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PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES ON GROWTH, YIELD AND BIOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY OF TWO OYSTER MUSHROOM VARIETIES project work R.SENTHIL KUMAR BSA 07-462 S.SENTHIL NATHAN BSA 07-463 M.SIVA CHANDRAN BSA 07-465 plant pathology unit department of plant protection agricultural college and research institute tamil nadu agricultural university killikulam 2010-11

Performance of different substrates on growth, yield and biological efficiency of two oyster mushroom varieties

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 The substrate paddy straw has recorded maximum yield of fresh mushroom.Among the substrates newspaper substrate exhibited highest biological efficiency of more than 95 per cent. Among the varieties CO (OM) 2 has recorded early spawn run and maximum yield performance.

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Page 1: Performance of different substrates on growth, yield and biological efficiency of two oyster mushroom varieties

PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES ON GROWTH,

YIELD AND BIOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY OF TWO OYSTER

MUSHROOM VARIETIES

project work

R.SENTHIL KUMAR BSA 07-462

S.SENTHIL NATHAN BSA 07-463

M.SIVA CHANDRAN BSA 07-465

plant pathology unit

department of plant protection

agricultural college and research institute

tamil nadu agricultural university

killikulam

2010-11

Page 2: Performance of different substrates on growth, yield and biological efficiency of two oyster mushroom varieties

Dr.M.Jaya sekhar, Ph.D

Professor of Plant Pathology,

Department of Plant Protection,

Agricultural college and Research Institute,

Killikulam -628 252.

Certificate

This is to certify that the project report entitled “Performance of different

substrates on growth, yield and biological efficiency of two oyster mushroom varieties”

submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of B.Sc (Ag.)., under the

course project work TAU416 to the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-3 is a record

of Bonafide research work carried out by Mr.R.Senthil kumar, Mr. S.Senthilnathan and

Mr.M.Siva chandran under my supervision and guidance.

Page 3: Performance of different substrates on growth, yield and biological efficiency of two oyster mushroom varieties

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Its gives us immense pleasure to express our deep sense of gratitude to our

project guide Dr.M.Jayasekhar.Ph.D., Professor (Plant Pathology), Department of Plant

Protection, for suggesting the problem, valuable guidance and help during the preparation of this

project report.We are very much thankful to M.A.K.Pallai,Ph.D., Professor and Head and all the

faculty members in the Department of Plant Protection for their help in various levels.

Our special thanks to our Dean Dr.K.Ganesan,Ph.D., AC&RI,Killikulam.

Page 4: Performance of different substrates on growth, yield and biological efficiency of two oyster mushroom varieties

CONTENTS

TITLES PAGE NO.

INTRODUCTION

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

RESULTS

DISCUSSION

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Page 5: Performance of different substrates on growth, yield and biological efficiency of two oyster mushroom varieties

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLES PAGE NO.

1 Effect of different substrates on mycelia spread of variety

MDU 2 on 15 days after spawn inoculation at five layers.

2 Effect of different substrates on mycelia spread of variety CO

(OM) 2 on 15 days after spawn inoculation at five layers

3 Effect different substrates on number of days taken for complete

spawn running (days of spawn running)

4 Effect of different substrates on number of days taken for first

and second harvest

5 Effect of different substrates on yield and biological efficiency

(B.E 5%) of mushroom varieties

Page 6: Performance of different substrates on growth, yield and biological efficiency of two oyster mushroom varieties

LIST OF PLATES

PLATE NO. TITLES

1 Cutting and drying of banana leaves

2 Drying of Guniea grass

3 Packing of different substrates

4 Recording observations

5 Spawn running on different substrates

6 Production of mushroom on different substrates

7 Best performing substrates

Page 7: Performance of different substrates on growth, yield and biological efficiency of two oyster mushroom varieties

INTRODUCTION

Mushrooms, also called ‘white vegetables’ or ‘boneless vegetarian meat’ contain ample

amounts of proteins, vitamins and fiber apart from having certain medicinal properties.

Mushroom contains 20-35% protein (dry weight) which is higher than those of vegetables and

fruits and is of superior quality. Mushrooms are now getting significant importance due to their

nutritional and medicinal value and today their cultivation is being done in about 100 countries.

At present world production is estimated to be around 5 million tones and is ever increasing.

Globally China leads in mushroom production. According to FAOSTAT Agriculture

database (2002), China produced 1,244,968 metric tons of various kinds of mushroom

accounting to about 42% of the world production. But, in India the quantity is negligible.

Although processed mushrooms fetch good price in distant markets recent survey shows,

consumers always prefer fresh mushrooms.

The most well known species of Pleurotus are P.ostreatus, P.florida, P.cystidiosis,

P.flabellatus, P.cornucopie, and P.sajor-caju.Sivaprakasam (1986) from Tamil Nadu

Agricultural University,Coimbatore released the first oyster mushroom variety in the

country,CO1 (P.citrinopileatus) for commercial production.

The large amount of agricultural wastes and congenial climatic conditions provide

tremendous scope for oyster mushroom cultivation. Its cultivation is a proposition for

bioconvential of lingo cellulosic wastes into edible protein. Kumar et al. 2004 reported the

successful cultivation of Pleurotus sp on conventional substrates sufficiently available which are

not utilized properly. These wastes are neither used as fodder nor as other useful material except

as fuel. Traditionally the oyster (Pleurtus sajor-caju) is largely grown in paddy and wheat straw

Page 8: Performance of different substrates on growth, yield and biological efficiency of two oyster mushroom varieties

which is become costlier because of it’s several other uses. The above conditions call for a

search of certain alternative materials which should be available in sufficient quality throughout

the year at a relatively cheaper price. Keeping in view the present investigation was carried out

to search out non-conventional agricultural waste for the successful cultivation of oyster

mushroom.

Page 9: Performance of different substrates on growth, yield and biological efficiency of two oyster mushroom varieties

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The cultivated mushrooms mostly belong to the Agaricaceae of class Basidiomycetes.

Mushrooms may be saprophytic, parasitic and mycorrhizal in their mode of livings. Most of the

cultivated mushrooms are saprophytic; they feed on organic matter which has already been

manufactured by plants or animals. In nature they grow on fallen leaves, animal droppings and

stumps of dead wood. In nature mushrooms grow wild in every country from snowy mountains

to sandy deserts on all types of soils, pastures, forests, cultivated fields of water lands. They

appear in all seasons, chiefly during the rainy weather, whenever organic matter or its

decomposition products are available (Poppe, 1995). Mushroom a food of high quality, flavour

and nutrition value have high content of protein, low content of fat[4%], vitamins (B1,

B2,C,niacin,biotin etc),minerals [P, Na ,K, Ca] and high contents of fibers and carbohydrates

[Souci, et al.,1989].

Varieties of oyster mushroom:

Other oyster mushroom varieties like CO1 (P.citrinopileatus), APK1 (P.eous), MDU 1

(P.djamor). Ooty 1 (P.ostreatus), MDU 2 (P.flabellatus) and CO (OM) 2 (Hypsizygus ulmarius)

were also introduced for commercial production from TNAU,Coimbatore from time to time.

Substrates for mushrooms:

Mushroom can be cultivated with in a wide range of temperatures on different natural

resources and agricultural wastes. The cultivation of oyster mushrooms in simple as compared to

other varieties. Five species of Pleurotus cultivated on cotton seed hulls, wheat, rice or maize

straw are different in composition of crude protein. Among the substrates, rice straw was best for

mushrooms growth (Ruhul Amin, et al., 2007). Oyster mushrooms can be grown on most of the

Page 10: Performance of different substrates on growth, yield and biological efficiency of two oyster mushroom varieties

agricultural wastes of which sugarcane bagasse proved to be the best substrate for sporophore

production (Khan and Ali, 1982).

Effect on cereals straw substrate:

Pleurotus sajor- caju can be grown on wheat straw, paddy straw, stalks and leaves of sorghum,

pearl, millet and maize for commercial cultivation. The cotton stalks and leaves induced high

yield (2361 gm/10 kg substrate) followed by sorghum stalk and leaves (1463 gm/10 kg substrate)

of oyster mushroom (Patil et.al., 2008). Four stains of oyster mushroom on cotton waste showed

fastest spawn running in blue gray station of P.ostreatus with highest yield in first and third flush

while P. sajor-caju gave highest yield in first and third flush while P.sajor- caju gave highest

yield in second flush. The cultivation of P.sajor-caju on bagasse medium showed vigorous

growth and highest yield of 174 Kg medium than wheat straw and wheat bran.

Effect on banana leaves and pseudostems:

Bhavani and Nair (1989) reported that Banana leaves, dried 1.45% N, very productive in

bulk for Pleurotus or in combination for volvariella and banana pseudostems, chopped gave

better results for Pleurtus compared to sawdust or rice straw

Effect on wild grasses:

Wild grasses contain lignin, hemicelluloses, and cellulose should be dried for before as

substrate Pleurotous sapidus (Kiran and Jandaik 1989).

Effect on newspaper:

Page 11: Performance of different substrates on growth, yield and biological efficiency of two oyster mushroom varieties

Newspaper, paper bulb by-product and paper waste when combined with rice bran or with

saw dust for Pleurotus cultivation. (Poppe, 1995)

Effect on sawdust:

Poppe, 1995 reported that wood shavings and wood wastes of more than 140 species were

used for Pleurotus cultivation.

Page 12: Performance of different substrates on growth, yield and biological efficiency of two oyster mushroom varieties

MATERIALS AND METHODS

An experiment was conducted at AC&RI, Killikulam during the 2010-2011 with an

objective to access the efficiency of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus spp). The spawn CO (OM) 2

variety was obtained from TNAU, Coimbatore and MDU 2 from AC & RI Madurai. The

following substrates of agricultural wastes were utilized as treatment.

T1 saw dust

T2 banana leaves

T3 guniea grass

T4- coconut leaves

T5 sorghum stalks,

T6 sugarcane bagasse

T7 newspaper

T8 maize stalks

T9 paddy straw.

Bed preparation and spawning:

This substrate were shade dried and chopped in 5 cm size pieces and thoroughly washed

and soaked in fresh water for 24 hours. Then it was pasteurized at 75±5 0

c for 1 hour. After

cooling transparent polythene bags of 60×30 cm size was filled separately using 2-5 kg moist

substrate as per treatments with five layer spawning @ 3% done to incubate in the dark and well

ventilated room at ambient temperature of 18-200c.

Spawn run:

After complete spawn run the bag were transferred to cropping room. The cropping room

temperature was maintained between 22+ - o c and humidity 80 percent. The polythene bags were

Page 13: Performance of different substrates on growth, yield and biological efficiency of two oyster mushroom varieties

removed by sterilized sharp blade and cubes were kept on bamboo racks. After 2 to3 days of

removal of polythene bags. Sufficient numbers of pin heads were observed which were allowed

to mature for 2-4 days more.

Harvesting:

The matured mushrooms were harvested by hand picking. The base of the stipe is cleaned

with a sharp knife and packed well aerated containers. Normally, Oyster mushroom should be

used at the same day harvest. After the completion of first harvest, the beds are scrapped with a

sharp knife to remove the remnants of the harvested mushrooms.

Observations recorded:

Data on period of spawn run, days of first and second harvest and yield were recorded.

Biological efficiency of mushroom on fresh weight basis was calculated by formula.

Biological efficiency:

Total weight of the fruiting bodies harvested from all the two pickings were measured as total

yield of mushroom. The biological (yield of mushroom per kg substrate on dry wt.basis) was

calculated by the following formula Chang et al., (1981)

Fresh weight of mushroom

B.E. (%) = × 100

Dry weight of substrate

Page 14: Performance of different substrates on growth, yield and biological efficiency of two oyster mushroom varieties

RESULTS

The mycelia spread was recorded on 15 days after inoculation of spawn of the varieties

MDU 2 and CO (OM) 2 are presented in table 1and 2

Table 1: Effect of different substrates on mycelia spread of variety MDU 2 on 15 days after

spawn inoculation at five layers.

Treatment 1st layer 2

nd layer 3

rd layer 4

th layer 5

th layer Mean

T1 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.40

T2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.20

T3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.0 3.2 3.16

T4 2.2 2.3 2.0 2.5 2.4 2.28

T5 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.26

T6 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.10

T7 4.5 4.4 4.6 4.7 5.0 4.62

T8 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.44

T9 4.4 4.6 4.3 4.4 4.7 4.48

The result revealed that the substrate newspaper was recorded maximum mycelia spread of

4.62 cm followed by paddy straw (4.48 cm) and the least growth was recorded on saw dust

substrate (1.40 cm).

Page 15: Performance of different substrates on growth, yield and biological efficiency of two oyster mushroom varieties

Table 2: Effect of different substrates on mycelia spread of variety CO (OM) 2 on 15 days after

spawn inoculation at five layers

Treatment 1st layer 2

nd layer 3

rd layer 4

th layer 5

th layer Mean

T1 0.9 1.0 1.5 1.9 1.8 1.42

T2 3.4 3.6 3.2 3.0 3.2 3.28

T3 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.8 3.44

T4 2.6 2.2 2.4 2.3 2.7 2.44

T5 2.4 2.3 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.44

T6 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.24

T7 4.6 4.5 4.8 4.6 5.0 4.70

T8 3.5 3.6 3.2 3.6 3.0 3.38

T9 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.8 4.52

The result revealed that the substrate newspaper was recorded maximum mycelia spread

of 4.70 cm followed by paddy straw (4.48 cm) and least growth was recorded on saw dust

substrate (1.42 cm).

Page 16: Performance of different substrates on growth, yield and biological efficiency of two oyster mushroom varieties

Table 3: Effect different substrates on number of days taken for complete spawn running (days

of spawn running)

Treatment Spawn running days

MDU 2

Spawn running days

CO (OM) 2

T1 36.5 33.0

T2 24.5 23.0

T3 25.0 23.5

T4 24.5 26.5

T5 26.5 25.5

T6 28.5 30.0

T7 18.5 18.0

T8 23.0 22.5

T9 20.5 18.0

The duration taken for complete spawn running of MDU 2 was less than CO (OM) 2

variety. The lowest days taken for complete spawn running was 18.5 and 18.0 recorded in

newspaper substrate followed by paddy straw (20.5 but 18.0 days) and maximum days of 36.5

and 33 was taken in saw dust substrate in varieties MDU 2 and CO (OM) 2 respectively.

Page 17: Performance of different substrates on growth, yield and biological efficiency of two oyster mushroom varieties

Table 4: Effect of different substrates on number of days taken for first and second harvest

Treatment Days for first

harvest

(MDU 2)

Days for first

harvest

CO (OM) 2

Days for second

harvest

(MDU 2)

Days for second

harvest

CO (OM) 2

T1 48.0 47.5 60.0 58.0

T2 32.5 33.0 43.5 45.0

T3 36.5 34.0 44.0 46.5

T4 31.0 28.5 38.5 37.5

T5 29.5 28.0 36.5 34.0

T6 30.0 28.5 36.0 36.5

T7 20.0 19.0 27.5 25.5

T8 26.0 27.0 31.0 32.5

T9 23.5 21.0 29.0 29.5

The substrates newspaper and paddy straw were taken 20.0 and 23.5 days for MDU 2 and

19.0 and 21.0 days for CO (OM) 2 respectively for first harvest however maximum days for first

harvest was 48.0 in MDU 2 and 47.5 in CO (OM) 2 for saw dust substrate. In the second harvest

also newspaper and paddy straw recorded less number of days respectively. All substrates

generally taken an additional 3 to 12 days from first harvest to second harvest.

Page 18: Performance of different substrates on growth, yield and biological efficiency of two oyster mushroom varieties

Table 5: Effect of different substrates on yield and biological efficiency (B.E 5%) of mushroom

varieties

Treatment Yield(g/bed)

MDU 2

B.E%

MDU 2

Yield(g/bed)

CO (OM) 2

B.E%

CO (OM) 2

T1 110 38.60 95 48.25

T2 365 64.60 405 70.00

T3 215 59.00 190 62.04

T4 265 49.50 320 57.75

T5 425 58.80 460 63.65

T6 260 64.30 285 61.50

T7 480 95.25 530 98.40

T8 335 66.65 390 72.55

T9 590 84.40 665 85.70

The results showed that the maximum yield of 590 and 665g/bed was recorded in paddy

straw substrate in both varieties followed by newspaper substrate (480 and 530g/bed). However

highest biological efficiency of 95.25% and 98.40% was respectively recorded in newspaper

substrate followed by paddy straw substrate (84.40 and 85.70) treatments. In MDU 2 and CO

(OM) 2 varieties respectively.

Page 19: Performance of different substrates on growth, yield and biological efficiency of two oyster mushroom varieties

DISCUSSION

The substrates used in this studies exhibited variation in spawn run, days to harvests

and yield. The quickest spawn run and duration of first harvest of 18.5 days and 20.0 days for

MDU 2 and 18.0 days and 19.0 days for CO (OM) 2 was recorded in the newspaper substrate.

The similar results were also reported by Chavan et al., 2003. But maximum yield of 590g/bed

and 665g/bed was recorded in both varieties respectively in paddy straw treatment. The probable

reason for the best performance of these mushroom varieties on newspaper substrate and paddy

straw might be that the nutrient required for the mushroom particularly for its spawn run and pin

head development were supplied by these substrate which decomposed quicker then the other

substrates. Pleurotus flabellatus mushroom was found to utilize paddy straw substrate and it was

observed suitable for spawn run, yield and biological efficiency (Das et al., 2000). Highest

biological efficiency of 95.25% and 98.4% was observed in newspaper substrate for the both

varieties respectively and this was comparable to paddy straw (84.40% and 85.70%). Superiority

of paddy straw and newspaper was also reported by Vyas et al.,2003. The variation in biological

efficiency of different substrates might be due to low lignolytic and cellulonitic activity of the

substrates used. (Pathak and Goel.,1988)

Hence the commercial production of oyster mushroom was largely determined by the

availability and utilization of cheap materials of which agricultural lingo-cellulosic waste

represents the ideal and most promising substrate for cultivation. The substrate used in this study

can be considered practical and economically feasible due to their availability throughout the

year at little or no cost in large quantities. Utilization of these agro-wastes for the production of

oyster mushroom could be more economically and ecologically practical.

Page 20: Performance of different substrates on growth, yield and biological efficiency of two oyster mushroom varieties

SUMMARY

The substrate paddy straw has recorded maximum yield of fresh mushroom.

Among the substrates newspaper substrate exhibited highest biological efficiency of more

than 95 per cent.

Among the varieties CO (OM) 2 has recorded early spawn run and maximum yield

performance.

Page 21: Performance of different substrates on growth, yield and biological efficiency of two oyster mushroom varieties

REFERENCES

Bhavani, D., and M. Nair. 1989. Observation of the biology and cultivation of

Volvariella volvacea. Mushroom Science 12(2):517-531.

Chang S.T .; Lau,O.W. and Cho, K.Y 1981. The cultivation and nutritive value of

Pleurotus sajor-caju. European J. Appl. Microbiol.; 12;58-62.

Chavan, R.A., Dhoke P.K., Bharose, A.A., Jadhav V. T., 2003, Cropping period and

yield of Oyster mushroom (pleurotus spp) on different agrosubstrates. Journal

of soil and crops. 13(2):275-277.

Das, N., Mahapatra S. C., Chattopadhyaya R. N., 2000 Use of wild grasses as substrate

for cultivation of oyster mushroom in south west Bengal. Mushroom research.

9(2):95-99.

Khan, S., and M. Ali. 1981.cultivation of Oyster mushroom Pleurotus on ball

locules. Mushroom Science 11(1):691-695.

Kiran, B.M., and C.L.Jandaik. 1989. Cultivation of Pleurotus sapidus in India.

Mushroom Science 12(2):179-185.

Kumar, M.,Singh P. N., M., Chand, G., 2004, Evaluation of different substrates for

production of Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajorcaju) on different agro substrates.

Farm science journal.13 (2):169.

Pathak, N. C., Goel r., 1988, perspectives in Mycology and Plant Pathology.PP.103-

122.malhotra publishing, house, New Delhi.India.

Patill S.S., Kadam R.M. Shinde S.l. and Deshmukh S.A 2008 Effect of different

substrates on productivity and proximate composition of P.florida. lnt.

J. Plant Sci. 3(1): 151-153.

Poppe, J. and 1995. Cultivation of Edible mushrooms on tropical agricultural wastes

Biennial training course, ABOS & VLIR, University Gent.

Ruhul Amin S.M., M.M Rahman and Hossain. M.M., 2007 Effect of Different Substrates

Page 22: Performance of different substrates on growth, yield and biological efficiency of two oyster mushroom varieties

on the Growth and Yield of Five Selected Oyster Mushrooms.

Banglagesh J. Mushroom. 1(2): 21-25, 2007 (December).

Sivaprakasam, K. 1986. Constituents of substrates in relation to sporophore yield of

Pleurotus sajor-caju (fr.) Sing. Madras Agril. J. 73(11): 601-605.

Souci S.W., W. Fachman and H. Krant (1975-1989). Food composition and

Nutrition Tables. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellchaft mbh, Stuttgart.

Vyas, N.L., Singh M., Joshi S. P., 2003, Evaluation of locally available plant materials

for production of Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida) in arid region of

india. Journal of Ecophysiology.6 (1/2):41-43.