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INTRODUCTORY PHARMACOLOGY PRESENTATIONBY
DR. ABDULRAHMAN BELLO (DVM , MSc)
Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University,
Sokoto, Nigeria.
E-mail:[email protected]. +234(0)8039687589.
07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 1
PharmacologyIntroduction
07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 2
Key TopicsHow are drugs described and referenced?What are the relevant drug laws and
regulations?What are the factors affecting how drugs are
given?What are some of the key terms?
07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 3
Drug DescriptionsNamesSourcesFormsReference MaterialsComponents of Drug Profiles
07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 4
Drug NamesChemical Name: 2-(diethylamino)-2’,6’-
acetooxylid monohydrochloride monohydrate.
07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 5
NotParticularlyUseful!
NotParticularlyUseful!
Drug NamesGeneric Name: lidocaine hydrochlorideOfficial Name: Lidocaine Hydrochloride, USPBrand (Trade) Name: Xylocaine®
07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 6
MuchMoreUseful
MuchMoreUseful
Drug ReferencesUSPPDRDrug InsertsNursing Drug ReferencesPocket Field GuidesDigital Guides
Jeff’s Pharmacology Reviewhttp://www.templejc.edu/ems/drugs/
PharmIndex.html
07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 7
Components of a Drug ProfileNamesClassification
(including prototype)Mechanism of ActionKineticsIndicationsContraindications
Side EffectsInteractionsRoutes of
AdministrationDosageHow SuppliedSpecial
Considerations
07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 8
Drug LawsPure Food and Drug Act of 1906Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938
Durham-Humphrey AmendmentsComprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and
Control Act of 1970
07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 9
Controlled SubstancesSchedule I High abuse potential with risk of
severe dependence; no medical use.
Schedule II High abuse potential with risk ofsevere dependence. Some medicalindications
Schedule III Moderate abuse potential with riskof moderate to low physicaldependence and/or highpsychological dependence.
Schedule IV Low abuse potential with limitedrisk of dependence.
Schedule V Lowest abuse potential with limiteddependence risks.
State and Local Laws‘Scope of Practice’ LawsResponsibility vs Authority of Medical
Direction
07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 11
Drug StandardizationAssaysBioequivalenceBioassayUSP is the official standard
07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 12
Research and DevelopmentKey points from FDA handout
Purpose?What are controls? What are the phases? What is an IND? An NDA?Why is skepticism important?
07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 13
Handout Source: http://www.fda.gov/fdac/special/newdrug/testing.html
Six Rights of Medication Administration
Right MedicationRight DoseRight TimeRight RouteRight PatientRight Documentation
07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 14
Pregnancy ConsiderationsIncreased maternal HR, CO and blood volume
May affect absorption, distribution, effectiveness
Drugs may cross placentaDrugs may cross into breast milkTertatogens
07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 15
Pregnancy CategoriesA: controlled studies in pregnancy (<1 %).B: animal studies show no risk; Inadequate
human data.C: animal studies show risk, inadequate
human data.D: human data show risk, benefit may
outweigh risk.X: animal or human data positive for risk.
Use unwarranted.
07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 16
Pediatric Considerations Oral absorptionThinner skin ( topical absorption) Plasma protein concentration
Free protein-bound drug availability Extracellular fluid in neonateAltered metabolic rates Elimination/metabolismBSA/weight based dosing important!
07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 17
Geriatric Considerations Oral absorption Plasma protein concentration Muscle mass, body fat Liver/renal functionMultiple drugsMultiple diseases
07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 18
Some TerminologyReceptor affinityEfficacy1° vs. 2nd
messengersUp vs. down
receptor regulationAgonist vs.
antagonist-lytic vs. -mimetic
Inhibition (antagonism)Competitive vs.
noncompetitive vs. irreversible
Allergic reactionIdiosyncrasyTolerance
07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 19
More TerminologyCross toleranceTachyphylaxisCumulative effectDependenceDrug interactionsSummation (1+1=2)
Additive effect
Synergism (1+1=3)PotentiationInterference
07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 20
Basics of Drug ClassificationKnowledge groupingPrototype drugPredictive value
07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 21
Drug ClassificationBy chemistry
electrolytesBy mechanism
Beta blockersbenzodiazepines
By diseaseantihypertensivesAntiemetics
07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 22
ResourcesClinical Pharmacology 2000
http://cp.gsm.com/default.aspUniversity of Kansas Medical Center
http://www.kumc.edu/AMA-MSS/study/pharmacology.htm
Infomed Online!http://www.infomed.org/index-e.html
Mosby’s GenRX http://www.genrx.com/genrxfree/Top_200_2000/
Top_200_2000.html
07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 23
ResourcesHardin MD (Meta-Directory)
http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/hardin/md/pharm.html
Top 200 Prescription Drugshttp://www.rxlist.com/top200.htm
Medline Plus: Consumer Information on Prescription Drugshttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/
druginformation.htmlFDA Online (Testing Drugs in People)
http://www.fda.gov/fdac/special/newdrug/testing.html
07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 24
