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Uma apresem ntação muito boa sobre Patologia placentária, especialmente abordando alterações da maturação.
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Placenta pathology associated with maturation abnormalities andlate intra uterine foetal death.
PETER G.J. NIKKELS
Dept. of Pathology UMC Utrecht,
the Netherlands
Anatoom Frederick Ruysch, J. van Neck 1683
Perinatal death
• Perinatal death occurs in 1,5% of all birth
• Frequency of stillbirth in western Europe approximately 2,2-4,4 / 1000 life birth
• Riskfactors:
multiple pregnancy, prematurity, first or second pregnancy, hypertension or pre-eclampsia of the mother, congenital abnormalities (20-40%) and inflammation
Causes of IUFD
• Placenta or umbilical cord pathology 62%
• Congenital abnormalities 17%
• Intra-uterine infection 2%
• Trauma 1%
• Miscellaneous (tumors, storage disorder) 3%
• Unexplained (12/47 no placenta) 15%
• Horn et al. Identification of the causes of intrauterine death during 310 consecutive autopsies. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Reproductive Biology 113 (2004), 134-8.
University Hospital Leipzig, IUFD from 22-42 6/7 weeks.
Causes of IUFD
• Placenta or umbilical cord pathology 62%
• Utero-placental pathology 38%
• Dysmaturity of parenchym 23%
• Inflammation 14%
• Umbilical cord 22%(Compression, bleeding, haematoma)
• Miscellaneous 3%(TTTS, chorangioma etc.)
• Horn et al. Identification of the causes of intrauterine death during 310 consecutive autopsies. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Reproductive Biology 113 (2004), 134-8.
University Hospital Leipzig, IUFD van 22-42 6/7 weeks.
Main cause of IUFD
Disturbance in delivering oxygen to the foetus
• Not enough or loss of parenchyma– Small placenta– Placental infarcts– Chronic inflammation– Foetal thrombosis
• Diffusion distance too long– Fibrin deposition– Abnormal maturation
• Umbilical cord pathology
Placental bed pathology
Normal development of the placenta parenchyma
• Placenta: the fastest growing organ of the human body
• from 1 tot 5 x 1010 cells in 38 weeks
Placental weight
Ratio of placental weight and foetal weight
Normal development of placental parenchyma
FIRST TRIMESTER
– In first 12 weeks only mesenchymal villi
– Development of immature intermediate villi with two layers of trophoblast
– Development of stem villi with central fibrous core
Amniotic cavityYolk sac
Normal 13 weeks
Normal 13 weeks
Normal maturation of placental parenchyma
• SECOND TRIMESTER
– Parenchyma consists of immature intermediate villi, there is some development of mature intermediate villi
– Largest variation in villus shape and diameter
– Mesenchymal stroma alongside stem villi disappears and occasionally some fibrinoid material can be seen
Normal 23 weeks
Normal 23 weeks
Normal 25 weeks
Normal 25 weeks
Normal 31 weeks
Normal 31 weeks
Normal maturation of the placental parenchyma
• THIRD TRIMESTER
– Development of terminal villi
– At 40 weeks 40% of the villous volume are terminal villi
– Terminal villi have syncytio-vascular membranes
– Stem villi are covered with fibrinoid material
Normal 35 weeks
Normal 35 weeks
Normal 40 weeks
Normal 40 weeks
Abnormal maturation of the placenta parenchyma
• Accelerated maturation
• Delayed maturation and dysmaturity
Accelerated maturation
• Utero-placental pathology
decreased blood flow to the placenta due to abnormalities in spiral arteries
maternal hypertension or pre-eclampsia
Sometimes also abnormalities in vessels in the membranes or in the decidua (acute atherosis)
• Multiple pregnancy placenta (two or more)
• Recipient of the twin-transfusion syndrome
Normal spiral arteries
Multinucleated trophoblast
Spiral artery
Acute atherosis in artery of membranes
Accelerated maturation histology
• Premature formation of terminal villi with syncytio-vascular
membranes
• Stem villi with aspect normal for pregnancy duration
• Distal villous hypoplasia with long slender villi and increased space
between villi
• Hyperchromasia of trophoblast
• Increased syncytial knotting
NRBC
Other abnormalities of utero-placental / placental bed pathology
• Infarcts
• (partial) solutio
• (Massive) subchorionic haematoma
• Intervillus thrombi / haematoma
Recent infarct
Old infarct with central hemorrhage
Accelerated maturation
• Recipiënt of twin-twin transfusion syndrome
• CS at 30 weeks because of worsening foetal condition after
multiple amniotic drainage
recipiënt 30 weeks donor
Delayed maturation and dysmaturity
Less terminal villi as expected.
From 30 weeks onwards terminal villi recognisable.
At 40 weeks 40% of the villi are terminal villi.
• Maternal diabetes
• Macrosomia without diabetes
• Chronic villitis
• Defective placental maturation
• Congenital and / or chromosomal abnormality
• Donor of twin-twin transfusion syndrome
• Foetal anaemia of low colloid osmotic pressure
• Foetal cardiac decompensation
Delayed maturation, maternal diabetes
• Small groups of immature villi and hydropic villi
• Chorangiosis
• Fibrinoid necrosis of the villous stroma
• Increase of NRBCs
NRBC
Variable maturation example 1
Bichorionic twin placenta at 38 weeks
Small placental part heavy placental part
Main cause of IUFD
Disturbance in delivering oxygen to the foetus
• Not enough or loss of parenchyma– Small placenta– Placental infarcts– Chronic inflammation– Foetal thrombosis
• Diffusion distance too long– Fibrin deposition– Abnormal maturation
• Umbilical cord pathology
Placental bed pathology
Loss of parenchyma, chronic inflammation
Severe villitis of unknown etiology
• Destruction of villi, less mature
• Infiltrate with macrophages and T-cells
• High recurrence risk of IUGR and IUFD
– Recently some case reports with favorable outcome after treatment with corticosteroids and antitrombotics
Boog et al. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2006 Jun;35(4):396-404. [Combining corticosteroid and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent villitis or intervillositis of unknown etiology]
CD 3CD 68
Loss of parenchyma, chronic inflammation
Chronic intervillositis
• Massive histiocytic infiltrate in maternal compartment
• Perinatal mortality 29%, IUGR 77%
• High recurrence risk of abortion, IUGR and IUFD
– Recently some case reports of favorable outcome after treatment with corticosteroids and antitrombotics
Boog et al. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2006 Jun;35(4):396-404. [Combining corticosteroid and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent villitis or intervillositis of unknown etiology]
CD 68 CD 3
Loss of parenchyma, foetal trombosis• Groups of avascular villi
• Histology similar as in IUFD
• Incidence– Normal placenta’s 2%– Placenta’s with overcoiled cord 20%– Pre-eclampsia 20-30%– Macrosomia without DM 30-40%
• Occasionally in association with CMV or
trombophilia disorder
CMV
Diffusion distance too long, fibrin
Gitter infarct, maternal floor infarct
• Massive perivillous fibrin deposition
• High recurrence risk
• High risk of IUGR and IUFD
• Sometimes associated with VUE
Diffusion distance too long, maturation
Defective placental maturation
• Absence of terminal villi, no syncytio-vascular membranes
• Occurs after 35-36 weeks GA
• No IUGR
• Severe hypoxia and increase of NRBC’s at the end of pregnancy
Stallmach et al. Rescue by birth: defective placental maturation and late fetal mortality. Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Apr;97(4):505-9.
IUFD at 39 weeks GA IUFD at 40 weeks GAPlacenta with normal weight Placenta with low normal weight
Other placental causes of IUFD
Haemorrhage: feto-maternal transfusion– Usually no abnormalities visible in the placenta
Inflammation – Ascending infection: e.g. bacterial
• Chorioamnionitis and funisitis
• Acute villitis and microabscesses
– Haematogenous infection: e.g. viral, toxoplasmosis• Chronic villitis
Placenta abnormalities and time of death
Time between deathand birth
abnormalities in the placenta
6-36 hr Nuclear dust in foetal circulation and villous stroma
12 hr Degeneration of smooth muscle cells of the umbilical cord vessel wall
2 days Focal obliteration of vessels in the placental parenchyma
2 weeks Extensive obliteration of vessels and villous stromal fibrosis
Nuclear dust
IUFD 6-36 hr
Degeneration of smooth muscle
IUFD 12 hr -
Degeneration of smooth muscle cells
granulocytes
IUFD 12 hr -
IUFD 2 days - weeks
IUFD 2 days - weeks
Loss of basophilia in smooth muscle cells
IUFD 2 days - weeks
IUFD 2 days - weeks
Umbilical cord pathology
• Too short, too long
• Knots
• Strangulation
• Thrombosis
• Haemangioma
• Meconium induced necrosis
• Coiling
Too long with true knot
strangulation
Cord coiling• Umbilical cord: Wharton’s jelly, usually two arteries and
a vein• Wharton’s jelly: hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulphate,
collagen• Vessels: form a helix,• Normal coiling approximately between 1 and 3 coils per
10 cm• Abnormal coiling associated with severe perinatal
morbidity and mortality
Umbilical cord with undercoiling
Umbilical cord with overcoiling
Cord coiling
0.1 1 10
Single umbilical artery
Premature birth corrected for amnionitis
Premature birth, not corrected
Trisomie (13 / 18 / 21)
Congenital / chromosomal abnormality
Apgarscore < 7 after 5 minutes
IUFD
Odds Ratio (95% CI)
20 300.5 5
Undercoiled cords
Study of 885 placenta from UMCU, de Laat et al.
de Laat et al. Umbilical coiling index in normal and complicated pregnancies.Obstet Gynecol. 2006 May;107(5):1049-55.
Cord coiling
1 100.1
Single umbilical artery
Congenital / chromosomal abnormality
Trisomie (13 / 18 / 21)
IUGR
Umbilical arteriel pH < 7.05
asfyxia
IUFD
Odds Ratio (95% CI)
20 300.5 5
Overcoiled cords
de Laat et al. Umbilical coiling index in normal and complicated pregnancies.Obstet Gynecol. 2006 May;107(5):1049-55.
Study of 885 placenta from UMCU, de Laat et al.
Perinatal Mortality
Congenital anomaly
Solutio, small placenta or prematurity
Unknown
Undercoiled (133)
44 % 58/133
48 % 28/58
40 % 23/58
12 % 7/58
Normal (492)
22 % 110/492
46 % 51/110
49 % 53/110
5 % 6/110
Overcoiled (99)
38 % 38/99
39 % 15/38
24 % 9/38
37 % 14/38
Cord coiling and mortality
HAVE FUN WITH YOUR PLACENTASPETER NIKKELS