Oil Extraction -Hemani

-Chaitali -Akshata

-Samruddhi -Saish

-Prathmesh -Gulrana

80% of the world’s accessible reserves are in the Middle East.

Saudi Arabia

United Arab Emirates

Iraq

Qatar

Kuwait

By 1949, 11 fields were found in the Gulf of Mexico with 44 exploratory wells.

Compared to today… 3,858 active platforms

Foundation of Oil Rig

STRUCTURE OF THE RIG

Semi-Submersible

Oil Rig.

There are specific platforms that perform better in particular water depths.

The Process of Extraction of Crude Oil

Step 1:Locating an Oil FieldoGeologists use seismic surveys to search for

geological structures that may form oil reservoirs.oThe "classic" method includes making an underground

explosion nearby and observing the seismic response that provides information about the geological structures under the ground.

oOther instruments such as gravimeters and magnetometers are also sometimes used in the search for petroleum.

Step 2: Drilling• The oil well is created by drilling a long hole into the earth with

an oil rig. • A steel pipe (casing) is placed in the hole, to provide structural

integrity to the newly drilled well bore. • At the end of the steel pipe rotating drills is made of hard steel

with sometimes diamonds on its edges • Holes are then made in the base of the well to enable oil to

pass into the bore.• Finally a collection of valves called a "Christmas Tree" is fitted

to the top, the valves regulate pressures and control flow.

Step 3: Extraction

o When the hole is drilled in the ocean bed or earth surface , the oil is finally extracted using tubes and sent to the refinery.

Environmental risks

Largest Offshore Oil Rig Spills

An oil well in the Timor Sea, off the coast of Western Australia, began leaking, and the platform subsequently caught fire. The well spewed oil for more than two months, leaking as much as 2,000 barrels a day (6,216,000 gallons) for 74 days before it was capped, making it one of the worst spills in Australian history.

Montara, Australia, 2009:

A tanker hit a rig off the coast of Iran, and the rig began leaking 1,500 barrels a day. Because Iran and Iraq were at war, the oil flow was not stopped, and the platform was later attacked by Iraqi warplanes. Later, a second platform was attacked, and initially spilled 5,000 barrels a day before slowing to 1,500. Two years passed before Iran capped the wells, but by then over 733,000 barrels (30,786,000 gallons) of oil spilled into the Persian Gulf.

Nowruz oil field, Persian Gulf, 1983:

The Deepwater Horizon drilling rig exploded due to a methane gas release on April, 20, 2010, immediately killing 11 and injuring 17 platform workers. On July 15, 2010, the leak was stopped, however 206 million gallons of oil had already spilled into the Gulf. In addition to the oil, more than 1.8 million gallons of dispersant were released into the Gulf.

Gulf of Mexico, 2010: