot be recharged. Primary cells are called dry cells because they have a solid or molten electrolyte.
Primary cells are:
1.Zinc – carbon cell
2.Alkaline
3.Button cells
4.Manganese dioxide
5.Mercury oxide
6.Silver oxide
4
XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
INTRODUCTION
PRIMARY PRIMARY CELLSCELLS
Zinc – carbon cells have a solid electrolyte ammonium chloride. They are fully discharged once all the manganese dioxide is used up
5
Separator
Pitch seal
Air space
Carbon and manganese dioxide mixture
Carbon rod
Protective casing
Separator
Zinc
Electrolyte paste (ammonium
chloride and zinc chloride)
XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
INTRODUCTION
PRIMARY PRIMARY CELLSCELLS
The terminal voltage of zinc – carbon cells is 1.5V and are available in various sizes.
6
XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
INTRODUCTION
PRIMARY PRIMARY CELLSCELLS
Alkaline cells is a variant of the Leclanché cell, zinc powder serving as the anode and manganese dioxide as the cathode and potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte. A 1.5 V cell has double the energy density of a 1.5 V zinc –carbon cell.
7
XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
INTRODUCTION
PRIMARY PRIMARY CELLSCELLS
Alkaline cell
8
XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
INTRODUCTION
PRIMARY PRIMARY CELLSCELLS
Button cells are disc shaped and used in small devices such as watches, digital thermometers and calculators. There are several types of button cells such as alkaline, mercury oxide, silver oxide and lithium.
9
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
PRIMARY CELLS – BUTTON CELLS
Mercury oxide Silver oxide
10
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
PRIMARY CELLS
Alkaline Lithium
11
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
SECONDARY CELLS
A secondary cell is a cell that can be recharged once it has been fully discharged. There are several types of secondary cells such as :
1)Lead acid accumulator
2)Nickel – cadmium accumulator
3)Rechargeable alkaline
4)Nickel – metal hydride
5)Lithium ion
6)Lithium polymer
12
XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
INTRODUCTION
SECONDARY SECONDARY CELLSCELLS
Dilute sulphuric acid acts as an electrolyte in the Lead acid accumulator. It consists of several lead acid cells connected together in series. The terminal voltage of each cell is 2.0 V. Heavy and are used in cars and large vehicles.
13
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
SECONDARY CELLS
14
XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
INTRODUCTION
SECONDARY SECONDARY CELLS – NICKEL CELLS – NICKEL
CADMIUM CADMIUM
Nickel cadmium accumulator (Nicad) has nickel hydroxide as the electrolyte. It is available in various shapes and sizes. Each cell has a terminal voltage of 1.2 V, drops very slowly during discharge. Used in cordless power tools and portable aircaraft radios.
15
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
SECONDARY CELLS – NICKEL CADMIUM
Cylindrical Flat plate electrodes
16
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
SECONDARY CELLS – NICKEL CADMIUMUSES Portable aircraft radio Cordless pressure
washer
17
XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
INTRODUCTION
SECONDARY SECONDARY CELLS – NICKEL CELLS – NICKEL
METAL HYDRIDEMETAL HYDRIDE
Nickel-metal hydride – has higher energy density than nickel cadmium has no toxic materials. However it has higher rate of self discharge than nickel cadmium. It is available in various sizes and is used in mobile phones and laptops.
18
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
SECONDARY CELLS
19
XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
INTRODUCTION
SECONDARY SECONDARY CELLSCELLS
BMW hybrid car uses a high performance 312 V NiMH battery.
20
XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
INTRODUCTION
SECONDARY SECONDARY CELLSCELLS
Alkaline wet battery is rechargeable.
21
XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
INTRODUCTION
SECONDARY SECONDARY CELLSCELLS
Rechargeable alkaline cells are environmentally friendly.
22
XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
INTRODUCTION
SECONDARY SECONDARY CELLS – LITHIUM CELLS – LITHIUM
IONION
Lithium ion cells are used where high energy density and light-weight is high priority. The terminal voltage of the lithium ion cell is 3.6 V. The BMW V8 hybrid car uses a 120 V lithium ion battery.
23
XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
INTRODUCTION
SECONDARY SECONDARY CELLS- LITHIUM CELLS- LITHIUM
IONION
Lithium ion cells are connected in series in a battery. They have energy density of 100 – 160 Wh /kg are light weight. It is widely used on Boeing 787 planes. In January the planes were grounded because of several electrical fires connected to lithium ion batteries.
24
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
SECONDARY CELLS – LITHIUM ION
25
XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
INTRODUCTION
SECONDARY SECONDARY CELLS – LITHIUM CELLS – LITHIUM
POLYMERPOLYMER
Lithium polymer cells are called pouch cells because they are constructed of thin sheets in an aluminium casing. They are popular choice for use in laptops. Macbook Pro battery can be used for 7 hours before need for recharging.
26
XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
INTRODUCTION
SECONDARY SECONDARY CELLS – LITHIUM CELLS – LITHIUM
POLYMERPOLYMER
Lithium polymer cells are available in a variety of shapes and sizes. The terminal voltage of a lithium polymer cell is 3.6 V.
27
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
SECONDARY CELLS – LITHIUM POLYMER
Laptop battery for Macbook Macbook Pro
28
XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
INTRODUCTION
SECONDARY SECONDARY CELLS – LITHIUM CELLS – LITHIUM
POLYMER POLYMER
The power pack above uses a lithium polymer battery to recharge a I -phone on the go!
29
XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
INTRODUCTION
SECONDARY SECONDARY CELLS – LITHIUM CELLS – LITHIUM
POLYMERPOLYMER
Three lithium polymer cells are used to power luxury toys such as gas – RC above.
30
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
GENERATOR CELLS
These cells generate electrical but do not store electrical energy. They are as follows:
1)Solar cells
2)Fuel cells
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XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
INTRODUCTION
GENERATOR GENERATOR CELLS – SOLAR CELLS – SOLAR
Solar cells convert light energy directly into electrical energy. Solar cells are used to make panels of different sizes.
32
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
GENERATOR CELLS – SOLAR CELLS
Spherical solar cell Flat solar cell
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XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
INTRODUCTION
GENERATOR GENERATOR CELLS – SOLAR CELLS – SOLAR
CELLSCELLS34
XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
INTRODUCTION
GENERATOR GENERATOR CELLS – SOLAR CELLS – SOLAR
CELLSCELLS
Solar panels can generate electricity to power all appliances. An inverter is incorporated into the circuit to convert direct current to alternating current for those appliances that require alternating current.
35
XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
INTRODUCTION
GENERATOR GENERATOR CELLS – SOLAR CELLS – SOLAR
CELLSCELLS
Mobile solar chargers are becoming popular where electrical energy generated is stored in nickel –cadmium batteries. These charges can recharge digital cameras, Iphone, iIod and game consoles.
36
XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
INTRODUCTION
GENERATOR GENERATOR CELLS – SOLAR CELLS – SOLAR
CELLSCELLS37
XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
INTRODUCTION
GENERATOR GENERATOR CELLS – FUEL CELLS – FUEL
CELLSCELLS
Fuel cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy by a chemical reaction with oxygen. Unlike other cells, they need a constant supply of fuel and oxygen to produce electrical energy. The most popular fuel is hydrogen.
38
XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
INTRODUCTION
GENERATOR GENERATOR CELLS – FUEL CELLS – FUEL
CELLSCELLS39
XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
INTRODUCTION
GENERATOR GENERATOR CELLS – FUEL CELLS – FUEL
CELLSCELLS
Hydrogen fuel power plant can supply a great quantity of electricity to power all the appliances in a house. Fuel cells are also incorporated in cars and large vehicles as a feasible alternative to fossil fuels, where the waste products are environmentally friendly.
40
XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
INTRODUCTION
GENERATOR GENERATOR CELLS – FUEL CELLS – FUEL
CELLSCELLS
Solar energy can be used produce hydrogen from water by electrolysis. The oxygen produced can be used for the chemical reaction in the fuel cell to produce electricity. A self sustaining generating unit of electricity!
41
XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
INTRODUCTION
GENERATOR GENERATOR CELLS – FUEL CELLS – FUEL
CELLSCELLS
Gas stations in Italy will soon have solar hydrogen fuel pumps as a new initiative to reduce their carbon footprint. Hydrogen does not require long recharges like batteries of electric cars.
42
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
GENERATOR CELLS
43
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
GENERATOR CELLS – FUEL CELLS
44
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
GENERATOR CELLS – FUEL CELLS
45
XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
INTRODUCTION
GENERATOR GENERATOR CELLS –FUEL CELLS –FUEL
CELLSCELLS
A hydrogen fuel cell powered water bus from Amsterdam. This innovative mode of transport can help reduce air pollution in the city.
46
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
WHICH CELL TO CHOOSE?
The choice of which cell to use is dependent on the following:
1)The unit cost
2)Energy demand
3)Area concentration
The more modern technologies such as lithium ion and lithium polymer are currently very expensive but have higher energy densities than the older technologies such as zinc-carbon and lead acid.
47
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
WHICH CELL TO CHOOSE?
48
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
WHICH CELL TO CHOOSE?
49
XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
INTRODUCTION
WHICH CELL WHICH CELL TO CHOOSE?TO CHOOSE?
A small pouch cell such as the one in the picture above has a higher energy density than a larger alkaline battery.
50
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
CREDITS
Fuel cell bus
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Fuel-cell_bus_London.jpg/220px-Fuel-cell_bus_London.jpg
Zinc-carbon cell
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2003/madse3m/public_html/battery_insides.gif
Zinc-carbon cells
http://www.rapidonline.com/catalogueimages/module/M073323P01WL.jpg
Alkaline cells
http://www.batteryfaq.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Alkaline-Battery.jpg
51
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
CREDITS
Button cell diagram
http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT-s0Sw8B5n6Uu3XxQOxjLC6Gj-L7r-2w2XSZ5rsaPyZoWttbLV
Lithium cells
http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTmDW3xIeVk0DTf_TXJPvnSwz4tVw7PYowOw4ezwdlLAKXnxS6mQQ
Lithium ion battery
http://www.electricmarinepropulsion.org/Pix/Batteries/8packNBG400.jpg
52
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
CREDITS
Lead acid accumulator diagram
http://www.knowyourplanet.com/off-grid/batteries/12VBatterydischarge_scaled_logo.png/image_large
Lead acid battery
http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTtU9YX6T7DGQYbSI-_m6W97Re7j0EKaRFdZ9AT_-BSuSFkLg34
Nickel metal hydride cells
http://img.diytrade.com/cdimg/449194/4345939/0/1190451522/High-temperature_nickel-cadmium_batteries_55_degrees.jpg
53
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
CREDITS
Rechargeable alkaline cells
http://www.growandmake.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/302x/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/i/g/igo-green.jpg
AA battery comparison table
http://www.diskdepot.co.uk/acatalog/aa-battery-capacity-mah-lithium-alkaline-nicd-nimh-zinc-carbon-zinc-chloride.jpg
Lithium ion battery diagram
http://www.maximumpc.com/files/u90693/li-ion_405.jpg
Dry alkaline batttery
http://www.bizrice.com/upload/20120113/DRY_CELL_RECHARGEABLE_CAR_BATTERY.jpg
54
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
CREDITS
Lithium polymer battery
http://img.tradeindia.com/fp/2/936/219.jpg
Power pack for Iphone
http://www.dexim.net/images2011/pro-D/DCA001-D.jpg
Lithium polymer batteries
http://flashlightnews.org/images5/RenataBatteries_LiPo_series.jpg
Lithium polymer cell diagram
http://www.sino-electro.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/polymer2.jpg
Macbook Pro battery
http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT2NRpphsnudrsSv10aYSYcQfbO-5aJdS_qXEEAQxsDv380Hx86kQ
55
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
CREDITS
Macbook Pro laptop
http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2012/10/13inretina_0-100010100-orig.jpg
Mercury oxide button cell
http://www.mercury.utah.gov/images/625.jpg
Silver oxide button cell
http://newimg.globalmarket.com/PicLib/631/1945631/prod/48_1308558909250_l.jpg
Alkaline button cell
http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTCvZbhUvZoP1w-zC6E6foAVJdSUjbrJPUcQBVlvmrqCoOQI2Zc
56
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
CREDITS
Cordless pressure washer
http://www.nomad-direct.co.uk/images/uploads/Nomad-18v-Green/nomad18v_green2(1).jpg
Portable aircraft radio
http://www.ameradio.com/img/products/dittel-fsg-7016.jpg
Solar cell
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Solar_cell.png/220px-Solar_cell.png
Solar panel
http://solarcellstringer.com/images/solar_cells_panels_array_monocrystaline.jpg
57
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
CREDITS
Spherical solar cell
http://greentechnolog.com/Windows-Live-Writer/Solar-cell-design-boosts-conversion-effi_DD95/sphelar-solar-cell.jpg
Mobile Solar charger
http://www.busyboo.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/solar-charger-powermonkey-2.jpg
Solar device charging several devices
http://www.busyboo.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/solar-charger-powermonkey.jpg
58
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
CREDITS
Solar panel animation
http://solarenergyfactsblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/photovoltaic-effect.gif
Solar power house
http://aboutsolarcells.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/solar-cell-300x253.jpg
Hydrogen fuel car diagram
http://www.avtestlab.com/images/pic_fuel_cell_honda2.jpg
Hydrogen cells
http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT18DXdw0xdtpomOnPAA7LICNL7RcsSm4yc7gPBn_tgg9EfyGXIXw
59
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
CREDITS
Hydrogen fuel power plant
http://www.eere.energy.gov/topics/images/fuelcells2.jpg
Residential fuel cell system
http://www.jhia.or.jp/img/fcsystem.jpg
Nicad diagram, nicad cells,
http://adamone.rchomepage.com/nicad.gif
Nicad motorola nicad batteries
http://www.lmrbatteries.com/media/products/4596%20IS.jpg
Weight density graph
http://nordicgroup.us/battery/weightdensity.gif
60
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
CREDITSLuxury toy
http://www.gas-rc.com/Car-Images/5807_3qtr-front-47_md.jpg
BMW V8 hybrid
http://news.cnet.com/i/bto/20090914/bmw-activehybrid-x6-overall_610x427.jpg
http://asset0.cbsistatic.com/cnwk.1d/i/bto/20090914/bmw-activehybrid-7-overall_610x387.jpg
Alkaline cell diagram
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/@api/deki/files/6225/=redox.2.gif
61
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
CREDITS
Fuel cell boat
http://www.peopleandplanet.net/image.php?id=1701
Energy cell case sizes
http://www.mpoweruk.com/images/energy_cells.jpg
PEM fuel cell diagram
http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/0/0d/PEM_fuelcell.svg/400px-PEM_fuelcell.svg.png
BMW hydrogen car
http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTP1DtdFq7mGUEE9pvGHBaiK0QE_vrrkRGY_uDAztm5erSfSiGcPg
_
62
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
CREDITS
Solar picture
http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSIhL21Du3mQb-F2zAMYifwvgkzTqJlkqebCfReQD3Bkgyfa3E
Nicad and NiMH battery charger
http://www.uwsa.edu/assets/sites/oslp/images/ehs/EM/Waste/charger1.png
Lithium ion battery
http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSvYIQALHzAn5KHvvW5ZwLnq50I_v_FKMIyMd_ubSk7k4rw4SdTMQ
Cut out zinc-carbon cell
http://images.wisegeek.com/small/inside-of-dry-cell-battery.jpg
63
OBJECTIVES
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Generator Cells
Which cell to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
CREDITS
Solar Hydrogen Fuel Plant
http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQtXn23YHOV2Zea4b6BpLo40WSQ5WlS9wLD8HzONjIujmdkxmZ_
Solar Hydrogen Fuel Pump
http://identiture.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/hydrogen-fuel-pumps.jpeg
Alkaline wet cell battery
http://blog.theautopartsshop.com/tvt_content/uploads/2012/05/automotive-battery.png
64