Parts of speech

Modern greek grammar based on open educational resources

powerpoint slides by

Dimitra Kapnia

Twitter: @dkapnia

Parts of speech

What are parts of speech?

What are parts of speech?

"parts of speech" is a traditional term for the categories in which words of many languages are classified, according to their functions in sentences.

In contemporary linguistics, the term part of speech has

generally been discarded in favor of the term "word class“.

Further readinghttp://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/partsspeechterm.htm.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_of_speech

parts of speech in modern greek language

There are 10 basic parts of speech in modern greek language.

Some of them are inflected and some non-inflected

Inflected parts of speech

1.article: άρθρο-árθro. (θ=th) 2.Noun : ουσιαστικό- usiastikó 3. adjective: επίθετο- epíθeto. (θ=th) 4. pronoun: αντωνυμία- antonimía 5.verb: ρήμα- ríma 6. participle:* μετοχή- metoxí

*Participle may be either inflected or non-inflective

Non-Inflected parts of speech

7.preposition: πρόθεση- próthesi8.adverb: επίρρημα- epírima

9.conjunction: σύνδεσμος-sínδesmos 10.interjection: επιφώνημα- epifónima

*6.Participle may be either inflected or non-inflective

Inflected parts of speech

An overview

Inflected parts of speech: a summary

1.article-definite articleGenerally, definite article is used before a nounCase, number and gender are marked on definite article

Πτώσεις-PtósisGrammatical cases

Eνικός αριθμός Enikós ariθmós Singular

Πληθυντικός αριθμός pliθintikós ariθmós

Plural

masc femin neut masc femin neut

Ονομαστική-onomastikíNominative indicates The subject. Answers to the question “who”?

ο [o]

η [i]

το[to]

οι[i]

οι[i]

τα[ta]

Γενική-JenikíGenetive indicates the possesor. It also demonstrates various grammatical relations, others than possesion. Genetive Answers to the question ¨whose¨?

του[tu]

της [tis]

του [tu]

των[ton]

Των[ton]

των[ton]

Αιτιατική-EtiatikíAccusative indicates the direct object of a verb

Το(ν) [ton]

τη(ν)[tin]

το[to]

τους[tus]

τις[tis]

τα[ta]

Κλητική-klitikíVocative is used for a noun that identifies a person (animal, object, etc.) being addressed

- - - - - -

2.noun

The Greek nominal system displays inflection for three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), two numbers (singular and plural),

and four cases (nominative, genitive, accusative and vocative). The distribution of grammatical gender across nouns is largely arbitrary

and need not coincide with natural sex. Case, number and gender are marked on noun

An example is following


Eνικός αριθμός Enikós ariθmós

Singular


Plural

masc femin neut masc femin neutΟνομαστικήonomastikíNominative indicates The subject. Answers to the question “who”?

Ο μαθητήςO maθitís

Pupil

Η μαθήτρια I maθítria

Pupil

Το παιδίTo peδí

Child-kid

Οι μαθητέςI maθités

pupils

Οι μαθήτριεςI maθítries

pupils

Τα παιδιάTa peδiá

Children-kids


τουμαθητή

Tu maθití

της μαθήτριας

Tis maθítrias

του παιδιού

Tu peδiú

τωνμαθητών

Ton maθitón

Τωνμαθητριών

Ton maθitrión

τωνπαιδιών

Ton peδión

ΑιτιατικήEtiatikíAccusative indicates the direct object of a verb

Το(ν) μαθητή

To maθití

τη(ν)μαθήτρια

Ti maθítria

τοπαιδί

To peδí

τουςμαθητέςTus maθités

ΤιςμαθήτριεςTis maθítries

ταπαιδιά

Ta peδiá

ΚλητικήklitikíVocative is used for a noun that identifies a person (animal, object, etc.) being addressed

μαθητή

maθití

μαθήτρια

Maθítria

παιδί

peδí

μαθητές

Maθités

μαθήτριες

Maθítries

παιδιά

Peδiá

3. Adjective

The Greek nominal system displays inflection for three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), two numbers (singular and plural), and four cases (nominative, genitive, accusative and

vocative).Usually, adjectives precede nouns, though some of them may stand as nouns themselves. Case, number and gender are

marked on adjective.

An example is following



Singular


Plural

masc femin neut masc femin neutΟνομαστικήonomastikíNominative indicates The subject. Answers to the question “who”?

Ο καλόςΟ kalós

Nice-good

Η καλή I kalí

Nice-good

Το καλόTo kaló

Nice-good

Οι καλοίI kali

Nice-good

Οι καλέςI kalés

Nice-good

Τα καλάTa kalá

Nice-good


τουκαλού

Tu kalú

της καλής

Tis kalís

του καλού

Tu kalú

τωνκαλών

Ton kalón

Τωνκαλών

Ton kalón

τωνκαλών

Ton kalón


Το(ν) καλό

Ton kaló

τη(ν)καλή

Tin kalí

τοκαλό

To kaló

τουςκαλούςTus kalús

ΤιςκαλέςTis kalés

τακαλά

Ta kalá


καλέ

kalé

καλή

kalí

καλό

kaló

καλοί

kalí

καλές

kalés

καλά

kalá

4. pronouna pronoun is a word that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase. It is a particular case

of a pro-form, that is a type of function word or expression that expresses the same content as another word, phrase, clause or sentence where the meaning is

recoverable from the context. They are divided in eight (8) groups

Personal, demonstrative, possessive, interrogative, indefinite, Relative and correlative, intensive, contrastive.

In Greek, most pronouns, can be used as determiners. Case, number and gender may be marked on pronoun. Personal pronouns mark a

person ( I, you, he, etc). In some of pronouns lack some cases.

An example is following. Personal pronoun.emphatic form



Singular


Plural

First person

Second person

Third personMascfemneut

First person Second person

Third personMascfemneut

ΟνομαστικήonomastikíNominative indicates The subject. Answers to the question “who”?

εγώ eγó Εσύ esí αυτός aftósαυτή afftíαυτό aftó

εμείς,emís εσείς esís αυτοί aftíαυτές aftésαυτά aftá


εμένα eména

εσένα esí αυτού aftúαυτής aftís αυτού aftú

εμάς emás εσάς esás αυτών aftónαυτών aftónαυτών aftón


εμένα eména

Εσένα eséna αυτόν aftónαυτήν aftónαυτό aftó

εμάς emás εσάς esás αυτούς aftúsαυτές aftésαυτά aftá


5.verb Verb expresses the way in which the subject acts. In Greek verbs, the person (I- you- he, she, it) is implied! The citation form of the Greek verb is denoted by the 1st person singular of the simple present tense.Τhere are 2 types of conjugation, 2 voices (active and mediopassive) and three moods : Indicative (Oristiki - Οριστική ) Subjunctive (Ipotaktiki – Υποτακτική) Imperative (Prostaktiki - Προστακτική )

Sentence’s order : Subject-Verb - Object. The order is variable: for example V-S-O, O-V-S.

Greek verb has 8 tenses.

Ενεστώτας ： Enestótas。 Present

Παρακείμενος ：Parakímenos。 present perfect

Παρατατικός ：Paratatikós。 imperfect

Αόριστος ：Aóristos。Aorist, indefinite, past simple

Υπερσυντέλικος ： Ipersidélikos。past perfect

Μέλλοντας εξακολουθητικός ：Mélodas eksakoluθitikós。 future continuous

μέλλοντας στιγμιαίος： mélodas stiγmiéos。simple future

μέλλοντας συντελεσμένος ：mélodas sidelesménos。 future simple perfect

Tenses describe 2 things.

a. time of action (present, past, future)

b. aspect, that is: imperfect, perfective, perfect

Α κλίση-first conjugationΕνικός/πληθυντικόςSingular/plural

Ενεστώτας: Ενεργητική φωνή

Ενεστώτας: Μέση/παθητική φωνή

Α’ πρόσωποΕνικόςFirst person singular

ΓράφωGráfo- i write

ΓράφομαιGráfome‘-i am being written

Β πρόσωπο ενικόςSecond person singular

ΓράφειςGráfis-you write

ΓράφεσαιGráfome- i am being written

Γ πρόσωπο ενικόςThird person singular

ΓράφειGráfi-he writes

ΓράφεταιGráfete-You are being written

Α πρόσωπο πληθυντικόςFirst person plural

ΓράφουμεGráfume –we write

ΓραφόμαστεGrafómaste-We are being written

Β πρόσωπο πληθυντικόςSecond person plural

ΓράφετεGráfete-you write

ΓράφεστεGráfeste-You are being written

Γ πρόσωπο πληθυντικόςThird person plural

Γράφουν Gráfun-they write

ΓράφονταιGráfonte-They are being written

6.participle

A participle is a form of a verb that is used in a sentence to modify a noun or noun phrase and thus plays a role similar to that of an adjective or adverb

Greek Participle may be either inflected or non-inflective.

Actually in greek there is no gerund. Non- inflected, active present participle is used instead , so some linguists mention it as "gerund". They call it “the greek gerund".

Examples of greek gerund

Η αδελφή μου ήρθε τρέχοντας να μου πει τα νέα

My sister came running to tell me the news.

Βγήκε έξω τραγουδώνταςHe came out singingPassive participles are inflected like adjectives

7.preposition

A preposition is placed immediately before a noun phrasein order to indicate the relation of this phrase to some other phrase. A phrase introduced by a preposition is known as a prepositional

phrase The main greek prepositions are:

από: apó =from, since, thanγια: γia =for, about

μέχρι: méxri, until, up to με: me= with σαν: san =like

σε: se= to, into, at, in

8.adverb

An adverb is a word that changes or simplifies the meaning of a verb, adjective, other adverb, clause, or sentence.

Adverbs typically answer questions such as how?, in what way?, when?, where?, and to what extent?. This function is called the adverbial function, and is realized not just by single words (like adverbs) but by adverbial phrases and adverbial clauses.

Types of adverbonly a few examples

manner: πώς (pós= how), κάπως(kápos= somehow )

Place: επάνω ( epáno= up), κάτω (káto=down), κάπου (kápu=somewhere)

Time: πότε (póte=when), ποτέ (poté= never), χθες (xθés=yesterday)

Quantity: πόσο (póso=how much), τόσο(tóso=that much)

Various : ναι (ne=yes), ίσως (ísos=perhaps), όχι (óçi=no)Further studying

http://www.greekgrammar.eu/verbs.phphttp://www.foundalis.com/lan/greek.htm

http://www.greekgrammar.eu/verbs.php

http://www.foundalis.com/lan/greek.htm

9.conjunctiona conjunction connects words, sentences,

phrases or clauses. Greek conjunctions are divided in 13 groups

Some examplesκαι ké= and

αλλά alá= butóμως ómos=however

10.interjection

an interjection is used to express an emotion or sentiment on the part of the speaker. There are plenty of interjections in greek language

Examples«Αχ..» «α!» « ε!» «Άου!» «πω-πω…» «όπα!»

Occasionally, some nouns, adjectives, adverbs, even verbs may function as interjections

ExamplesΈλα! Άντε! Κρίμα! Ζήτω !

Further studying

http://users.sch.gr/ipap/Ellinikos%20Politismos/Yliko/Yliko%20nea.htm


http://www.foundalis.com/lan/greek.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declension http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_case

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interjection http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverb Μανόλη Τριανταφυλλίδη, «Νεοελληνική Γραμματική»

http://eranistis.net/wordpress/2013/07/03/%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE-%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE-%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85-%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7-%CF%84%CF%81/

David Holton, Peter Mackridge, Irene Philippaki-Warburton, “Greek as essential grammar of modern language”



http://www.foundalis.com/lan/greek.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declension

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_case

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interjection

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverb




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Parts of speech