Upload
patrick-ten-brink-of-the-institute-for-european-environmental-policy
View
253
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Patrick ten Brink of IEEP TEEB water and wetlands 27 feb 2013 STRP 17 final Ramsar STRP 17
Citation preview
The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB): Water and Wetlands
Presentation of the Final Report
Patrick ten Brink Senior Fellow and Head of Brussels Office
Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP)
Wednesday 27 February 2013 Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971)
17th meeting of the Scientific & Technical Review Panel (STRP) 25 February - 1 March 2013, Gland, Switzerland
Presentation overview
1. TEEB & The TEEB for Water and Wetlands Project
2. Water and wetlands: what benefits do we derive and what do we risk losing?
3. Measuring to manage better
4. Integrating the values of water and wetlands into decision making
5. Recommendations: Transforming our approach to water and wetlands
TEEB’s Genesis, Aims and progress
“Potsdam Initiative – Biological Diversity 2010”
1) The economic significance of the global loss of biological diversity
Importance of recognising, demonstrating & responding to values of nature
Engagement: ~500 authors, reviewers & cases from across the globe
Interim
Report
India, Brazil, Belgium,
Japan & South Africa
Sept. 2010
TEEB
Synthesis
Climate
Issues Update
Ecol./Env. Economics literature
G8+5
Potsdam
TEEB End User
Reports Brussels
2009, London 2010
CBD COP 9
Bonn 2008 Input to
UNFCCC 2009
BD COP 10
Nagoya, Oct 2010
TEEB
Books
TEEB W&W
Nature & GE
TEEB Oceans
TEEB studies
The Netherlands,
Germany, Nordics,
Norway, India, Brazil
Paper citation: Full Report: Russi D., ten Brink P., Farmer A., Badura T., Coates D., Förster J., Kumar R. and Davidson N. (2013). The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for Water and Wetlands. IEEP London, Brussels. Executive Summary: ten Brink P., Russi D., Farmer A., Badura T., Coates D., Förster J., Kumar R. and Davidson N. (2013) The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for Water and Wetlands. Executive Summary.
Core Team
Case contributions
Reviewers
Discussions at Rio+20, Ramsar COP 11, CBD COP11
TEEB Water and Wetlands
1. TEEB & The TEEB for Water and Wetlands Project
2. Water and wetlands: what benefits do we derive and what do we risk losing?
3. Measuring to manage better
4. Integrating the values of water and wetlands into decision making
5. Recommendations: Transforming our approach to water and wetlands
For further details see Chapter 2 (page 5 to 17) and Chapter 3 (pages 19 to 33) of the TEEB Water and Wetlands report
The “nexus” between water, food and energy is one of the most fundamental relationships - and increasing challenges - for society.
Biodiversity and particularly wetland ecosystems are increasingly understood to be at the core of this nexus.
Water security is a major and increasing concern in many parts of the world, including both the availability (including extreme events)
and quality of water.
Ph
oto
cre
dit
: N
ick
Da
vid
son
sediment
transfer
Global and local water cycles are strongly dependent on wetlands.
Wetlands & Water Cycle
Without wetlands, the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nutrient
cycles would be significantly altered, mostly detrimentally.
Yet policies and do not take into account these interconnections
and inter-dependencies
Wetlands & ecosystem services
• Wetlands are solution to water security.
• They provide multiple ecosystem services supporting water security as well as offering many other benefits and values to society and the economy.
• Meeting sustainable water management objectives cost effectively via wetland ecosystem services.
Nutrient cycling/clean water Sanitation; Drinking water Water quality
Nutrient cycling /clean water
Waste water treatment
Clean water Cities using PAs to provide water
Water availability Use by economic activity Household consumption
Water scarcity Conflicts
Water availability – mitigating extremes
Water availability Land affected by
desertification
Water availability Soil moisture
Climate Regulation Extent of carbon storage vulnerable to water insecurity
Sediment transfer
Hydropower
Crop water productivity Area water-
logged/salinised
“I believe that the great part of miseries of mankind are brought upon them by false estimates they have made of the value of things.”
Benjamin Franklin, 1706-1790
Ph
oto
cre
dit
: N
ick
Da
vid
son
• Despite their values and potential policy synergies, wetlands have been and continue to be lost of degraded. This leads to biodiversity loss and a loss of ecosystem services.
• Wetlands loss can lead to significant losses in human well-being and have negative economic impacts on communities, countries and business.
Wetlands : historical loss of natural capital
Since 1990 the world has lost around 50% of its wetlands (UNWWAP 2003)
and around 60% loss in Europe (EEA 2010)
In the past two decades, 35% of mangroves have disappeared. Some countries have lost up to 80% (MA 2005)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/World_map_mangrove_distribution.png
~20% of the world’s coral reefs - destroyed 24% of the remaining reefs under imminent risk of collapse through human pressures.
(Wilkinson C., 2004; Nellemann et al 2008)
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000
Coral reefs (94)
Coastal wetlands (139)
Coastal systems (28)
Inland wetlands (168)
Tropical Forest (96)
Rivers and Lakes (15)
Temperate Forest (58)
Grasslands (32)
Woodlands (21)
Open oceans (14)
Values of both coastal and inland wetland ecosystem services are typically higher than for other ecosystem types
The evidence base: range of values of ecosystem services
Sou
rces
: de
Gro
ot
et a
l 20
12
bu
ildin
g o
n T
EEB
20
10
For further details see Page 9 of Chapter 2
of the TEEB Water and Wetlands report and associated references
Evidence base - Assessing values and actions
Assessing the value of working with natural capital has helped determine where
ecosystems can provide goods and services at lower cost than by man-made
technological alternatives and where they can lead to significant savings
• USA-NY: Catskills-Delaware watershed for NY: PES/working with nature saves money (~5US$bn)
• New Zealand: Te Papanui Park - water supply to hydropower, Dunedin city, farmers (~$136m)
• Mexico: PSAH to forest owners, aquifer recharge, water quality, deforestation, poverty (~US$303m)
• France : Priv. Sector: Vittel (Mineral water) PES et al for water quality
• Venezuela: PA helps avoid potential replacement costs of hydro dams (~US$90-$134m over 30yr)
• Vietnam restoring/investing in Mangroves - cheaper than dyke maintenance (~US$: 1m to 7m/yr)
• South Africa: WfW public PES to address IAS, avoids costs and provides jobs (~20,000; 52%♀)
Sources: various. Mainly in TEEB for National and International Policy Makers, TEEB for local and regional policy and TEEB cases
Critical to assess where working with nature saves money for public (city, region,
national), private sector, communities and citizens & who can make it happen
Wetlands provide natural infrastructure that can help meet a range of policy objectives.
Beyond water availability and quality, they are invaluable in
supporting climate change mitigation and adaptation, support health as well as livelihoods, local development and poverty eradication
Ph
oto
cre
dit
: N
ick
Da
vid
son
1. TEEB & The TEEB for Water and Wetlands Project
2. Water and wetlands: what benefits do we derive and what do we risk losing?
3. Measuring to manage better
4. Integrating the values of water and wetlands into decision making
5. Recommendations: Transforming our approach to water and wetlands
For further details see Chapter 2 (page 5 to 17), Chapter 3 (pages 19 to 33) and Annex II
(page 62 to 71) of the TEEB Water and Wetlands report
9632
584 584 584 1220 1220
8412
987 987
-9318
10821
-10000
-5000
0
5000
10000
15000
Subsidies
Restoration
costs
Storm
Protection
Commercial
profits from
mangrove
forest
Commercial
profits from
shrimp farming
Economic
returns from
mangrove
including fish
nursery
Economic returns
from shrimp
farming
excluding
subsidies
Economic value
of mangroves
including storm
protection
Economic value of
shrimp farming
and restoration
costs
All values are NPV over 9 years and a 10% discount rate, given in 1996
US$.
Source: drawn from data from Barbier et al., 2007 and Hanley and
Barbier, 2009
Fish nursery
Benefits provided by mangroves & shrimp farms: an economic illustration (in US$/ha NPV 9 years 10% discount rate)
For further details see Chapter 2, page 13 of the
TEEB Water and Wetlands report and associated references
Knowledge base: what have studies focused on? Types of wetlands and services
Need to improve the knowledge base for inland wetlands, particularly lakes and rivers
For further details see Annex II (page 62 to 71) of the TEEB Water and Wetlands report
Knowledge base: what have studies focused on? Geographic Regions
Further valuation research should be more widely distributed across the globe
For further details see Annex II (page 62 to 71) of the TEEB Water and Wetlands report
For further details see Annex II (page 62 to 71) of the TEEB Water and Wetlands report
Knowledge base: Summary
Further valuation research needed to inform decision making (site management, regional
development, policy design) & for scientific understanding (academic publications; peer reviewed resource)
Growing evidence base of values, but range of gaps that need attention
Studies focused mainly on food, raw materials, lifecycle maintenance (e.g. nursery services) and recreation/tourism opportunities + extreme events & gene pool protection
Needs for additional assessments of value include:
Inland vegetated wetlands: moderation of extreme events, erosion prevention, pollination or biological control + inspiration, spiritual experience or education and science services
Freshwater lakes & rivers: There is generally a lack of information for all types of ecosystem services for freshwater lakes and rivers.
Coastal wetlands: need for assessments re genetic and medicinal resources, erosion prevention, nutrient cycling, life cycle maintenance + education and science values.
Mangroves and tidal mashes: genetic and ornamental resources, regulation of water flows and pollination, nutrient cycling and biological control + aesthetic, inspiration and spiritual experience.
+ to input into specific land use decisions (e.g. permitting, zoning, use), investment decisions, policy development, design and implementation
1. TEEB & The TEEB for Water and Wetlands Project
2. Water and wetlands: what benefits do we derive and what do we risk losing?
3. Measuring to manage better
4. Integrating the values of water and wetlands into decision making
5. Recommendations: Transforming our approach to water and wetlands
For further details see Chapter 4 (page 35 to 45) of the TEEB Water and Wetlands report
4. Integrating the values of water and wetlands into decision making
• Policy synergies: Working with nature can be a cost effective way of meeting a range of policy, business and private objectives.
• Integrated water resource management (IWRM), Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) and Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) if properly applied can help meet multiple objectives
• Range of instruments can help manage & protect wetland ecosystem services
• Site management and investment
• Regulation and land-use planning (PAs, zoning)
• Property rights (ownership, use, access etc)
• Market creation – information, pricing, incentives
• Subsidy reform, funds, trading schemes & payment for ecosystem services
• Voluntary schemes (offsets et al).
‘We never know the worth of water 'til the well is dry’. English proverb
‘Men do not value a good deed unless it brings a reward’ Ovid, B.C. 43 – 18 A.D., Roman Poet
Ph
oto
cre
dit
: N
ick
Da
vid
son
Solution: Mexico PSAH: PES to forest owners to preserve forest: manage & not convert forest
Results: Deforestation rate fell from 1.6 % to 0.6 %.
18.3 thousand hectares of avoided deforestation
Avoided GHG emissions ~ 3.2 million tCO2e
Hydrological services: Aquifer recharge; Improved surface water quality, reduce frequency
& damage from flooding`
Munoz 2010; Muñoz-Piña et al. 2008; Muñoz-Piña et al. 2007.
Reduce Deforestation Address Poverty
1. TEEB & The TEEB for Water and Wetlands Project
2. Water and wetlands: what benefits do we derive and what do we risk losing?
3. Measuring to manage better
4. Integrating the values of water and wetlands into decision making
5. Recommendations: Transforming our approach to water and wetlands
For further details see Chapter 5 (page 47 to 58) of the TEEB Water and Wetlands report
5. Transforming our approach to water and wetlands
Wetlands and water-related ecosystem services need to become an integral part of water management in order to make the transition to a resource efficient sustainable economy.
• Investing in restoration
• Incorporating traditional knowledge
• Sustainable tourism
• Aiming for synergies between restoration and poverty alleviation
• Engage in transition management.
Action at all levels and by all stakeholders is needed if the opportunities and benefits of working with water and wetlands are to be fully realised and the consequences of continuing wetland loss appreciated and acted upon.
TEEB For Water and Wetlands
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000100,000,000
Coral reefs [7]
Coastal systems/Mangroves/Estuaries [9]
Marine [4]
Woodland/Shrubland [7]
Lakes/Rivers [26]
Inland Wetlands [4]
Tropical forest [10]
Temperate forest [20]
Grassland/Rangeland [6]
2
4 3
1
7
6 5
14 15 13 12 11
10
8 9
16
Restoration: can be costly, but can offer good returns
For example: Germany: peatland restoration: avoidance cost of CO2 ~ 8 to 12 €/t CO2 (0-4 alt. land use). Lower than many other carbon capture and storage options
Sou
rces
: Aro
nso
n e
t a
l. 2
01
0
For further details see Chapter 5, page 48 of the
TEEB Water and Wetlands report and associated references
Working for Water (WfW): SA & The Manalana wetland
• Severely degraded by erosion that threatened to consume the entire system
• WfW public works programme intervened in 2006 to reduce the erosion and
improve the wetland’s ability to continue providing its beneficial services
Results
• Livelihood benefits from degraded wetland was just 34 % of healthy ecosystem
• Rehabilitated wetland contributes provisioning services at 297 EUR/household/year
• Livelihood benefits ~ 182,000 EUR by the rehabilitated wetland; x2 costs
• The Manalana wetland acts as a safety net for households.
Sources: Pollard et al. 2008; Wunder et al 2008a; http://www.dwaf.gov.za/wfw/
So
urc
es: T
EE
BC
ase
s fo
r T
EE
B f
or
loca
l a
nd
re
gio
na
l p
olic
y
Global: Strategic Plan Biodiversity 2011-2020 & integration in MEAs
National: Integration of values into decision making, strategies and make use of NBSAPs
Local: Assess interlinks : wetlands, communities, man-made infrastructures and the economy
Site managers: Develop site management plans to ensure wise use of wetlands, including sustained provision of ecosystem services
Academia: Contribute to fill the knowledge gaps
Development cooperation community: integrate appreciation of multiple benefits and potential cost savings into dev co-op objectives and implementation on the ground
NGOs: support wetland mang’t via funding & expertise, inc. volunteers
Business: Identify impacts and dependencies, risks and opportunities , and EP&Ls
Thank you ! Q: How will the values of wetlands be useful to STRP members? &
Q: What can STRP members do to support the evidence base and its integration into decision making?
TEEB Reports available on www.teebweb.org, www.ramsar.org and www.ieep.eu
See also www.teeb4me.com
Patrick ten Brink [email protected]
IEEP is an independent, not-for-profit institute dedicated to the analysis, understanding and promotion of policies for a sustainable environment. www.ieep.eu