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Philippe Crist, OECD Love Cycling Go Dutch Conference Newcastle, 5 November 2013 The Economic value of cycling
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£ £ The Economic Value of Cycling
Philippe Crist, International Transport Forum-OECD
Sport Leisure Utilitarian
Value of the cycling economy
Sales (bicycles and accessories), services, infrastructure, employment, tourism.
£53 billion (EU-2010)
Value of the cycling economy
ECF, 2013
• Employment: £514.9 million (+£106.5 taxes) ~23,415 jobs
• Bicycle and accessory sales: £2,478.2 million)
£2.9 billion (UK-2010)
Value of the cycling economy
LSE, 2012
Sport Leisure Utilitarian
In a city of many cyclists, why do they ride? Copenhageners’ reasons for cycling to and from work (multiple answers)
56% it’s faster 37% more convenient
29% healthy 26% inexpensive
12% well-being, good start to day 9% new job/ relocation
5% environmental concerns City of Copenhagen, 2012
is for people who want to go fast over short distances
10-15 km/hr Average speed in European urban centres at peak periods
15 km/hr (Lyon)
12-14 km/hr (Dublin)
Prudhomme and Bocarejo, 2005, City of Paris, 2012, Jensen et al, 2010
39% of all trips < 2 miles
Short Distance Trip Market: United Kingdom 2005-2010
DFT
67% of all trips < 5 miles
Short Distance Trip Market: United Kingdom 2005-2010
DFT
Short Distance Trip Market: United Kingdom 2005-2010
67% of all trips < 5 miles
37% Car share of all trips that are <5 miles
DFT
Short Distance Trip Market: United Kingdom 2005-2010
67% of all trips < 5 miles
37% Car share of all trips <5 miles
2% Bicycle share of all trips <5 miles
DFT
Short Distance Trip Market: United Kingdom 2005-2010
57% of all car trips are less than 5 miles
DFT
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Trip length (miles)
Mode Share by Trip Length Netherlands United Kingdom
DFT, SWOV, OVG/OViN
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
What mode was replaced by Shared Bicycle use?
ORBIS
is for people who cannot afford to be late
Reliability key performance indicator for urban traffic
At peak periods, small reductions in traffic deliver disproportionate reductions in congestion: -1% traffic calculated to reduce travel time for all by up to 18% (Boston-MIT)
Wang, P, et al, 2012: doi:10.1038/srep01001
is for shops who want steady return patronage
Shops benefit from an environment that is attractive, encourages return visits and maximises customer loyalty.
Who spends what in shops?
15.4 15.3
11.0 6.8
Revenue in Copenhagen shops and supermarkets by mode of transport (DKK billion/yr)
City of Copenhagen
Retail revenue per square foot and per hour of occupied parking (Melbourne)
$A 0.69
$A 0.19
Lee, 2008
is for people who value urban lifestlyes & choices
Jeff Judge, Co-founder and CEO
15 employees, 2,7M rev.
“The first thing I looked at was what the bike infrastructure was like. It’s so important to me. Cities that invest in biking infrastructure are going to win."
Tami Door, President, Downtown
Denver Partnership, Inc.
“The number one thing [tech companies] want is bike lanes. Ten years ago we never would have thought that walkability or bike lanes would be economic development tools”
“The benefit of a bike-friendly worksite is simply that these days, valuable workers seem to prefer it…. any company that doesn't include it in its company culture is making a mistake”
Jay Haladay, Owner and CEO, 450 employees,
$100 M rev.
a Viewpoint Construction Software Company
is for people who enjoy good health
on balance, the monetised benefits from improved health are up to
greater than the combined health
impacts of crashes and exposure to air pollution
20x
Making cyclists safe in the current traffic system?
Making the system safe for (new and existing) cyclists?
of Paris streets 30km or lower
Newcastle upon Tyne Tracks & Lanes
Antwerp, BE Tracks & Lanes
Bremen, DE Tracks & Lanes
Nantes, FR Tracks & Lanes
Sevilla, ES Tracks & Lanes
Copenhagen, DK Tracks & Lanes
Infrastructure costs
0.4 Million USD/km. Copenhagen (2009)
1.6 Million USD/km. Copenhagen (2009)
City of Copenhagen, 2012 NACTO, 2012
£18.7 per capita per year
City of Copenhagen’s annual cycling infrastructure and maintenance budget
City of Copenhagen,
Antw
erp,
BE
Brem
en, D
E
Nan
tes,
FR
Sevi
lle, E
S
Cope
nhag
en, D
K
New
cast
le up
on T
yne
1% (2010)
26% (2012)
7% (2013)
5% (2012)
25% (2008)
23% (2010)
41% Newcastle households with no car
UK Census 2011
On balance: benefits and costs
13:1 average benefit to cost ratio (UK and non UK)
8-33% Rates of return for cyclist bridge and intersection re-design in Copenhagen
Sensitive to context, assumptions (health, modal transfer) and costs – but….
ECF, 2013, Cavill et al, 2008, City of Copenhagen
