Modals- Words that express attitudes. Necessity:Must/Have to/Have got to + verb:

NO OTHER CHOICE!!!Must = strongest word choice.“I have to pass at the ELI before I can go to UD!”

Past form = (had to….)“I had to pass at the ELI before I could go to UD!”

MODALS:Past form of should: Should have + p.p. “Something was a good idea, but I didn’t do it.”The sun was hot, and I should have brought some sunscreen.

Should not have + p.p“Something wasn’t a good idea and I did it anyway.”I should not have eaten 12 hot dogs for lunch.

MODALS:Supposed to +verb :

Someone expected something to happen, or they express expected behavior.The zebra is supposed to have black and white stripes.

In the past, it expresses unfulfilled expectations. I was supposed to get a rainbow zebra for my birthday, but I didn’t.

MODALS:Degrees of certainty: Present vs. Past

Isn’t – 100%- Wasn’tCouldn’t /can’t be – 99% - Couldn’t/Can’t have been

Must not be – 95% - Must not have been May/might not be – 50% - Might/May not have been

NOTE- These percentages are approximate, which means..

Could actually be 51.2%!!

Just kidding!

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