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BY UMAIR RASOOL AZMI
Pesticides and their Application
Course contents
Pesticide.Classification of Pesticide.• Based on toxicity.• Based on mode of entry.• Based on mode of action.• Based on chemical structure.Qualities of a good pesticide.Pesticide bottle Examination.Field application.• Apparatus.• Precautions.• Hazards.
Pesticide
A pesticide is a chemical used to kill pests.
Pest is any organism that threatens human directly by creating annoyance or indirectly by damaging our crops .
Classification of Pesticide
Insecticide: To kill insects.Herbicide: To kill herbs.Weedicide: To kill weeds.Fungicide: To kill Fungi.Bactericide: To kill Bacteria.Acaricide/Miticide: To kill Mites.Nematocide: To kill Nematodes.Rodenticide: To kill Rodents.
Classification based on Toxicity
Toxicity refers to “degree to which a substance can damage an organism.”
It is measured in LD50 and LC50.
Oral toxins: kill through oral cavity or Stomach.Dermal toxins: kill through Skin.Respiratory toxins: kill through respiratory
System.
Classification based on Mode of Entry
How a chemical enters into the insect body cavity?
Stomach poison.Contact Poison.Systemic Poison.Fumigant Poison.Trans-laminar Poison.
Classification based on Mode of Action
How a pesticide acts after entering in body of insect?
• Nerve Poison.• Muscle Poison.• Physical Poison.• Metabolic Poison.
Classification based on chemical structure
Based on chemical structure Pesticides are of five types:
1. Organochlorine (DDT, Chlordane).2. Organophosphate (Profenofos, Chloropyrifos).3. Carbamates (Carbaril, Carbosulfan, Carbofuran).4. Pyrethrides (Bifenthrine, Lambda-cyhalothrine).5. New chemistry (Imedacloprid, Acetamiprid, Leufenuron,
Amamactin etc.).
Classification based on Formulation
Formulation is the mixture of active and inactive ingredient in a specific proportion for specific purposes.
Solid FormulationsLiquid FormulationsGas Formulations
Solid Formulations
Soluble PowderWet-able PowderDustGranulesBaitsSlow Release Tablets
Liquid Formulations
Emulsifable ConcentrateFlow-able ConcentratesAerosolSolution• Low Concentrate• High Concentrate• Ultra Low Volume
Gas Formulations
FogSmoke
Qualities of a Good PesticideHighly potent.Quick Knockdown Effect.Broad Spectrum Activity.Cheap.Compatible with other pesticides.Non inflammable/ Non corrosive.Not off taste the crop.Easy Formulation.Optimum Residue Persistence.Least environmental pollution.Non-Phototoxic.Low possibility of insect Resistance.Activation in insects.Safe for beneficial Insects.
Examining Pesticide Bottle Label
Apparatus for Application
About Nozzles.Knap Sack Sprayer.ULV Sprayer.Compressed Sprayer.Boom Sprayer.
Nozzles
Nozzle Spray Angle Pressure (bars)
Drop size Target
Hollow Cone 65-110 3 100-150 Cotton foliage
Solid Cone 25-70 3 100-200 Spot treatment
Variable Cone
0-110 3-10 100-200 Orchards
Flat-Fan 80-110 2-3 200-250 Pre-emergence
Flood Jet 90-140 1-2 Less than 250
Post-emergence
Dual Fluid 90-140 1-2 Less than 250
Foliage emergence
Knap Sack Sprayer
Components:• Main body• Straps• filler hole• Pump• Pump handle• Pressure chamber• Hose pipe• Trigger• Lance• Nozzle
Working: When a stroke is made, pressure is created in pressure
chamber. When trigger is pushed, the pesticide solution is ejaculated with a pressure. The drop size depends upon the type of nozzle attached.
Ultra Low Volume Sprayer
Vegetable oil is used instead of water.
It is battery operated.
Drop Drift chances are very low due to high density of oil.
Pesticide consumption is very low 0.6-4.7liters per acre.
Compressed Sprayer
It is used in Gardens. It has a big lance and also
has high pressure as compared
to a normal sprayer.
Boom Sprayer
It is used at large scale. Battery operated. High pressure pump. Auto-leveling mechanism in field.
Precautions
Pesticides are chemicals use them carefully.Wear gloves, cowboy shoes and mask while application.Wear the straps properly and keep lance at 1ft. to the
height of the plant.Only use a pesticide according to recommended dose.Do not make mixture of any kind of pesticides unless it is
recommended.When using Herbicides/Weedicides spray a row only
once as these chemicals can burn plants.After application wash the tank properly.In case of any personnel accident, take the victim to a
doctor immediately along with pesticide bottle.
Hazards
Killing of natural enemies.Insect Resistance problems.Residual hazards.Upsetting of natural balance.• Air pollution–-water pollution—Soil pollution.
Hazards to personnel and domestic animals.High cost of pesticides, labour, Maintenance of
equipments.