title

Ontologies
and Semantic

Jose Gato Luis

(4-09-2012)

2009,2011 Jose Gato Luis

Some rights reserved. This presentation is distributed under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 license, by Creative Commons, available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

Summary

Introduction

Ontologies

OWL and RDF.

QualiPSo: Information management

Semantic Queries

Introduction

Definition: Ontology is the philosophical study of the nature of being, existence or reality in general, as well as of the basic categories of being and their relations. Traditionally listed as a part of the major branch of philosophy known as metaphysics, ontology deals with questions concerning what entities exist or can be said to exist, and how such entities can be grouped, related within a hierarchy, and subdivided according to similarities and differences. - Wikipedia

Introduction

Computers engineering vision:

Ontology is a formal representation of a set of concepts within a domain and the relationships between those concepts. It is used to reason about the properties of that domain, and may be used to define the domain. - Wikipedia

How to make an standard, in order to define the parts of a concept.

Vocabularies to define entities and concepts.

For example, the ontology of an email or a a tree.

Knowledge representation.

Knowledge understandable by machines and computer programs.

Similar to object orientation paradigm.

Ontologies

Ontologies

This is not understandable by a machine:

CarColourPrice

Ford FiestaBlue30

Ferrari F40Red10

Information clasified and structured:

I want to rent a Ford Fiesta car by 60Class car -> Model -> Ford Fiesta

Class car -> Colour -> Blue

Class Money -> Type -> Coin

Class Money -> Value -> 60

Class Money -> Coin -> euro

Ontologies

Ontologies

blue 30 http://manufacturer/FordSpain

And relations...

Ontologies

An ontology should allow to define all the information of a concept:

Is this possible?

Standards -> Competency vs Community

Different persons will define concepts in very different ways.

Are we able to define the world around us?

Specific conceptsTree: { Root, Trunk, type... }

Difficult to define abstract conceptsComputer science with many abstract concepts

How to define the ontology of a computer? And a sotware's ontology?

Ontologies

Ontologies are useful when...

You can define enough information about a concept.

Used by many people/projects/communities

Widely spread Standard Community

Ontologies: FOAF

Friend of a Friend: http://www.foaf-project.org/

People

Activities

People relations: People living in Europe, common friends

Peter Parker Male Mr Pet

Ontologies: SIOC

Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities http://sioc-project.org/ontology

Ontologies: SIOC

Example post John there was a time

Ontologies: Mixing

To define a concept (resource), usually, you dont have enough with only one ontology

Peter Parker Male Mr Peter spiderman@gmail.com

RDF

Resource Description Framework

Classes

A ressource with the property rdf:type Class

OOP and abstract charcteristics of an object, properties and behaviors

RDF class does not define behaviors. It is a data model

Resource Description Framework

Subject, predicate y objectSubject -> Resource (Jose)

Predicate -> Relation (has)

Object -> Value (car)

RDF: Triplets

"Jose" .

"car" .

.

RDF: Schemas

Schemas to define the namespaces of the resources

Property names must be associated to schemas

Nancy Ide

RDF: Schemas

RDF Schema: "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#

DC Dublin Core: light weight RDFS vocabulary for describing generic metadata: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1

Nancy Ide

RDF/XML

http://xmlns.com/foaf/spec/#Person car http://es.person/jose

Foaf: friend of a friend ontology: http://http://xmlns.com/foaf/spec/

RDF/XML

car http://es.person/jose

You can use the resource type as an element name. Abbreviated RDF syntax

RDF/XML... but triplets

ILRT staff Martin Poulter

Where are the triplets?

RDF/XML... but triplets

Here they are..

RDF/XML... and graphs

RDF

Extensibility!!!!!! How do you extend the properties in your data model?

If you have a DDBB? Change tables, queries, inserts, update and modify. A nightmare.

OOP. New properties in your class, incompatibility.

RDF: add new triplets to the resources using new properties. Nothing changes.

See example of Tutorial Ivan Herman (pag 55)

RDF/XML

Parsing tool

http://www.w3.org/RDF/Validator/

OWL

Ontology Web Language

Markup language in order to publish and share information using ontologies.

Extension of RDF/XML

Classes and relations

TerminologyInstance: object

Class: collection of objects. Description concept. All classes maybe a subclass of another (base: Thing)

Properties: A property is a directed binary relation that specifies class characteristics

OWL

Terminology

Classes Descriptions: property restrictions, intersections, unions, constraints...

Axioms: subClassOf, equivalentClasshave a range which is the class Person

OWL

OWL

TerminologyProperties: A property is a directed binary relation that specifies class characteristicsDatatype properties: modelName (String datatype) is the property of Manufacturer class

Object properties: ownedBy may be an object type property of the Vehicle class and may have a range which is the class Person

OWL

Mail An electronic mail.

OWL

Online ontologies browser

http://owl.cs.manchester.ac.uk/browser/ontologies/

Examples

Pizza: http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/pizza/2007/02/12/pizza.owl

QualiPSo

Issues in OpenSource projects

Huge amount of data in different information sources

Heterogeneous information

Information neither classified nor structured

No relations between data in different information sources

Outdated forges

QualiPSo Information management

Relations between different information sources.

Extractors searching for relations and then they put marks of meta-info using ontologies.

Relations searching for patterns: #bug 396

Some relations:Bugs -> commits -> lines of code

Bugs -> emails

Docs -> emails

Semantic Queries (SPARQL)

SPARQL:

SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language

Queries language

http://sparql.org/query.html

PREFIX dc: SELECT ?titleWHERE { dc:title ?title }

Examples

Commit related with bugs:

PREFIX rdf: PREFIX relation: PREFIX qvc: SELECT ?resourceWHERE { ?resource relation:commitAboutIssue ?bugID . }

Examples

Commit related with the bug #252:

PREFIX rdf: PREFIX relation: PREFIX qvc: SELECT ?resource ?messageWHERE { ?resource relation:commitAboutIssue 252 . ?resource qvc:message ?message .}

"Introduction to the Semantic Web" - Ivan Herman - http://www.w3.org/2009/Talks/0829-Nanjing-IH/

from "Introduction to the Semantic Web" - Ivan Herman - http://www.w3.org/2009/Talks/0829-Nanjing-IH/

Play with SPARQL

http://dbpedia.org/snorql/

Extract all the films

PREFIX ont:

PREFIX foaf:

PREFIX xsd: SELECT ?e WHERE { ?e rdf:type ont:Film .}

Play with SPARQL

http://dbpedia.org/snorql/

Extract all the films starred by cruise from the year 1990

PREFIX ont: PREFIX foaf: PREFIX xsd:

SELECT ?e WHERE { ?e rdf:type ont:Film . ?e ont:starring . ?e ont:releaseDate ?date. ?e ont:producer ?producer ?producer FILTER (?date >= "1990"^^xsd:date)}

Play with SPARQL

http://dbpedia.org/snorql/

Extract all the films (and producer's name) starred by cruise from the year 1990

PREFIX ont: PREFIX foaf: PREFIX xsd:

SELECT ?e ?producer ?productor_name WHERE { ?e rdf:type ont:Film . ?e ont:starring . ?e ont:releaseDate ?date. ?e ont:producer ?producer . ?producer dbpedia2:name ?productor_name FILTER (?date >= "1990-01-01"^^xsd:date)}

Play with SPARQL

http://dbpedia.org/snorql/Abstracts of movies starring Tom Cruise, released before 1999

SELECT ?subject ?label ?released ?abstract WHERE {?subject rdf:type .?subject dbpedia2:starring .?subject rdfs:comment ?abstract.?subject rdfs:label ?label.FILTER(lang(?abstract) = "en" && lang(?label) = "en").?subject ?released.FILTER(xsd:date(?released) < "2000-01-01"^^xsd:date).} ORDER BY ?releasedLIMIT 20

Jose Gato Luis

http://www.linkedin.com/in/josegatoluis

09/04/12

Jose GatoLuis

Atos, the Atos logo, Atos Consulting, Atos Worldline, Atos Sphere, Atos Cloud and Atos WorldGridare registered trademarks of Atos SA. June 2011 2011 Atos. Confidential information owned by Atos, to be used by the recipient only. This document, or any part of it, may not be reproduced, copied, circulated and/or distributed nor quoted without prior written approval from Atos.

Thank you

Atos, the Atos logo, Atos Consulting, Atos Worldline, Atos Sphere, Atos Cloud and Atos WorldGridare registered trademarks of Atos SA. June 2011

2011 Atos. Confidential information owned by Atos, to be used by the recipient only. This document, or any part of it, may not be reproduced, copied, circulated and/or distributed nor quoted without prior written approval from Atos.

Atos, the Atos logo, Atos Consulting, Atos Worldline, Atos Sphere, Atos Cloud and Atos WorldGridare registered trademarks of Atos SA. June 2011 2011 Atos. Confidential information owned by Atos, to be used by the recipient only. This document, or any part of it, may not be reproduced, copied, circulated and/or distributed nor quoted without prior written approval from Atos.

09/04/12

Atos, the Atos logo, Atos Consulting, Atos Worldline, Atos Sphere, Atos Cloud and Atos WorldGridare registered trademarks of Atos SA. June 2011 2011 Atos. Confidential information owned by Atos, to be used by the recipient only. This document, or any part of it, may not be reproduced, copied, circulated and/or distributed nor quoted without prior written approval from Atos.

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