PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

Jovelyn Laguiawan and John Mark PanganibanPrepared by:

Introduction to personality development

and human relations

CHAPTER 1

Personality Development – What is it?

Personality

came to a Greek term “persona” which means mask(a mask is commonly known by humans as a device used to disguise themselves form anybody whenever and wherever they go).

the sum of such characteristics as they impress or tend to impress others.

it is an excellent or distinctive trait of character, sociability etc.

Development

the act of developing or the state or condition of being developed.

a progressive changes, which occur as a result of maturation and experience

Personality Development - refers to sequential changes in the different aspects of personality, namely: physical, intellectual, character, temperament or emotional, social and spiritual aspects of man.

Relations Between Personality Development and Human

Relations

In the real world, personality development and human relations always go hand-in-hand. The development of one’s personality can affect one’s social relations.

Human beings have complexities merely that knowing intrapersonal development is not enough. Understanding it at the same time could even give you headache. To fully understand the complexities surrounding the nature of man, one needs a thorough and close study of how human beings interact with the society they live in. thus, the study of personality development comes in context with society and its component.

Myths About Personality

1.Personality is nothing but physical appearance

This is one type of myth where the opinion of one person is based on another one’s physical appearance.

2. Personality is nothing but intellectual prowess

This is one type of myth where the false opinion of one person is limited to another one’s intellectual abilities.

3. Personality is nothing but pseudo science

This one type of myth where the unproven belief of one person is attributed to a lot of pseudo science(Pseudo Science is also known as Para-science which uses a method to judge one’s personality).a.Phrenology - This type of pseudo science explains that the shape of one’s skull reveals one’s personality.b.Graphology - This is a type of pseudo science that explains how the lines criss-crossing one’s hands reflect one’s personality.

c.Astrology - This is a type of pseudo science that explains how the location and pattern of heavenly bodies shape one’s personality.

d.Physiognomy - This is a type of pseudo science that explains how the structure and expression on one’s physique reveals his/her personality

e.Numerology - This type of pseudo science explains that the numbers pertaining to one’s birth date have a bearing on one’s personality.

It is already a widely-known fact that personality is composed of many aspects. However, prevent as we may, there are still instances that we made wrong opinions towards other’s personality, and these opinions are what we call myths. Myth is “unproven or false belief”.

Psychodynamics of Personality

Psychodynamics of Personality is composed of the Id, Ego, and Superego which tackle the individual’s inner motivation and why they are acting in such a manner

a.Id - The most primitive among the three forces. Also known as the “pleasure principle”. It always seeks for the satisfaction of one’s desires and urges in life while disregarding the reality needs of the individual.

b.Ego - Dominated by social norms and environmental standards. Also known as the “reality principle”. The individual governed by this principle is more apt to good manners and right conduct to go along with the demands of the society.

c.Superego - The third psychic force and known to be one’s conscience. Also known as the moral principle. A person who is dominated by this principle is more rationalized by what is right and what is wrong, and those of parental prohibitions, sanctions and moral concepts.

Objectives of Personality Enhancement

The enhancement of our personality greatly depends on our ability to make ourselves beautiful in the eyes of the people around us. Needless to say, the seasonality of an individual is on his own doing. Whatever the person is right now, is what he made for himself.

The following are some of the objectives of human on why they are trying to enhance their personality:1. Social Acceptance – It is everyone’s wish to be treated in accordance with who they are at present. The reason that people try to modify their personality is for them to gain more friends.2. Social-Satisfaction – It is one’s desire to feel contented with oneself. People who are contented with themselves are more positive and friendly in dealing with others.3. Self-Confidence – It is the ability of a person to deal with anybody on different situations without hesitation. This is one positive attitude that a person fosters when he is with somebody.

Agents in Developing Personality

1. Family - This basic unit of society is also the basic foundation of personality development. This is where all the firsts of a particular individual evolve. A child learns everything that he/she needs to learn before facing the harshness of reality outside the safety of home.2. School - This is formalized agent of personality development which seeks obedience from its members for individuals to achieve their goal of developing humans that possess a socially-approved knowledge, skills, values, attitudes and general orientations of the society.

3. Church – This is a different formalized agent of personality formation where the rules stipulated are not made by humans but by Divine Providence within which people are expected to abide.4. Peer Group – This is a type of agent in the formation of personality where no specific rules are laid for the so-called enjoyment of its members.5. Mass Media – This is another influential agent in the formation of one’s personality through the use of some devices such as television, radio etc. whatever the widely accepted by known personalities in the media, the person influenced by this agent will imitate.

Aspects of

Personality

CHAPTER 2

Physical and Intellectual Aspect

Physical Aspect

(also known as biological or physiological aspect) is composed of all the external attributes of an individual such as hair, skin, eyes, nose, mouth, ears, height, and others that the parents can genetically transmit to their children.

Heredity which is known as the transmission of genetic characteristics of parents to offspring, greatly contributes to one’s physiological attribute.

Intellectual Aspect

(also known as cognitive or psychological aspect) describes one’s ability to express himself with his wide range of ideas, values and alertness to everything that surrounds him.

Heredity also allows for the genetic transmission of the parents intellect to their children. This aspect of heredity focuses on the individual’s mental capacity or Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Moral and Temperamental Aspect

Moral Aspect

Focuses on the knowledge of what is right and what is wrong. An individual does not inherit character soon after he/she is born. Character is developed as soon as an individual acquires the ability to grasp concepts or standards of good manners and right conduct.

Temperamental Aspect

(also known as emotional aspect) explains one’s sentiments or feelings towards something or someone on a given situation or instances. Children do inherit some of their parent’s emotions but does not necessarily express the same emotions the way their parents do.

Social and Spiritual Aspect

Social Aspect

seen primarily on the extent of a certain individual to deal with other people around them by observing the protocol of human relations. Or the so-called social etiquette. That is greatly affected by his enhanced physiological state, intellectual keenness, emotional maturity and faith. When properly developed, this aspect could result to a more socially flexible person who is prepared to meet the various situations in life.

Spiritual Aspect

This aspect is further developed in the environment through religious affiliations and practices that molds an individual. It is about the belief of people in worshipping a Divine Being. It holds that there is a Divine Power that sees all undertakings here on earth.

Theories of

Personality Development

CHAPTER 3

Stages of Development Types

Quantitative Development

Comes from the Latin word “quantus” which means how large. This type of development involves quantity or numbers which to refer to age(a series of numbers that pertains to how old a certain individual is from the time they were conceive in the womb to the time of senescence).

Is a stage of chronological development of humans that involves numbers.

Qualitative Development

Comes from the Latin word “qualis” which means such a kind. It pertains to one’s maturity. This type of development involves the level of maturity of an individual in terms of cognition, moral reasoning, psychosocial, and psychosexual development.

It is the weight of maturity of a person in all the aspects of personality.

Quantitative Stages of Development

Physiological Stages of Development1. Beginning of Life - Life begins as soon as male sex cell, spermatozoa, which are produced by the testes and a female sex cell, the ova, which are produced by the ovaries unite.2. Babyhood - it is the beginning or the early period of existence as individual. This stage usually covers the first two years of one’s life.

--Infancy is known as the time of true foundation of age. It is known to be the most critical phase of developing personality because this is the time when the child learns a lot, acquire skills, and develop emotions.

3. Childhood - this is the stage where a lot of people think that childhood is the longest among all the stages of development. It is a time when a child is considered helpless and dependent on others.

--Early Childhood in this stage the child is 3-6 years old. The child has somehow developed his/her personality and unconsciously acquires more through the help of those people with whom he/she shows some interests.

--Late Childhood the child’s age range from 7-13 years old. This stage of development shows the kids in earnest interests with their peers.

4. Adolescence - This stage starts at a time a person reaches the age of 14-17. This stage is considered as a transitional stage where a person becomes physically, emotionally, and psychologically mature yet immature still in a lot of ways. This is known to be a problem age where adolescents are too eager to improve their personalities in the hope of advancing their status in the social group they belong and a time for identity confusion.5. Adulthood - This is the longest stage among all the stages. It is composed of 3 stages:

--Early Adulthood this stage extends from the time a person enters the age of 18-40. this is the stage where people settle down and reproduce. This often entails a lot of vocational and family pressures on the individual resulting to a restriction on them to stay at work and with their family members thus providing a lesser social activities.

--Middle Age this stage extends from the time a person reaches the age of 41-49. This is a very critical stage to self-evaluation whereby people realize their achievement and boredom.

--Senescent this stage covers the time a person reaches the age of sixty to death. This is where physiological and psychological changes lead to poor adjustments and unhappiness resulting to disengagement in social gatherings.

Qualitative Stages of Development

Jean Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

1. Sensorimotor Stage - This stage starts from birth to 2nd year of an individual’s life. This is the stage where an infant’s medium of learning is through senses, such as what the baby sees, hears, feels, smells, and tastes. The muscle coordination of the babies also develop.2. Preoperational Stage - This stage covers 2nd- 7th year of one’s lifespan. The children get increased intellectual abilities and motor coordination. They acquire the capacity to reason out and see the relationship of the things around them. 3. Concrete Operational Stage - This stage covers 7-11 years. This is the time where learning widens, children start to enter school and ambiguous or tenuous concepts during childhood become specific and concrete.4. Formal Operational Stage - The individual is at this stage when he/she reaches the age ranging from eleven to the time before death. This is where people have reached the stage of intellectual development where they are fully capable to solve certain problems and can reason on the basis of hypothesis or propositions.

Lawrence Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning

1. Preconventional Morality- Moral development at this level is very low since children at this phase are not yet fully developed when it comes to their intellectual abilities. Their limited intellectual abilities leads them to confusion in grasping abstract principles of right and wrong.

--Punishment Stage the child is bound by obedience and punishment orientation where they judge actions as right or wrong in terms of the punishment they will get if they don’t obey.

--Reward Orientation the children obey rules to get rewards.

2. Conventional Morality- This level is also known as the morality of conventional rules and conformity .

--The Good boy/Good girl Orientation children conform to rules just to win the approval of others and maintain harmonious relationship.

--The Authority Orientation children conform to laws set by the authorities because they are socially accepted and followed to avoid social disapproval and censure.

3. Postconventional Morality- The third level of moral development where an individual establishes self-imposed principles.

--Social Control Orientation the individual believes that there should be flexible moral beliefs which one can modify to work harmoniously with other group members whose sense of morality is opposite his/hers.

--Ethical Principle Orientation individuals try to internalize ideals in order to avoid self- condemnation rather than social censure by conforming to socially accepted standards. Known as the stage of respect for others over personal desires.

Eric Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

He once stated that “Childhood is the scene of man’s beginning as man, the place where our particular virtues and vices slowly but clearly develop and make themselves felt”. With this he means that the manner by which the child is brought up during his childhood years determines what he will become in the future.

As the child grows, his environment widens. The wide environment entails a lot of virtues to keep him going. Whatever quality he have acquired at home will eventually be revealed when he faces the world outside.

In the latter part of childhood, he begins to search for his identity. As explained by Erickson “Identity means a sense of being able to function as a separate person but with a close relationship to others.

When early adulthood sets in, “intimacy” or “isolation” begins where man and woman feel the need for a companion or someone to be with. This is the stage when adults establish warm, intimate relationship with others, and make better personal and social adjustment.

By the time an individual reaches middle age, which is known as the time of achievement, he said that people would either enter “generativity”(tendency to produce) or “stagnation”(tendency to stand still). People will either continue to work and produce more achievement or stay where they are and accomplish nothing.

Whatever an individual learn during his middle age, she will bring until old age for the lessons become the guiding virtue to whether a person will exude respect and integrity or despair and regret in old age.

Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development1. Oral Phase - This is the first stage of psychosexual development. It describes the child’s development during the first 18 months of life. It is called oral phase as it describes that an infant’s pleasure centers in the mouth.2. Anal Phase - The next stage is centered around the rectum, but can also include bladder function. This phase usually covers one year to three years of age. In this stage, children learn to control the expulsion of waste causing their sexual desire to become focused in this area.

-- a child with Expulsive Character does the malicious excretion either just before he is place on the toilet or jest after he is removed form the toilet.

-- a child who has a Retentive Character takes pleasure in holding in the feces in spite of his parents training.

3. Phallic Phase - at 3-6 years of age, the sexual energy shifts from the anal region to the genital region. At this phase, the Oedipus or Electra complex develops. The Oedipus complex is the central psychoanalytical dynamic in this period for men; the Electra complex for women.4. Latency Phase - This period begins when the child reaches the age of 6 and ends with puberty starts. The child begins to make connections to siblings, other children, and adults. This phase is typified by a solidifying of the habits that the child developed in the earlier stages.5. Genital Phase – once puberty starts, the genital stage commences, allowing the child to develop opposite sex relationships with the libidinal energy again focused on the genital area. According to Freud, if any of the stages are fixated on, there is not enough libidinal energy for this stage to develop untroubled.

Physical Aspect:An Analysis

CHAPTER 4

Visual Poise and Figure Control

Visual Poise -a person who exudes confidence moves with so much ease and grace.

1. Standing - The graceful way of standing, most especially for ladies, is achieved through the basic foot position or the basic hesitation position because it relaxes the legs.

2. Walking - Do not forget to maintain proper body alignment when you start to walk and always step off with your front or show foot.

3. Sitting - Always sit and rise with the help of your thigh muscles.

Figure Control

Understanding your body. To bear with good posture, one must first understand his body and how it is formed. If an individual knows his body mechanisms, the task of each muscle and how his body generally works, he will know what will happen if any of the body part does not perform properly

Types of Muscles and Types of Posture Problems

Types of Muscles1. Striated Muscles - these muscles are called as such because of its striped-liked feature. These voluntary muscles primarily work for the skeletal system, that is why they are also known as skeletal muscles.

2. Smooth Muscles - These muscles are known for its fairly smooth surfaced feature. These involuntary muscles primarily work for the internal organs of the body.

3. Cardiac Muscles – they are called cardiac muscles because their primordial responsibility is only intended for the heart. This muscles has the strongest quality of muscles because it contracts more slowly but its response lasts relatively longer.

Types of Posture Problems

1. Kyphosis - a posture problem showing symptoms such as head thrusting forward and shoulders drooping or hunched forward.

2. Lordosis – a posture problem showing symptoms such as stomach protruding and buttocks protruding in back, like a “back porch”

3. Scoliosis and Buttocks Protruding – a posture problem showing the most symptoms among the three such as head thrusting forward, shoulders drooping or hunching forward, bust line drooping, chest spear to be caved-in etc.

Ways to have a Better Diet

1. Eat slowly

2. Eat when you are hungry

3. Less food on your plate

4. Drink a glass of water or more

5. Omit salt or use it scarcely

6. Don’t use sugar in beverages

7. Never use butter, margarine, oil, cream, fats, mayonnaise, or rich dressing unless prescribed in your diet

8. Avoid concentrated rich food

9. Taste the forbidden food but don’t eat it

10. No second helping

11. More activity, less sleep

12. Beware of saying “I eat like a bird”

13. Day of deprivation

14. Stop at your idea weight

15. Speak up “I’m on a diet”

Make-Up and The Inside Beauty

Make-UpEverybody has his or her unique facial features that need not be concealed by any facial colorings. There are only a few people who have the ability to stay attractive minus all the colorings of the so-called make-up. People use make-up for several reasons like:1. It helps some people to hide the flaws they have in their facial features.2. Use it out of curiosity.3. Enhance the beauty they already have.

The Inside Beauty

Make-up definitely modifies one’s facial beauty, specifically the external physical beauty of a person. The inside beauty of a person is the only thing that make-up cannot change because no matter how beautiful the application of make-up, it can never compensate with one’s inner beauty.

Layers of the Skin and Types of Skin

Layers of the Skin - The skin is the primary part of the human body that serves defense against diseases and injury.

1. Epidermis - it is the outer covering. The characteristic of this layer is mark with wrinkles, ridges, and furrows, and obscured with openings called pores through which perspiration passes out of the body.

2. Dermis - this layer contains nerve cells, blood vessels, connective tissues, sebaceous glands, and some of the hair follicles and fats.

3. Hypodermis - inner layer of the skin, otherwise known as subcutaneous tissue, which consist of fatty tissues, blood vessels, sweat glands, and smooth muscles.

Types of Skin1. Normal - This type of skin is characterized by velvety, smooth and clear texture, although perfect, this skin must be kept thoroughly clean so that no problem will ever arises.

2. Oily - this skin type is often abrasive in texture with a possibility to produce large pores around the nose that often result to blackheads or blemishes.

3. Dry - This type of skin is often coarse or papery to touch that relatively becomes flushed or tender and manifests wrinkles easily around the eyes and mouth.

Wardrobing

Psychology of Colors1. Red - It expresses hostilities, fury, violence, hate, anger, and sin. But it also represents love, beauty, happiness and cheerfulness.

2. Yellow - this expresses weakness, jealousy and envy. Also suggest positivism, magnificence, intelligence, gold and prosperity.

3. Blue - a calm, humble color illustrating divinity, reputation, and honesty. It has diminishing qualities that suggest depression or loneliness, often referred to as the blues.

4. Green – it is soothing to the eyes and nerves as it symbolized healthy environment, youth, contentment, success and serenity.

5. Purple - Presents regality, grief, sorrow, exhaustion, or somberness.

6. White- is the insignia of hope and love, denoting the beauty, happiness, innocence and decency

7. Black - is bitter, sad, depressing and mysterious, expressing distress, grief and insecurity.

Color Harmony1. Hue/Tone - This is the interchange with “color”

2. Primary colors - Represents the three fundamental hues.

3. Secondary colors - result when two primary colors are combined in equal amounts.

4. Intermediate colors - represents hues resulting from the combination of primary colors and secondary colors.

5. Staple colors - tones of fundamental clothing

6. Neutral colors - tones of fundamental clothing

7. Warm colors - colors that advance and which make objects appear larger

8. Cool colors - colors that recede and make objects appear smaller

9. Cast - the inclination toward a color as the underlying color within a color

10. Under tone - the stronger, more dominant color within an intermediate color

11. Dark colors - hues with a lot of black than colors

12. Deep colors - full strong hues, no absence of color, and little or no black.

Factors to Consider in Selecting Colors

*Skin tone

*Hair color

*Eye color

*Figure

*Personal choice

Laws of Having a Good Style

Memorize every angle of your body.

Never repeat clothing that does not flatter your figure

Use clothing with lines & colors that give a perfect impression

Make sure that your clothes fit

Basic Wardrobe Lines

1. Plain Lines - basic wardrobe line that is commonly used for all type of figures and heights.

2. Princess Lines - gives illusion that a certain figure has a pleasing shape and height.

3. Vertical Lines - gives illusion that an individual has taller and slimmer figure.

4. Horizontal Lines - gives an illusion that an individual has shorter and fuller figure

5. Vee Lines - curve line that gives an illusion that an individual has taller and slimmer figure

6. Inverted Vee Line - curve line that gives an illusion that an individual has shorter and fuller figure.

Hair Styling

Hair Myths

1. Everyday shampooing of one’s hair is bad.

2. Brushing your hair every evening for 100 times is good.

3. Vigorous massaging of scalp is good.

4. Providing the hair externally with vitamins and minerals is good.

5. Vigorous drying of your hair with towel is good.

Solutions to Hair Problem

1. Dull and lifeless hair- to restore luster to dull and lifeless hair, your need to have a good health, do gentle brushing, use lots of conditioners and hair protection and thoroughly rinse hair after shampooing.

2. Split Ends - if you don’t have time to go to the parlor for a trim, try to mix equal parts of mayonnaise and soy sauce. Rinse thoroughly after half an hour.

3. Dandruff - This is a scale formed by dead cells that are about to peel off. For you to get rid of it, you have to gently brush the areas with dandruff and rinse your hair thoroughly.

4. Falling Hair - There is no need to be afraid when you see hair falling because it is normal. But, if your hair is falling into groups from the same area, you have to consult a dermatologist.

Intellectual Aspect:

An Analysis

CHAPTER 5

Techniques in Gaining Intellectual Growth

Acquiring Positive Thinking

1. Act, walk, talk and think like the person you wish to become.

2. Seize successful, positive thoughts in your wits.

3. Exude an air of well-being, confidence, and purpose.

4. Deal with everyone as the most important person on earth.

5. Let others feel needed, important, and appreciated.

6. Think that everyone is best.

7. Don’t brag about your bad health.

8. Look everywhere for best new ideas.

9. Avoid pettiness.

10. Cultivate a spirit of giving.

Outlining a Better Vision

1. Identify your vision.

2. Analyze your present life condition.

3. Substitute all the little options for the one big vision.

4. Modify your personal growth to your vision.

5. Expose yourself to successful people.

6. Frequently express your belief in your vision.

7. Expect resistance to your vision.

8. Eliminate negative thinkers as close friends.

9. Discover every possible opportunity to fulfill your vision.

10. Surpass normal expectations.

11. Assist others who have a similar vision.

Outlining a Better Goal

1. Crystallize your mindset.

2. Create a plan for acting your goal and a deadline for its achievement.

3. Cultivate a sincere desire for the things your want in life.

4. Produce supreme confidence in yourself and your own abilities.

5. Build a dogged determination to follow through on your plan.

Time Management

1. Learn to walk in blocks of

time.

2. Avoid daydreaming,

procrastination, and laziness.

3. Determine your priorities.

4. Maintain your priorities.

5. Act on your priorities.

Stress, Frustrations, and Conflict

What is Stress?

A physical, mental, and emotional strain causing people to feel depressed and frustrated.

Stress Factors

1. Physical Factor - involves strain on the biological or external attributes resulting to hindrance in attaining one’s goal.

2. Mental Factor - involves apprehension of a person in intellectual ability to complete one’s task.

3. Social Factor – involves incapability of a person to harmoniously relate or interact with other people.

What is Frustration?

Is the result of one’s impediment or incapability to completed his desired goals or ambitions that is caused by stressful events or conflicts.

What is Conflict?

The instance where we have to choose between two or more synchronized appearance of incompatible or mutually special goals or desires.

Types of Conflict

1. Double-approach conflict - also known as “approach-approach conflict”. People are faced with both choices that appear to them a mutually positive.

2. Double-avoidance conflict - also known as “avoidance-avoidance conflict”. People will have to think harder or else they will come up with the worst effect because the choices that appear at once are both incompatible or negative.

3. Approach-Avoidance conflict – also known as “negative-positive conflict”. People will have to choose between negative or positive valences of choice or get stuck with a choice that results to a bad choice.

4. Multiple conflict - also known as “double approach-avoidance conflict”. The most difficult among types of conflict. You will think it unbelievable but people usually come up upon this type.

Pointers to Overcome Stress, Frustrations and Conflict

1. Cultivate a proper outlook.

2. Stop running from risks.

3. Succeed in your areas of

strength.

4. Prevent the rat race.

5. Dismount from the path of

overwork.

6. Produce strong conviction.

7. Give up your rights.

8. Reprogram your mind.

9. Turn your focus outward.

10. Unload stressful events to

someone.

11. Find a fun way to release

stress.

Defense Mechanism

Defense Mechanism

unconscious attempts of an individual to guard himself against the risk of breaking down of the ego and to alleviate the tension and anxiety resulting from unsolved frustrations and conflicts.

Types of Defense Mechanism

1. Compensation - a type where the individual concentrates on a certain activity with an increased vigor in an attempt to make up for some feeling of real or imagined inadequacy.

--Direct Compensation is where an individual conceives vigorous yearning to succeed in an area with which he experienced failure or inferiority.

--Indirect Compensation is where the individual tries to excel in a different field when there has been a failure in another.

2. Fantasy - known as daydreaming. An individual makes some imaginary activities that provide escape to some poor and frustrating reality which give satisfaction as he obtains imagined achievement and success.

3. Identification - this is where an individual relates or associates himself closely with the behavior of another individual or groups. It is also the mechanism in which the individual boosts his confidence by designing himself after another person.

4. Projection - an individual characterizes his own unfavorable traits or impulses to another.

5. Repression - an individual unconsciously eliminates an undesirable memory or excludes disturbing sexual and aggressive impulses form consciousness.

6. Regression - an individual’s action or behavior is like a trait of earlier stage.

7. Procrastination - an individual delays or puts off an unpleasant task.

8. Displaced Aggression - the individual switches a less intimidating object for the original object or an impulse.

9. Rationalization - an individual uses logical reason whenever an action or event hurts them.

-- Sweet Lemon process where the individual says that what he has is just what he wants.

-- Sour-Grape process where the individual says something bad to objects thae he cannot have but actually like.

--Escape Goat process where the individual tries to avoid the problems which unendingly bug him.

10. Denial - an individual refuses to recognize the presence of danger

or threatening condition.

11. Reaction Formation - the individual expresses overstated ideas and

emotions that are contradictory to the present disturbing unconscious

impulses and desires.

12. Sublimation - individual re-channels sexual and aggressive energy

into pursuit that society considers acceptable and even admirable.

Techniques in Gaining Intellectual Respect

Communication

the act of communicating;

exchange of ideas, conveyance

of information, etc.

Is a continuous two-way

process of transmitting

information from one person to

another with the use of

speaking, listening, reading,

and writing.

Classification of Communication

1. Intrapersonal communication

a person tries to communicate with himself or herself and tries to learn something about oneself.

2. Interpersonal communication

a person needs to have significant others to learn and converse with.

People Involved in the Communication Process

1. Sender - This person is also known as the speaker, transmitter, lecturer. This person is the person that initiates the communication process.

2. Receiver - this person is known as the listener, audience, crowd, etc. This is the person that responds and gives feedback to the person who initiates the conversation.

Symbols in the Communication Process

1. Verbal - Words and languages primarily presented this type of symbol. It represents speaking per se.

2. Non-Verbal- presented by all types of expressions, gestures, sign language, writing, drawing, and body languages. It doesn’t need speaking to express one’s emotions, idea or opinion towards something.

Aspects in the Communication Process

Speaking “Language is the Rubicon that divides man from beast”. It is the key factor that separates man from animal.

1. Identify what you want to say.

2. Control fear.

3. Stop talking and Listen.

4. Think before you talk.

5. Believe in your message.

6. Repeat major points.

7. Find out what your listener wants.

Listening

“To make an effort to hear, to pay attention, as to warning or advice”. The hardest part one has to achieve is the art of listening.

1. Prepare to listen.

2. Focus on the speaker.

3. Screen-out distractions.

4. Concentrate on the message.

5. Listen to tapes while you commute

Components of Writing More Effective Letters

1. Write a purpose statement.

2. Get to the point quickly.

3. Explain abstract words.

4. Use gender neutral language.

5. Express emotion.

6. Keep it simple.

7. Be concise.

8. Use short sentences.

Writing

“keeping a journal is like having

a heart to heart talk with

yourself”.

1. Keep a journal.

2. Use an outline.

3. Write personal notes.

4. Write more effectively.

Readinghelps you gain more information and it will surely help you in proper speaking and writing.1. Read.2. Keep up with current events.3. Read something inspirational4. Use the internet.

The Power of Motivation

Motivation Is a continuous process that drives a person to act on something in order to satisfy their needs.

Classification of Motives

1. Lower order need - Physiological need is the other name for this type of order need. It is known as the lower order need since it represents the primordial need of people which satisfies all the basic needs of human such as food, shelter, etc.

2. Higher order need - Otherwise known as the Psychosocial need where the need for satisfaction does not focus on the survival needs of human. It is called as such since it focuses itself in gratifying the needs of human for love and belongingness, accomplishments, etc.

Hierarchy of Needs

1. Physiological needs

known as the basic biological need. This type of need focuses on the survival needs of human.2. Safety and Security needs

this type of need concerns itself with all the needs of human to harmoniously cope with its society.3. Love and Belongingness needs

also known as social need since it concerns itself with the need of humans to be a part if a certain group with which they will feel belong and loved.4. Self-esteem needs

this type of need can only be achieved if an individual has successfully passed the lower order needs of human and has experienced to love and be loved.5. Self-actualization needs

this is the highest and longest to achieve since it focuses on one’s need to self-realize everything that he have gone through and achieved in life.

Reinforcement that Motivates

Reinforcement is a stimulus that strengthens or weakens the behavior that produced it. These actions for people to either continue or eliminate the action.

1. Positive Reinforcement - the action of a certain individual is rewarded for them to maintain and continue it.

2. Negative Reinforcement - involves aversive behavior in order to eliminate or discard a wrong action done by an individual.

Factors that Appeal for Motivation

1. Physical Factor- also known as biological factor. People will do anything to make themselves attractive and prettier.

2. Psychological Factor - a person hungers for personal growth.

3. Social Factor - prioritizes the need for achievement, fulfillment, recognition, and attention.

4. Moral Factor - this is where people work hard on something in answer to their beliefs, interests and intentions.

5. Spiritual Factor- factor with which an individual is guided by a supreme being as he works hard to achieve what is expected of him.

Leadership Abilities

Leadership

is the process by which a person leads and directs somebody towards the achievement of a specific goal. Leader is the person who leads and directs others. Follower the person whom the leaders are directing and leading.

Steps in Becoming a Leader

1. Know thyself.

2. Develop a model of leadership you can strive to achieve.

3. Learn from everything.

4. Create a feedback-rich environment.

5. Find a mentor.

Leadership Factors

1. Consideration- attitude of a leader who shows concern for his constituents.

2. Structure - ability of a leader in setting goals and identifying work schedules and methods.

3. Production Emphasis - leader’s ability in accomplishing the specified work correctly and on time.

4. Sensitivity - ability of a leader in keeping all of his team happy and working harmoniously.

Leadership Styles

1. Dominating Leader - the person leading the team focuses his attention on getting things done according to his plan by giving orders.

2. Negotiating Leader - the person that leads a specific group tries to negotiate with this followers on the basis of a win-win situation.

3. Persuading Leader- a person leading the team must possess vision, good communication, and powerful motivating skills since he has to produce a feeling that can be convincing to everybody.

4. Modeling Leader - Modeling has an enormous impact on people. If people greatly admire somebody with a positive character, and they know how and why they act as such, they might eventually follow.

5. Empowering Leader - the best and highest form of leadership style. The leader builds relationship with this people, communicates his positive vision to them, motivates them to believe they can achieve it, and equips them to accomplish it.

Characteristics of a Leader

1. Leaders enlist the support of others+.

2. Leaders walk their talk.

3. Leaders put their people first.

4. Leaders leverage their resources.

5. Leaders know their followers.

6. Leaders lead.

Steps in Decision-Making

1. Relax, think things over.

before deciding , weight things out first and be sure that you know the consequences of your action.

2. Acknowledge the obvious.

sometimes the simplest and palpable choice is the one least considered.

3. Evaluate the Consequences.

make sure that you have thought all things through or you’ll end up miserable and frustrated.

Decision-Making is the process by which decisions are made, especially important decisions affecting others and made by virtue of one’s office or position; the power or ability to make decisions of consequences.

Moral Aspect: An Analysis

CHAPTER 6

Habit

Habits the unconscious but ingrained actions of humans to things around them in similar point in time. A tendency toward an action or condition, which by repetition become involuntary.

Ways to Eradicate Negative Habits

1. Observe social impression about you.

2. Intensify personal observation of actions.

3. Amplify work loads.

Attitudes

Attitude Is the first quality that marks a successful man. If he has a positive attitude and is a positive thinker, who likes challenges and difficult situations, then he has half his success achieved. a state of mind, behavior, or conduct, it is indicating one’s feelings, opinions, or purposes.1. Intend to improve.2. Visualize.

3. Be flexible.4. Be likable.5. Commit to being truthful.6. Empathize.7. Don’t take yourself too seriously. 8. Eliminate negative feelings.9. Be receptive to new ideas.10. Take responsibility.11. Respect others’ points of view.12. Recognize the impact of stress.13. Be real.14. Check your attitude.

Behavior, Interest and Principle

Ways to Improve Behavior

1. Laugh.

2. Use good manners.

3. Recognize manipulative

behavior.

4. Recognize condescending

manners.

5. Avoid words that hurt.

6. Change abrasive behavior.

7. Handle disagreements with

tact.

Interest “ a feeling of attraction or curiosity about something”.

Principles “ a set of moral standards or rules of conduct, especially, superior standards or rules”.

Behavior “a manner of one’s conduct, deportment, any observable response of an organism to stimuli. It is the result of one’s need to catch the attention of the people around them and be recognized”.

ValuesValues “something regarded as desirable, worthy, or right, as a belief or ideal”. It is the epitome of what is considered as standard and ideal form living. The Filipino Values System1. Bahala na (Fatalistic Outlook) – a type of Filipino values that upholds the belief that in every problem, which cannot be solved by human ability, there is Divine Being who will interfere.2. Utang na Loob (Sense of Gratitude) – returning a favor that others have extended to a certain individual.3. Pakikisama (Desire for Interpersonal Relation) – a person initiatively extends his help or favor to others to keep lasting friendship.4. Hiya (Shyness Orientation) – very evident among people who are new in a certain environment where they cannot let others see their real personality.

5. Amor Propio (Egotism) – a person presents a stature that does not really describe his present status.

6. Bayanihan (Group Help) – shows the Filipinos willingness to extend help to those people who are in need.

7. Mañana Habit (Procrastination) – a Filipino values that tends to delay the completion of work required.

8. Ningas-Kugon (Putting off tomorrow what you can do for today) – Filipinos postpone the things that they plan to do for the next day.

9. Pampalubag-loob (Euphemism) – explains the way an individual sys or does unpleasant truths with pleasantness.

10. Gaya-gaya (Imitating others) – shown when people imitates others ways which they think may be good for them.

Temperamental Aspect:

An Analysis

CHAPTER 7

Emotion

Emotioncame from a Latin term “ emoverse” meaning to stir up or to move. A strong feeling of some kind that impels a person to do something. It is one factor that motivates a person to move and it can be either desirable or undesirable and is said to either make or break a person.

Major Kinds of Emotion

1. Fear - arises when there is suddenness and unfamiliarity of situation where the person involved has difficulty in making decision or action.

2. Anxiety - the person anticipates something that has not existed yet.

3. Worry - grows out of fear. A repetitive action that produce no adjustment whatsoever, since it involves no plan of activity.

4. Anger - arises when the needs of a certain individual is thwarted.

5. Love - arises when a certain individual exudes affection of passion for something or someone.

Effects of Emotion

Psychological Effect

Emotion is one of the responsibilities of the brain. If there are strong emotions that are not fully satisfied, something might happen to one’s psychosocial processes;

1. Positive Effect- emotions can help an individual improve himself and build lasting relationship.

2. Negative Effect- if the emotion is too strong and cannot be controlled by oneself, it may result to negative attitude of an individual.

Physiological Effect

Emotion also affect the biological functioning;

1. Galvanic Skin Responses

2. Blood changes in pressure, volume, and composition.

3. Respiration or breathing cycle.

4. Pupillary responses.

5. Salivary gland secretion is impeded.

6. Muscle tension and tremor.

7. Pilomotor responses or goose bumps.

8. Gastrointestinal motility.

9. Metabolic rate increase

10. Glandular activity increase.

Preventing Emotional Outburst

1. Accept responsibility and achieve work without prejudice.

2. Respect and love others as you respect and love yourself.

3. Be sensitive to the needs and rights of other people.

4. Be flexible and use time, money, and effort in a constructive way.

5. Have a sense of humor and do not take everything seriously.

6. Follow directions and accept criticisms without being offended.

7. Admit that you are currently having an intense emotion.

8. Do not let others know that you experiencing a powerful emotion.

9. Incorporate your emotions with your intellect and determination for you to learn and grow as a person.

Social Aspect:An Analysis

CHAPTER 8

Social Relation: What is it?

Social

Comes from the Latin word “socius” which means ally (an ally that is commonly known by humans as society or associate undergoes a series of interaction to result in some form of bonding). It is composed of people undergoing an interaction in relation to their environment.

Relation Comes from the Latin word “ relatus” which means to bring into connection or relation. It is the connection or interaction of group of individuals in a particular environment.

Social Relation the art of getting along well with other people whenever they interact with each other on a given situation in a particular environment.

Building Harmonious Relationship with Others

1. Speak your mind freely.

2. Don’t fight over something that was already shared.

3. Listen empathically to others.

4. Don’t dominate the discussion.

5. Don’t let the discussion get away from your.

6. Join in a friendly disagreement.

7. Strike while the iron is hot.

8. Try to act what you are saying.

9. Be sensitive to the needs of others.

10. Most especially, try to develop the rarest and hardest art of interaction-the art of LISTENING.

Social vs Real Self

Everyone has a personality.

Therefore, everyone wears a

mask. In Greek, Personality

came from the term “persona”

meaning mask. A mask is

anything that you can wear for

disguise. A mask refers to one’s

“social self”. It is the self that

others see and is projected by

people to hide their “real self”

.

Friendship The one that multiply our joy and divide our grief. They are the ones who build us up when we are about to quit on something that we are not capable to achieve. Some ways to practice the art of friendship;

1. Reach out.

2. Let friendship a priority.

3. Let friends know that you care.

4. Limit criticisms.

5. Evaluate before adding.

6. Never gossip about a friend.

7. Practice loyalty.

8. Be a real friend.

Spiritual Aspect:

An Analysis

CHAPTER 9

Standards for Social Relations

The Greatest Commandments1. Thou shall love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind.

a. Thou shall have no other gods before me.

b. Thou shall not make unto three any graven image, or any likeness of anything that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth.

c. Thou shall not take the name of the LORD thy God in vain; for the LORD will not hold him guiltless that take his name in vain.

d. Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy.

2. Thou shall love thy neighbors as thyself.a. Honor thy father and thy mother.

b. Thou shall not kill.

c. Thou shall not commit adultery.

d. Thou shall not steal.

e. Thou shall not bear false witness against thy neighbor.

f. Thou shall not covet thy neighbor’s house, thou shall not covet thy neighbor’s wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor any thing that is thy neighbors.

Love as Part of Social Relations

Love

generally includes an emotion of intense attraction to either another person, a place, or thing; and may also include aspect of caring for or finding identification with those objects including self-love.

Types of Love

1. Courtly love- type of love prescribing certain conduct and emotion for ladies and their lovers.

2. Erotic love - the desire is characterized by sexual urges.

3. Familial love - intertwined with concepts of attachment and bonding.

4. Free love- sexual relations are present according to choice and unrestricted by marriage.

5. Platonic love- there is a close relationship but the absence of sexual desire.

6. Puppy love- the romantic affection that is present is not mature or not true.

7. Religious love- love that reflects a devotion to one’s deity or theology.

8. Romantic love- the affection is characterized by a mix of emotional and sexual desire.

9. True love- love without condition, motive or attachment.

10. Unrequited love- the affection and desire is not reciprocated or returned.

Multiply your Happiness

Happiness Is a prolonged or lasting emotional or affective state that feels good or pleasing.

The following will help you have a positive vibes;

1. Appreciate people.

2. Allocate time with people.

3. Impart knowledge and ideas.

4. Share friendship.

5. Share kindness.

6. Share experience.

7. Share enthusiasm.

Manners And

Etiquette

CHAPTER 10

Manners and Etiquette

Etiquette

is a French word meaning “ticket”. A conventional rule of behavior.

Manners

Is based on kindness to and consideration for others, which results from the heart of courteous behavior. It is an indicator if a certain individual is civilized or not.

Good manners and right conduct should be observe in the following

places/situation:

1. in the FAMILY.

2. In PUBLIC places.

3. In DATING.

4. During MEAL (table manners)

5. During INTRODUCTIONS.

6. Answering telephone CALLS.

Evaluating Personality

CHAPTER 11

Types of Evaluation Techniques

1. Observationthe most basic and common form of evaluating personality where the only tool a person uses is his senses to obtain information.

Two Types

a. Participatory Observation- the person evaluates the personality of another person participates in all his activities.

b. Non-Participatory Observation - the person who evaluates the personality of another person tries to observe him/her from a distance.

2. Interview Distinct type of evaluating personality wherein the person who is going to measure one’s personality uses cross-examination to obtain information.

Two types

a. Structured interview- the interviewer follows a certain format and questions to make sure that all the needed details are covered.

b. Unstructured interview- interviewer does not follow a certain format and can ask the person under examination anything under the sun.

3. Testthe most distinct type of assessing personality since it has a standard set of questions printed, evaluated, and proven reliable and valid by experts on a given field.

1. Objective Test- known as paper and pencil test which follows a definite scoring key.

--Intelligence Test measures one’s intellectual abilities.

--Personality Test measures one’s personality traits.

2. Subjective Test- test that does not have a definite answer, and scoring depends on the expertise of a certain individual.

--Teacher-made test subjective test done primarily by teachers in relation to their subject.

--Projective test composed by experts where the primordial objective is for the individual to cast or to give an idea about their personality through their responses in a more or less unstructured test.

Factors in Job Hunting

1. Interest

2. Location

3. Schedule

Components of Resume

1. Personal Information

2. Educational Background

3. Work Experience

4. Seminars, Conference, Workshops

5. References

Preparing for an Interview

1. Physical Attributes- how applicant carries himself.

2. Intellectual Attributes – how you answer the questions of the interviewer.

The ABCs of Interviewing

1. A for Attitude- positive attitude towards work.

2. B stands for Behavior- air of confidence.

3. C for Compatibility- the job fits you.

“The world is so empty if one thinks only of mountains, rivers, and cities, but to know someone here and there who thinks and feels with us and who, though distant, is close to us in spirit, makes the earth a garden.”

-Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe

Thank you!.,; )