Prehistory and Early Man

Critical Intro.

Describe 4-5 ways in which the development of agriculture changed societies.

first pre-human/human-like creature = hominid; 4 mill. – 2 mill. B.C.

“human with ability” – 1st tool maker – 2.5 mill. – 1.5 mill. B.C.

Migrated throughout Eurasia; first to bury dead; 200,000 – 30,000 B.C.; Extinct

Cro-Magnon – identical to modern humans; 100,000-10,000 B.C.Homo Sapien Sapiens = modern humans

•“human who walks upright” – 1st out of Africa, 1st w/fire – 1.6 mill. –100,000B.C.

Human Migration•Migration throughout the world spanned over 1.5 million years.•Homo sapiens migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas•Humans adapted to many different environments.

Donald Johanson discovers 3.2 million year old “Lucy”.

Mary Leakey finds 3.6 million year old footprints

Archaeologists study past cultures

by locating and studying:

human remains

settlementsFossils;

Radio Carbon dating

Artifacts;Radio Carbon

dating

Archaeologists continue to find and interpret evidence of early humans and their lives.

How does archaeology provide knowledge of early human life and its changes?

Donald Johanson: Discovered “Lucy” in 1974

Why do archeologists sometimes create more questions than answers?

Great Rift ValleyEast Africa

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Human Migration•Migration throughout the world spanned over 1.5 million years.•Homo sapiens migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas•Humans adapted to many different environments.

Big Geography and the Peopling of the WorldDirections: Use the map, text and/or other resources to complete the following questions/prompts and terms.

Part 11. From where (be specific) did humans originate?

2. About when did they begin to migrate from there?

3. Briefly define the “Out of Africa” theory.

4. What information does the map give us about human adaptability?

5. How might fire have benefitted early humans?

6. In what size groups do you think early humans lived, large or small? Defend your answer.

Part 2 – Complete on your own paper and attach to this page.1. Create a 10 item timeline (5 illustrated) of your life from birth to

present.2. Define the following terms: prehistory, historian, artifact,anthropology, archeology, Relative dating, Absolute dating, Carbon 14 dating

Peopling of the World Animation

Paleolithic Society vs. Neolithic SocietyTwo Very Different Stone Age Periods

Paleolithic vs. Neolithic

Paleolithic Age = “Old Stone Age” 2.5 million – 12,000 B.C.E.

Neolithic Age = “New Stone Age” Neolithic/Agricultural Revolution! 12,000 – 4,000 B.C.E.

What new technology do you think ends Neolithic Age?

PaleolithicFood Sources

Hunting and GatheringHunting animalsGathering plants, roots, nuts and berriesNomadic – Constantly migrating in search of food,

water

PaleolithicShelter

Temporary!Tents, cavesSkin, grass or mud-covered huts

PaleolithicPopulation

Small kinship clans of 20-60 peopleUsually extended family

Why small groups?Hunting & gathering can’t produce enough food for large pop.

PaleolithicClothing

Animal skins

PaleolithicResources

Used resources (materials) from their surroundings

Developed oral language. Impact?

Learned how to make & use fire!! Improved hunting, protection, warmth

PaleolithicOccupation

Hunt and gatherFinding enough food to surviveCreated “Cave art”

http://www.lascaux.culture.fr/?lng=en#/en/00.xml

Lascaux Cave Paintings

France – 16,000 years ago

Lascaux Cave PaintingsFrance – 16,000 years ago

http://www.lascaux.culture.fr/index.php?lng=en#/en/02_00.xml

What do you think?

What do you think the occupational nature of the Paleolithic Period meant for technological advances?

How do you think this might change when people start farming?

The Neolithic Revolution!

Neolithic Revolution

Rising temps = longer growing seasons

Caused pop. increase

Steady food source was neededPeople begin to farm

Farming develops in different regions at about the same time.

MesopotamiaEgyptIndiaChinaAmericas

Slash and Burn Farming = cut trees & grasses and burned them to clear the fields

Ashes fertilized the soil

Domestication= taming of animals

dogs, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle - dairying

Causes of the Agricultural Revolution

Early Farming MethodsDomestication of Animals

Farming Develops in Many Places

Neolithic Revolution

Causes of the Agricultural Revolution

Early Farming MethodsDomestication of Animals

Farming Develops in Many Places

NeolithicFood Sources

Farming and domestication of animals!Agricultural & pastoral societiesReliable food source

What do you think?

What do you think the impact will be on Neolithic shelter and population?

NeolithicShelter

Permanent!Clay or mud-brick houses

NeolithicPopulation

Much larger populationsVillages and small townsFarming & domestication supports large pops.

NeolithicClothing

Woven clothWool and cotton Jewelry

NeolithicResources

Extensive local trade and barter Traveling farther for materialsUsed advanced tools Obsidian (volcanic) glass = important

material

What do you think?

Why do you think trade was able to expand so rapidly during the Neolithic Age?

NeolithicOccupations

Farming, herding, tradingArtisanship – making thingsWeaving, pottery, tool-makingSpecialization of Labor!

People doing specific jobs

What is the connection between the Neolithic Revolution and Specialization?

Improvements in agricultural production, trade, and

transportation

Pottery

Wheels and

Wheeled VehiclesMetallurgy

Woven textilesPlows

PotteryHow did it improve life?

PlowsHow did it improve life?

Early

Later

Woven textilesHow did it improve life?

MetallurgyHow did it improve life?

Wheels and Wheeled Vehicles

How did it improve life?

Neolithic RevolutionAgriculturalist vs. Pastoralist

Pastoral Society

Sedentary Agricultural Society

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Pastoralism Ten to twelve thousand years ago, at approximately the same time that agriculture emerged, a parallel specialization appeared: pastoralism, the herding of domesticated or partially domesticated animals.Pastoralism has much more in common culturally with hunting and gathering ways of life since it is necessity to move the herds continually in search of fresh pastures making this a wandering, nomadic way of life. For Pastoralists, human and livestock populations tended to fluxuate according to shifts in climatic conditions impacting the availability of grasses. While pastoral life is demanding and often dangerous, it is, as a way of life, relatively stable over long periods of time--like hunting and gathering is. What one generation knew and did, the next generation knew and did. Pastoralism tended to develop on marginal land apart from areas suitable for agriculture, often in semi-arid regions. Frequently, the two ways of life, pastoralism and agriculture, were compatible, or even mutually dependent upon one another through symbiotic trade relationships. Wherever the two modes of life existed near one another, a lively trade usually sprang up between farmers who had food and other objects to exchange, and pastoral nomads, who had products such as hides, wool, meat, and/or milk. 

Sedentary (Agriculturalist) vs. Pastoralism

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Sedentary (Agriculturalist) While they are not exciting in appearance, settled agricultural villages like this early example at Ban Po, China (below left) and Catal Huyuk, modern Turkey (below right), represented a radically new way of life for human beings, unlike anything that had existed before. First, agriculture means sedentism--living permanently in one place. This was itself new to human beings, and it may have seemed very constraining to the first people to experience this way of life. Living in one spot permanently means exploiting a relatively small amount of land very intensively (rather than exploiting a large amount of land extensively, as hunter-gatherers did), and over a long period of time.

Pastoralism vs. Sedentary – an analysisPastoralism:Advantages: _______________________________________________________________________________________________Disadvantages: _____________________________________________________________________________________________

Sedentary:Advantages: _______________________________________________________________________________________________Disadvantages: _____________________________________________________________________________________________

Examples of likely contact/conflict between the two societies: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Neolithic/Agricultural Revolution

Why “Revolution”?Why do you think the period of farming and

domestication is referred as a “Revolution”? Do you agree with the use of the word “Revolution”?

First Neolithic Settlements and Cities

Catal Hoyuk, Aleppo and Jericho

. Aleppo

First Neolithic Settlements

Catal Hoyuk• Southern

Turkey• Approx. 7000

B.C.E• Protection

provided by connecting all buildings

• Relied on trade to supplement ag.

Goddess

First Early CitiesJericho

• On Jordan River

• Approx. 7000 B.C.E

• Protection provided by ditch & 12 ft. wall

• Relied on trade to supplement ag.

First Early CitiesAleppo

• On Queiq River• Approx. 2500

B.C.E• High center hill

surrounded by 8 smaller hills.

• Protection provided by ditch & wall

• Key Syrian city today

Stonehenge

Stonehenge in southern England

Started in Neolithic Age: Completed in Bronze Age

Stonehenge in southern England

Critical Intro

Jared Diamond referred to the Neolithic Revolution as the “Worst mistake in the history of the human race”. What do you think his main arguments are.

Critical Intro

In complete sentences, describe why you think humans were so successful at migrating throughout the world.

Critical Intro

In complete sentences, identify an example of monumental architecture and the role it played in its society.

Critical Intro

In 2-3 sentences, describe the reasons for and most significant impacts of the Neolithic Revolution.

Critical Intro

In 2-3 sentences, describe the reasons for and most significant impacts of the Neolithic Revolution.

Critical Intro.

Write 2-3 sentences detailing the characteristics of a good research topic.

Critical Intro.

More environmental impact? Agriculturalist or Pastoralist? Why?

Then create a Neolithic vs. Paleolithic pamphlet.

Critical Intro.

What makes us “Civilized”?