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A summary of oxidative phosphorylation. Including Glycolysis, link reaction, krebs cycle and the electron transport chain
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
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Glucose C6H12O6
Glycolysis
Link Reaction
Electron Transport chain
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Glycolysis: Glucose C6H12O6
Glucose-6-P
Fructose-1-P
ATP
ADPADP P
Isomerism
Isomerism
Hexose-1-6-bisphosphate
P
PATP
ADPADP
2x triosphosphate (3C)
Substrate level
phosphorylation
Substrate level
phosphorylation
ATP
ATP
NADH NADH
In this stage, 2x ATP & 2x NADH are formedIn this stage, 2x ATP & 2x NADH are formed
2x Intermediate compound
In this stage, 2x ATP are formedIn this stage, 2x ATP are formedATP
ATP
2x Pyruvate (3C)
Generates:1)2x ATP
2)2x Pyruvate3)2x Reduced electron
carriers (NADH)
Generates:1)2x ATP
2)2x Pyruvate3)2x Reduced electron
carriers (NADH)
2 ATP molecules are used up binding phosphate molecules to glucose,
therefore even though 4 are made, there’s a net
production of 2 ATPs
2 ATP molecules are used up binding phosphate molecules to glucose,
therefore even though 4 are made, there’s a net
production of 2 ATPs
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm
Link Reaction:This reaction transports the
Pyruvate made in the cytoplasm into the
mitochondria, forming Acetyl-CoA.
This reaction transports the Pyruvate made in the
cytoplasm into the mitochondria, forming
Acetyl-CoA.
The Acetyl-CoA will then go into the Krebs cycle, which
takes place in the mitochondria.
The Acetyl-CoA will then go into the Krebs cycle, which
takes place in the mitochondria.
Pyruvate (3C)
Acetyl CoA (2C)
NAD
NADH
CO2CO2
Since there were 2 pyruvates formed in glycolysis, 2 Acetyl
CoA’s are formed in total
Since there were 2 pyruvates formed in glycolysis, 2 Acetyl
CoA’s are formed in total
Krebs Cycle:Acetyl-CoA (2C)Acetyl-CoA (2C)
Oxaloacetate (4C)
Oxaloacetate (4C)
CoACoA
Citrate (6C)Citrate (6C)
(5C) molecule(5C) molecule
(4C) molecule(4C) molecule(4C) molecule(4C) molecule
(4C) molecule(4C) molecule
NAD
NADH
NAD
NADH
CO2CO2
CO2CO2
ADPADP PATP
FADFAD
FADH2FADH2
NAD
NADH
Krebs info CLICK HEREKrebs info
CLICK HERE
Krebs 2:
As 2 pyruvates are made in glycolysis forming 2 Acetyl-CoA molecules in the Link Reaction,
the Krebs cycle goes round twice.
As 2 pyruvates are made in glycolysis forming 2 Acetyl-CoA molecules in the Link Reaction,
the Krebs cycle goes round twice.
The Acetyl-CoA (2C) bonds to Oxaloacetate (4C) forming Citrate (6C) which then goes round the cycle, producing electron carrier
molecules and ATP.
The Acetyl-CoA (2C) bonds to Oxaloacetate (4C) forming Citrate (6C) which then goes round the cycle, producing electron carrier
molecules and ATP.
Each time the Krebs cycle goes round, 3 NADH molecules are
made, forming 6 in total.
Also, 2 FADH2 molecules are produced in total.
CO2 is also made during the Krebs cycle as a waste product.
Each time the Krebs cycle goes round, 3 NADH molecules are
made, forming 6 in total.
Also, 2 FADH2 molecules are produced in total.
CO2 is also made during the Krebs cycle as a waste product.
The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria.
The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria.
Electron Transport Chain:
1. NADH transfers it’s hydrogen's (each
containing a proton and an electron) to the electron
carrier protein
1. NADH transfers it’s hydrogen's (each
containing a proton and an electron) to the electron
carrier protein
NADHNADHNADH
H+H+
e-e-
e-e-
Outside cell
Outside cell
Inside cell
Inside cell
Electron Transport Chain:
Coenzyme Q
Coenzyme Q
Outside cell
Outside cell
Inside cell
Inside cell
e-e-
e-e-
H+H+
2. Some electron carrier proteins such as Coenzyme Q
can accept Protons as electrons are passed through it
2. Some electron carrier proteins such as Coenzyme Q
can accept Protons as electrons are passed through it
This increases the proton gradient across the membrane
and enhances the proton motive force
This increases the proton gradient across the membrane
and enhances the proton motive force
Electron Transport Chain:Outside cell
Outside cell
Inside cell
Inside cell
3. During aerobic respiration, the last protein transfers a pair
of electrons to an oxygen molecule to form H20 (the O2
splits first)
3. During aerobic respiration, the last protein transfers a pair
of electrons to an oxygen molecule to form H20 (the O2
splits first)
e-e- e-e-
OOOO
2 O molecule
= O2
2 O molecule
= O2
OO
One splitsOne splits
H+H+
H+H+
HH HH
OO
Electron Transport Chain:Outside cell
Outside cell
Inside cell
Inside cell
ATP synthase enzyme
ATP synthase enzyme
H+H+
H+H+
H+H+
H+H+
H+H+
H+H+
ADPADP PATP
4. The ATP synthase enzyme utilises the proton motive force, and is able
to use energy formed to carry out the process of phosphorylation from ADP
to ATP
4. The ATP synthase enzyme utilises the proton motive force, and is able
to use energy formed to carry out the process of phosphorylation from ADP
to ATP
Summary:
Glycolysis:
2x ATP2x NADH
2x Pyruvate (3C)
Glycolysis:
2x ATP2x NADH
2x Pyruvate (3C)
Link reaction:
2x Acetyl-CoA2x NADH
2x CO2
Link reaction:
2x Acetyl-CoA2x NADH
2x CO2
Krebs:
6x NADH2x FADH2
2x ATP4x CO2
Krebs:
6x NADH2x FADH2
2x ATP4x CO2
Electron transport chain:
All the hydrogen molecules from the previously made NADH and FADH2 molecules are converted
into ATP. A total of 30 could potentially be made. However
due to leakiness, it makes around 26/28 ATP.
Electron transport chain:
All the hydrogen molecules from the previously made NADH and FADH2 molecules are converted
into ATP. A total of 30 could potentially be made. However
due to leakiness, it makes around 26/28 ATP.
