Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
This presentation in intended to introduce Open Access (OA); the OA movement; OA advantages for authors, institutions and society; OA business models and publishing in OA; important tools for research and publishing; and other ‘open’ initiatives.
Citation preview
Library
Pocock House Library235 Southwark Bridge RoadLondon SE1 [email protected]
Open Access explained
G. Gabriel
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
A few important concepts...
What is “Open Access”?
It’s the availability of digital literature, free of charge and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions so that people can read, download, copy, distribute, print, link or use without financial, legal, or technical barriers.
What is the Open Access movement?
It’s a global movement to make scientific and scholarly literature openly accessible online to all users, free of charge so that everyone benefits from the dissemination of knowledge and information.
Factors for OA emergence
• Exponential growth of information and the need to access information;• New ways to store/share information using the WWW;• Divergence between authors’ and editors’ interests;• Editors monopoly of scientific publications;• Struggle by many academic institutions to provide access to information while dealing with budget cuts and increasing journals prices.
Publishing in the past
Source: http://www.ansp.org/explore/online-exhibits/stories/the-philosophical-transactions
Publishing today
Initi
al im
age
© L
uca
Bar
cello
na
Researchers give their articles to publishers for FREE or have to pay
themselves to get published.
Researchers peer review for FREE.
Universities and other institutions pay for access to journals.
Researchers give their copyrights to publishers for FREE.
Publishers get articles, copyrights, and labour for FREE, and then
charge huge fees for access!
Publishing today
Journal publishing is a big business!
(Bosh et al., 2013)
Journal publishing is a big business!
The costs of journal
subscription
(Association of Research Libraries, 2012).
Journal prices are increasing at an alarming rate, straining academic library budgets.
SOLUTION?
Open access to scholarly journal articles and other scholarly materials!
• Consortiums (e.g. SPARC - Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition);
• Open Access Journals (e.g. The Bryn Mawr Classical Review, Psycoloquy);
• Open archives (like the arXiv.org created in 1991 by Paul Ginsparg);
• Free online databases (e.g. Medline);• Online institutional repositories for published or
unpublished research.
Early initiatives
• OpenAIRE – Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe www.openaire.eu
• COAR – Confederation of Open Access Repositories www.coar-repositories.org
• “Horizon 2020”, and “Open Access Pilot FP7” – European Commission policy on OA http://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/
• “Open Research Data Pilot” – European Commission policy on open data;
• RCUK (Research Councils) policy on OA http://www.rcuk.ac.uk/research/openaccess/
Recent initiatives
To publish articles/data in OA journals, making them immediately and freely
available.
“Gold” Open Access publishing
To publish in a traditional journal but making the article/data available in an
institutional website, repository or archive.
“Green” Open Access publishing
©PSD Graphics
Publication process
Research results
Decision of forms of protection (e.g. Patenting)
Dissemination by publication of research results
Not Open Access
Open Access
Green OA
Gold OACommercialisation of research results
Toll-free access to information;
Data (re)use;
Greater control over one’s work (no need to relinquish copyright to publishers, and publishers don't dictate copying, sharing, etc.)
Quicker publication and diffusion of research;
Greater research efficiency through early discussion of findings;
Increased visibility (more readers, more scholarly impact, more citations…);
OA benefits for authors
Research easier to link (e.g. blogs, Social Media), which increases worldwide awareness;
Increased findability via search engines;
Possibility of higher citation rates in a shorter period of time;
New possibilities for international collaboration;
Safe archive of research.
OA benefits for authors
Annotated bibliography of articles on the OA advantage: http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html
Cost benefits since there is no need to pay researchers, articles and journal subscriptions;
Better financial management of R&D;
Efficient use of research previously done in new projects or research;
Promotion on international/inter-disciplinary cooperation; Faster publication of research, increasing the public
recognition; Birth of new industries, products and services; Faster development of applications for the general
public.
OA benefits for institutions
Access to research results that otherwise would not be available, which can contribute to better informed individuals, voters, doctors, teachers, etc.;
Efficient use of public funding and more transparency in their attribution;
Increase in jobs due to new industries, products and services;
Possibility of collective involvement in research;
Improvement of research monitoring, evaluation and management.
OA benefits for society
“Todd turned publicly available data into a global effort to help identify new anti-malaria drugs. He did this by creating an open-source collaborative involving scientists, college students and others from around the world.”(Accelerating Science Award Program, 2013)
Jack Andraka (15 years old) used OA articles to research and create a new early detection dipstick test for pancreatic cancer that:• is 168 times faster than current tests;• is 400 times more sensitive;• costs 3 cents per test to produce;• takes 5 minutes to run.(Tucker, 2012)
A team of researchers from IUCN “developed an innovative method for calculating the value of ecotourism for endangered animals, based on freely available data from the International Union for Conservation of Nature.” (Accelerating Science Award Program, 2013)
A growing number of universities have OA policies: Harvard, Cambridge, Oxford, MIT, University of Kansas, Princeton, etc.
Some funding agencies have OA mandates: National Institutes of Health, Gates Foundation, MacArthur Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Research Councils UK, etc.
Some states and countries have OA policies!E.g., Illinois, Ireland.
Who thinks OA is important?
Gargouri et al. (2010) tested a sample of 27,197 articles published 2002–2006 in 1,984 journals. The authors concluded:
“The OA advantage is greater for the more citable articles (...) because of a quality advantage, from users self-selecting what to use and cite, freed by OA from the constraints of selective accessibility to subscribers only.”
Impact factor: OA journals vs non-OA
(Harnad et. al., 2004)
Impact factor: OA journals vs non-OA
If OA journals are free to read, how do they cover costs?
• Volunteers; • Institutional subsidies;• Institutional memberships;• Advertising;• Fees for print or premium editions;• Publication fees;• Endowments and donations;• A combination of the above.
Business model for OA journals
For more information: http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/OA_journal_business_models
Some OA journals charge publication fees. Some do not.
Fees are not necessarily paid from researchers' pockets: • Some institutions pay fees for their employees.• Grants can be used to pay publication fees.• Some journals waive fees for those who cannot afford
them.
Publication fees?
• Subscription-based journals that give authors the
option to pay a fee to make their individual articles permanently OA (e.g., Taylor & Francis’s “Open Select” option, Springer’s “Open Choice” option);
• A given issue is a combination of OA and non-OA articles;
• Some publishers decrease the subscription price based on how many authors pay to go OA.
Hybrid journals
OA tools you should know...
www.doaj.org
OA tools you should know
NOTE: DOAJ also contains information on OA journal
preservation program and OA journal quality standards.
www.doabooks.org http://doabooks.wordpress.com
OA tools you should know
www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo
Directory of publisher policies around OA. Search can be done
by journal or publisher in order to
learn aboutcopyright and self-archiving policies.
OA tools you should know
www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo
OA tools you should knowThere are currently (Oct. 2014) 1,696 publishers in the RoMEO database, of which:
OA tools you should know
Very good!
OA tools you should know
Quite good!
OA tools you should know
Very bad!
www.openaccessweek.org
OA tools you should know
http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Main_Page
OA tools you should know
http://open-access.net
OA tools you should know
A piece of advice...
Advice for authorsResearch any journal/publisher you’re considering. (Quality? Peer reviewing process? Copyright policy?)
If you have the right to self-archive, exercise that right. If you don’t have the right to self-archive, request it.
Choose the best publishing venue for you, your research, and your career... but also think about the system you’re contributing to and the system you want to contribute to. If you need to negotiate your contract, try the Scholar’s Copyright Addendum Engine that will help you generate a PDF form that you can attach to a journal publisher's copyright agreement to ensure that you retain certain rights: http://scholars.sciencecommons.org
Subject repositories: BusinessCorporate Governance Network (CGN) http://www.ssrn.com/en/index.cfm/cgn/ EconStor www.econstor.eu/
Subject repositories: EconomicsAgEcon Search http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/ Munich Personal RePEc Archive http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/
Subject repositories: LawBepress Legal Repository http://law.bepress.com/ Legal Scholarship Network (LSN) www.ssrn.com/en/index.cfm/lsn/
Where to self-archive?
Subject repositories: Social Science Digital Repositories E-Science Network www.dresnet.net/ Digital Repository of the Institute for Population and Social Research http://ipsr.healthrepository.org/
Subject repositories: Computer Science CiteSeerX http://citeseerx.ist.psu.eduComputing Research Repository http://arxiv.org/corr/home
Where to self-archive?
Curious? See a list of subject repositories at: http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Disciplinary_repositories
Where to self-archive?Institutional Repository: online database offered by an institution to collect, preserve, and make freely available scholarly journal articles and other works created by that institution’s community.
Open access institutional repositories can “serve as tangible indicators of a university’s quality and to demonstrate the scientific, societal, and economic relevance of its research activities, thus increasing the institution’s visibility, status, and public value.” (Crow, 2002, p. 1)
“There are more things in heaven and earth...” Hamlet (1.5.167-8)
The OER term was firstly coined at UNESCO’s 2002 Forum on Open Courseware.
Other ‘open’ initiatives Open Educational Resources
OER are freely accessible, openly licensed documents and media that are useful for teaching, learning, assessing, as well as for research purposes.
E.g.: MIT OpenCourseWare: an initiative of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to make available all educational materials from its undergraduate and graduate level courses. http://ocw.mit.edu/index.htm
Other ‘open’ initiatives Open Data
Data – factual records used as primary sources for scientific research (OECD, 2007) – should be freely available to everyone to be used and reused without restrictions from copyright, patent or other mechanisms of control.
E.g.: the World Data Center system was created by the International Council of Science to archive and publicise data produced worldwide. www.icsu-wds.org/
Other ‘open’ initiatives Open Source
Open source promotes universal access via free license to a product’s blueprint or source code, fostering worldwide collaboration and improvement.
E.g. Apache Software Foundation www.apache.org/ ARPANET (Internet’s predecessor)Linux www.linux.com/ C++ (programming language) http://isocpp.org/
Accelerating Science Award Program, 2013. ASAP award recipients. Available at http://asap.plos.org/finalists/global-collaboration-to-fight-malaria/ [Accessed 15 October 2014].
Association of Research Libraries, 2012. ARL Statistics 2010-11 (2012). Available: http://www.arl.org/stats/annualsurveys/arlstats/arlstats11.shtml. Accessed 7 Feb 2013 [Accessed 17 October 2014).
Bosch, S. and Henderson, K., 2013. The winds of change: periodicals price survey 2013. Library Journal [Online] 21 July. Available at http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2013/04/publishing/the-winds-of-change-periodicals-price-survey-2013 [Accessed 15 October 2014].
Branin, J. and Case, M., 1998. Reforming scholarly publishing in the sciences: a librarian perspective. Notices of the American Mathematical Society, 45 (4), pp.475-486.
Budapest Open Access Initiative, 2002. Budapest Open Access Initiative. Available at http://www.soros.org/openaccess/read.shtml [Accessed 5 October 2014].
Crow, R., (2002). The case for institutional repositories: a SPARC position paper. Washinton D.C.: ARL. Available at http://www.sparc.arl.org/sites/default/files/media_files/instrepo.pdf [Accessed 17 October 2014].
Gargouri Y, Hajjem C, Larivière V, Gingras Y, Carr L, 2010. Self-selected or sandated, Open Access increases citation impact for higher quality research. PLoS ONE 5(10). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013636
Harnad, S., Brody, T., Vallieres, F., Carr, L., Hitchcock, S., Gingras, Y., Oppenheim, C., Stamerjohanns, H., and Hilf, E., 2004. The access/impact problem and the green and gold roads to open access: an update. Serials Review, Vol. 34, pp. 36-40.
OECD. (2007). OECD Principles and guidelines for access to research from public funding. Available at www.oecd.org/sti/sci-tech/38500813.pdf [Accessed 5 October 2014].
Sompel, V. and Lagoze, C., 2000. The Santa Fe convention of the Open Archives Initiative. D-lib Magazine [Online] 6(2). Available at www.dlib.org/dlib/february00/vandesompel-oai/02vandesompel-oai.html [Accessed 5 October 2014].
Tucker, A. (2012). Jack Andraka, the teen prodigy of pancreatic cancer. Smithsonian Magazine [Online]. Available at http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/jack-andraka-the-teen-prodigy-of-pancreatic-cancer-135925809 [Accessed 15 October 2014].
Bibliography
Library
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
Pocock House Library235 Southwark Bridge Road
LondonSE1 6NP
[email protected]/lsclondon
