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For academic speaking skills: an overview of paraphrasing, retelling, and summarizing.
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ACADEMIC SPEAKING SKILLSPARAPHRASING, RETELLING, AND SUMMARIZING
What’s the difference?
BASIC DEFINITIONS
ParaphrasingSaying the same thing as someone else, but in different words.
RetellingTelling a story that you previously heard or read.
Summarizing
Telling the main ideas of a text.
THOSE SOUND THE SAME!HOW ARE THEY DIFFERENT?
ParaphrasingSaying the same thing, but in different words.
Retelling
Telling a story that you previously heard or read.
Summarizing
Telling the important parts of a text.
You can choose how much to paraphrase.
Paraphrasing can be spoken or written.
Retelling preserves the sequence and important details of a story.
Retelling is spoken.
Summaries are shorter than the original, but must include certain ideas.
Summaries can be spoken or written.
How much to say:
How to say it:
PARAPHRASING
• In writing, we paraphrase to report information.
• The best way to paraphrase is to understand an idea, and then describe it.
• If you understand the idea, and describe it, you will naturally use different words.
(Copying the exact sentence and changing a few words is not paraphrasing!)
• In speaking, we paraphrase to make sure we understand someone’s idea.
“So, what you’re saying is that you can’t afford to go on a vacation.”
• We also paraphrase to relate information from one person to another.
“She said we’d be in trouble if we weren’t here on time every day.”
Writing Speaking
SUMMARIZING
• Summaries can be written or spoken.
• The purpose of a summary is to tell the most important parts of something.• The main ideas.• The most important details.
• A summary is always shorter than the original.
SUMMARIZING: EXAMPLES
SUMMARY 3:
Two friends decided to skip school and go fishing.
ORIGINAL:
Tom and Bill were walking to school. They passed over a bridge, as they did every day. But on this day, the river was full, the water was clear, and the sun was shining in a cloudless sky.
Tom said, “Let’s go fishing!”
Bill wasn’t so sure. “We have a test today. Shouldn’t we go to class?”
“Nonsense,” said Tom. “You only live once. A day like this won’t come along again.”
Bill wasn’t sure this was a good idea, but suddenly a fish jumped from the sparkling water. He decided Tom was right; they should definitely skip class on such a nice day!
SUMMARY 1:
Tom and Bill were walking to school on a beautiful day. Tom thought they should go fishing. Bill thought they should go to school, because they had a test. Tom thought it would be a shame to waste the day. Bill finally agreed.SUMMARY 2:
Walking to school on a nice day, Tom couldn’t resist skipping school and going fishing. Bill only agreed because of Tom’s persuasion and the nice day.
RETELLING
• Retelling a story comes naturally to some people.
• When we tell a joke we have heard, we are retelling.
• Retelling stories and events serves an important purpose in daily life.
Can you think of some reasons we retell stories?
ORAL TRADITION• The phrase “oral tradition” describes
a way to pass on culture and history without writing it down.
• Ancient history was kept in this way.
• Many cultures still value this way of keeping their stories and past alive.
Native Americans sitting in a circle, some playing drums Sept 29, 1903 Chicago Daily News negatives collection, DN-0001533. Courtesy of Chicago History Museum.
Discussion• What stories are important in your
culture? How are they retold now?
• Which of these stories do you know?
SOME VOCABULARY FOR STORYTELLING
Folk talea traditional story ▪ West African folktales that continue to be passed from generation to generation through storytelling
Fairy tale1 : a simple children's story about magical creatures ▪ the fairy tale about the sleeping princess
2 : a false story that is meant to trick people ▪ Everything he told us about his happy marriage was just a fairy tale.
SOME VOCABULARY FOR STORYTELLING
Legendplural leg·ends
1 : a story from the past that is believed by many people but cannot be proved to be true
Myth1 : an idea or story that is believed by many people but that is not true
2: a story that was told in an ancient culture to explain a practice, belief, or natural occurrence
“legend." Learnersdictionary.com. 2013. http://www.learnersdictionary.com (21 May 2013).
“myth." Learnersdictionary.com. 2013. http://www.learnersdictionary.com (21 May 2013).
VOCABULARY FOR STORYTELLING
trickster
a cunning or deceptive character appearing in various forms in the folklore of many cultures
underworld
the place where dead people go in Greek myths
demigod
“underworld." Merriam-Webster.com. 2011. http://www.merriam-webster.com (21 May 2013).
a person in mythology who has some of the powers of a god …[or] who is part god and part human
“demigod." Merriam-Webster.com. 2011. http://www.merriam-webster.com (21 May 2013).“trickster." Merriam-Webster.com. 2011.
http://www.merriam-webster.com (21 May 2013).
A TRICKSTER TALE: HOW WILDCAT CAUGHT A TURKEY
http://www.npr.org/2010/06/06/127483926/native-american-folk-tales-take-a-graphic-turn (four minutes)
• Watch this video, and then read a traditional myth from another culture. • Present your myth to the rest of the class.