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oEcD WorK on
EnvironmEnt
2013-14
OECD WORK ON ENviRONmENt
12 The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
13 Preface: New Approaches to Economic Challenges
14 Peer Reviews, Indicators and Outlooks
16 Climate Change
10 Biodiversity
13 Water
16 Eco-innovation
18 Environmental Policy Tools and Evaluation
21 Resource Productivity and Waste
23 Sectoral Policies: Transport, Agriculture
25 Safety of Chemicals, Pesticides, Biotechnology & Nanomaterials
28 Environment in the Global Economy
31 Green Growth
34 The Committee Structures
35 EPOC Organigramme
36 Environment Directorate (ENV)
39 Selected Databases
© OECD 2013
2
The OECD, which traces its roots to the Marshall Plan, groups 34 member countries* committed to democratic government and the market economy.
It provides a forum where governments can compare and exchange policy experiences, identify good practices and promote decisions and recommendations. Dialogue, consensus, and peer review and pressure are at the very heart of OECD.
Chile, Estonia, Israel and Slovenia became new members of the OECD in 2010. The OECD membership talks continue with the Russian Federation. In addition, efforts are made to enhance engagement with key partners such as Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa in environment programmes.
The OECD is working for a stronger, cleaner and fairer world economy. The principal aim of the Organisation is to promote policies for sustainable economic growth and employment, a rising standard of living, and trade liberalisation. By “sustainable economic growth” the OECD means growth that balances economic, social and environmental considerations.
The OECD is one of the world’s largest and most reliable sources of comparable statistical, economic and social data. It monitors trends, collects data, analyses and
forecasts economic development, and investigates evolving patterns in a broad range of public policy areas such as agriculture, development co-operation, education, employment, taxation and trade, science, technology, industry and innovation in addition to environment. The OECD family of organisations also includes the International Energy Agency (IEA), the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), and the International Transport Forum (ITF).
the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
*Me
mb
er
co
un
trie
s
Environment 3OECD wOrk On
© OECD 2013
And we know that we can only accomplish these goals over the long term if we tackle them simultaneously. This means that we also need to re-think the world economy and come up with new approaches that will deliver “greener” and more innovative, inclusive sources of growth.
To do so, the OECD has launched a new initiative called “New Approaches to Economic Challenges”, with the objective of revisiting our economic models and theories, and enriching our analytical frameworks, identifying a renewed strategic policy agenda for inclusive growth and well-being that also takes into account sustainability and the respect for the environment.
To rise to the challenges ahead of us, we encourage all governments, all countries, to support national and international efforts to promote green growth. The OECD stands ready to accompany policy makers in this challenging but necessary endeavour.
Preface: New Approaches to Economic Challenges
With a rapidly growing population of more than 7 billion and a hesitant recovery from the global crisis, the world faces complex economic, environmental and social challenges. To address them, we must work to boost economic growth, create jobs, tackle rising inequality and protect the environment.”
“
Angel Gurría OECD Secretary-General
© OECD 2013
4
Environmental Data and Indicators The OECD provides environmental data and indicators
for policy development and assessment nationally
and internationally. The work on the environmental
performance reviews draws on this knowledge base. The
methodology is a reference in countries of Eastern Europe,
Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA), Latin America, and the
Asia Pacific and Mediterranean regions.
The widely used OECD ‘Pressure-State-Response’
framework helps decision-makers and the public to see
how environmental, economic and social indicators
are interconnected. The OECD regularly publishes Key
Environmental Indicators and is developing new ones, e.g.
for Green Growth and Material Flows.
Key Publications
• EnvironmentataGlance(2013)
• MaterialResources,ProductivityandtheEnvironment(2013)
• TowardsGreenGrowth:MonitoringProgress(2013)
www.oecd.org/env/indicators
Environmental Performance Reviews (EPRs) The OECD’s Environmental Performance Review (EPR)
Programme provides independent assessments of
countries’ progress in achieving domestic and international
environmental policy commitments. Reviews are
conducted to promote peer learning, to enhance countries’
accountability to one another and to the public, and to
improve governments’ environmental performance,
individually and collectively. The analyses presented are
supported by a broad range of economic and environmental
data. Targeted recommendations are designed to reinforce
national environmental policy initiatives. During 2013-14,
reviews of Mexico, Italy, Austria, South Africa, Colombia,
Iceland, Sweden, Poland and Spain will be published.
Countries report on measures they have taken to implement
recommendations contained in EPRs.
Key publications
• OECDEnvironmentalPerformanceReviews:
• Mexico,Italy,Austria,SouthAfrica(2013)
• Colombia,Iceland,Sweden,Poland,Spain(2014)
www.oecd.org/env/countryreviews
Peer Reviews, indicators and OutlooksProviding analysis of key environmental challenges, now and in the future
Environment 5OECD wOrk On
© OECD 2013
Cost of climate change mitigation action: Global emissions and cost of mitigation
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Baseline scenario450 ppm core scenario
GDP -5.5%
GHG emissions -69.5%
Index 2010=100
Source: Environmental Outlook to 2050: ENV-Linkages model
Environmental Outlooks The OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050 was the primary input
to the OECD meeting of Environment Ministers in April 2012.
Based on economic-environmental modelling, the Outlook
looks towards 2050 to analyse the consequences of policy
inaction in four priority areas: climate change, biodiversity,
water, and health impacts of pollution and chemicals. It
provides analyses of economic and environmental trends to
2050, and simulations of policy actions to address the key
challenges.
A follow-up project starting in 2013 will focus on how the
costs of inaction and natural resource scarcity might affect
future economic growth.
Key Publications
• OECDEnvironmentalOutlookto2050:ConsequencesofInaction
(2012)
• OECDEnvironmentalOutlookto2030(2008)
www.oecd.org/environment/outlooks
www.oecd.org/environment/modelling
…that almost four billion people will live in water-stressed river basins by 2050 if better policies are not introduced?
did you know
...that by 2020 most OECD countries will have undergone an environmental performance review three times, with key partner countries such as China, Russia, Colombia and South Africa also the subject of review?
did you know
© OECD 2013
6
including sectoral approaches for mitigation and “market
readiness”.
The OECD helps countries identify and implement
effective and efficient policy mixes to meet their climate
commitments through analyses of the broad policy
mix (economic instruments, regulations, incentives for
technological innovation) as well as advice on how to best
implement policy reforms.
Key Publications
• OECDEnvironmentalOutlookto2050:TheConsequencesof
Inaction(2012)
• EnergyandClimatePolicy:BendingtheTechnologicalTrajectory
(2012)
• CitiesandClimateChange(2010)
www.oecd.org/env/cc
Economics of Climate Change Mitigation The OECD is assessing the economic costs and benefits
of climate policies. Our analysis focuses on least-cost
policy mixes to reduce emissions, the benefits of linking
carbon markets, phasing out fossil fuel subsidies, ensuring
sufficient financing, and how to address concerns about
carbon leakage and competitiveness impacts of climate
policies. The Environmental Outlook to 2050 makes projections
of climate change, as well as environmental and economic
impacts of climate policies. Equity considerations have
gained prominence in the face of current economic
and financial challenges. New work will examine the
distributional consequences of carbon taxes by household
types, sectors or regions.
The OECD, together with the IEA, provides the Secretariat to
support the Climate Change Expert Group, a forum where
climate negotiators can discuss key issues on the negotiating
agenda. There is a large body of work on the measurement,
reporting and verification (MRV) of mitigation actions and
support; finance and matching of finance to action; low-
emission development strategies; and market mechanisms
Climate Change Responding to complexity with analysis of least-cost policies
…that removing fossil fuel consumption subsidies could cut world GHG emissions by at least 10% in 2050?
did you know
Environment 7OECD wOrk On
© OECD 2013
action. OECD research examining trends in innovation
to develop more climate-resilient crops indicates rapidly
increasing interest in this area in recent decades.
The OECD also helps countries and development co-
operation agencies to manage adaptation as part of
development activities. New work will compare monitoring
and evaluation approaches to assess the efficiency and
effectiveness of climate adaptation interventions. Another
study will examine how countries can integrate climate
adaptation strategies into long-term growth planning and
structural reform. Also, a sector-specific project provides
guidance on efficient adaptation for water systems.
Key Publications
• DesigningandImplementingNationalAdaptationPlanning:
LessonsfromOECDCountries(2012)
• PrivateSectorEngagementinAdaptationtoClimateChange:
ApproachestoManagingClimateRisks(2011)
www.oecd.org/env/cc/adaptationtoclimatechange.htm
Financing action on climate change Public and private financing for climate action needs to be
scaled up significantly in the coming years. The Cancún
Agreements called on developed countries to provide
new and additional resources for developing countries:
USD 30 billion over 2010-2012, and a longer-term goal of
Adaptation to Climate Change The OECD is examining policy frameworks to spur
adaptation responses. New work on national adaptation
planning efforts presents an overview of progress across
OECD countries and provides case studies of the design and
implementation of national programmes. Notable lessons
learned include the need to improve decision makers’ ability
to understand and use climate data, and the importance of
establishing robust national co-ordination mechanisms.
Regional adaptation cost curves
0 0.2 0.4 0.60
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5 India
Sub-Saharan Africa
Western Europe
Low-middle incomecountries
Middle incomecountries
United States
Japan
China
Adaptation costs (percentage GDP)
Source: Based on the AD-RICE model
Recent analysis also examines the roles of innovation
and the private sector in driving adaptation. A 2011 report
focused on the private sector’s engagement in adaptation,
including factors which act as incentives or barriers to
© OECD 2013
8
failed to deliver risk-adjusted returns. Less than 1% of OECD
pension fund assets are allocated directly to infrastructure
projects, and an even smaller slice of this goes to green
infrastructure.
A new project will focus on creating a level playing field
for international investment in green energy. In addition,
empirical analysis will examine how governments can cost-
effectively leverage private finance for green growth. This
analysis will focus on the role of policies in generating flows
of private finance towards green investments.
Green Investment Policy Framework
5. Promote green business
and consumer behaviour
4. Harness resources and build capacity
for an LCR economy
3. Financial policies and instruments
1. Strategic goal setting and policy alignment
2. Enabling policies and incentives
for LCR investment
USD 100 billion per year by 2020 from public and private
sources. A 2012 OECD report estimates aggregate North-
South flows for mitigation and adaptation in the range
of USD 70 to 120 billion annually during 2009-2010. This
was mainly from private sources. To better track finance
flows, new work focuses on designing and implementing
strengthened MRV systems to raise accountability and
transparency, and improved country systems to use climate
finance effectively.
Urgent action is needed to scale-up and shift public and
private investments towards low-carbon and climate-
resilient (LCR) infrastructure. Choices made today on the
types and location of critical infrastructure will lock in
future emission levels and the resilience of our economies
to a changing climate. Domestic and international private
investment in green infrastructure is still seriously
constrained by market failures and investment barriers.
The OECD has developed a Green Investment Policy Framework
to help governments to improve enabling conditions to
scale-up private investment in LCR infrastructure. New
work focuses on country and sector case studies on specific
policies and instruments used to leverage limited public
funds and mobilise private investment in LCR infrastructure.
The OECD has also launched work on the role of institutional
investors in green investment, to draw policy guidance
from cases where such green investments succeeded or Source: OECD
Environment 9OECD wOrk On
Key Publications
• GreenFinanceandInvestment:TheCaseofClimateChange(2013)
• TrackingClimateFinance:WhatandHow?(2012)
• TowardsaGreenInvestmentPolicyFramework:TheCaseofLow-
Carbon,Climate-ResilientInfrastructure(2012)
• MobilisingInvestmentinLow-Carbon,Climate-Resilient
Infrastructure(2012)
• TheRoleofInstitutionalInvestorsinFinancingCleanEnergy(2012)
www.oecd.org/env/cc/financing
© OECD 2012
© OECD 2013
10
Sources of loss in MSA to 2050
2010
2030
2050
2010
2030
2050
2010
2030
2050
2010
2030
2050
100
90
80
70
60
0-50
OECD BRIICS RoW World
Food crop
Remaining MSA
Infr+encr+frag
Climate change
Nitrogen
Former land-use
Forestry
Pasture
Bioenergy
MSA, (%)
Source: OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050; output from IMAGE
Scaling Up Biodiversity Instruments Current OECD work focuses on financing mechanisms for
biodiversity, including how to better engage the private
sector. This work looks at lessons learned from existing
biodiversity instruments, such as payments for ecosystem
Economics of Biodiversity Biodiversity loss is one of the four priority areas featured
in the OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050. OECD work is
focused on the economic aspects of biodiversity – enhancing
understanding of how biodiversity and ecosystems can
be valued, and how these values can be captured through
policy instruments and incentives to support biodiversity
conservation and sustainable use. The work aims to
promote biodiversity policies that are environmentally
effective, economically efficient and distributionally
equitable. OECD work on biodiversity supports the work of
the UN Convention on Biological Diversity.
Given recent and projected trends in biodiversity loss and
degradation, there is an urgent need for: greater and more
ambitious use of policies including economic instruments,
more cost-effective use of existing finance for biodiversity,
and mainstreaming of biodiversity in other sectoral policy-
making.
BiodiversityPromoting conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems
…that biodiversity is projected to decline by a further 10% by 2050 without more ambitious policies to protect it?
did you know
Environment 11OECD wOrk On
© OECD 2013
address trade-offs between biodiversity and other sectoral
policies. Particular attention is paid to biodiversity and
water. Coherent policies are needed at local, national
and international level to help reverse global trends in
biodiversity loss.
The OECD also tracks aid in support of biodiversity. Since
1998 the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC)
has monitored aid targeting the objectives of the Rio
Conventions. In 2009-10, DAC members allocated an average
about USD 5.7 billion per year for biodiversity-related aid.
Biodiversity-related ODA figure
2005-2006 2007-2008 2009-20100
1
2
3
4
5
6
7USD billion
Biodiversity: principal objectiveBiodiversity: upper bound estimate (principal + significant objective)
Source: DevelopmentCo-operationReport, OECD (2012)
services (PES), biodiversity offsets, and certification
schemes, to provide insights for how such instruments can
be scaled up.
Cost-effective Use of Existing Biodiversity Finance A key challenge in efficiently allocating biodiversity
finance is the need to ensure appropriate design and
implementation of biodiversity instruments so as to best
achieve their intended goals. This includes the need to
develop appropriate metrics and indicators for biodiversity
instruments, and ensure robust monitoring and reporting
frameworks. Metrics and indicators, for example, are critical
to assess trends, establish business-as-usual baselines,
quantify benefits, target biodiversity expenditures and
enable the assessment of policy interventions over time.
OECD is at the forefront of examining good-practice in the
design of policy instruments and how they can be improved
so as to achieve greater biodiversity benefits at lower cost.
Mainstreaming Biodiversity into Sectoral and Development Policies
The drivers of biodiversity loss and degradation often stem
from policies in other sectors and areas such as agriculture,
fisheries, forestry and climate change. Linkages between
biodiversity and other cross-sectoral policies are complex
and greater efforts are needed to mainstream biodiversity
into decision-making processes across the economy.
OECD work is examining how to maximise synergies and
© OECD 2013
12
Key Publications
• GreenGrowthandBiodiversity(2013)
• FinanceMechanismsforBiodiversity(2013)
• PayingforBiodiversity:EnhancingtheCost-Effectivenessof
PaymentsforEcosystemServices(2010)
• PromotingBiodiversityCo-BenefitsinReducingEmissionsfrom
DeforestationandForestDegradation(REDD)(2009)
www.oecd.org/env/biodiversity
Environment 13OECD wOrk On
© OECD 2013
Other 2012 publications have focused on the outlook for
water to 2050, financing for water resources management,
water quality in agriculture, and water governance in Latin
American countries.
A major project on the economics and governance of
water security will come to fruition in 2013. This work
paves the way towards innovative approaches to deal with
water-related risks. It informs work on the adaptation of
ecosystems to climate change and explores the potential
contribution of economic instruments and financing
mechanisms to better manage water under increasing
climate variability. Further work on water, agriculture and
adaptation to climate change is being undertaken by the
Trade and Agriculture Directorate.
Work in 2013-14 will also focus on the economics and
governance of urban water management. This project
will provide practical guidance on sustainable financing
for urban water, urban water governance challenges, and
urban-rural water linkages. It will build on analytical work
and case studies on selected cities.
OECD Horizontal Programme on Water Green growth requires more effective management of water
resources. But sustainable water management is complex,
often involving many ministries and different levels of
government, and affecting all sectors in the economy.
Many OECD countries face the challenge of rehabilitating
and upgrading ageing water and wastewater infrastructure
to meet increasingly stringent water quality standards.
The Millennium Development Goals commit governments
to halving the populations without access to water and
sanitation by 2015. This will require a significant increase in
financing and reform in governance of the water sector.
The OECD Horizontal Programme on Water addresses
the key economic and governance issues related to
water management. It is undertaken by the Environment
Policy Committee, in partnership with the Agriculture,
Investment, Development Assistance and Public
Governance Committees. Key findings were presented in
Managing Water for All: An OECD Perspective on Pricing and
Financing (2009). More recent developments are captured in
the publication Meeting the Water Reform Challenge released
at the 6th World Water Forum in Marseille in March 2012.
WaterAchieving water security
© OECD 2013
14
Work will also be undertaken on the human impacts of
nitrogen and phosphorus cycles and explore efficient ways
to remedy them.
A new area of engagement is water policy reviews for
specific countries. The OECD supports ambitious water
policy reforms in selected countries, on demand, by
combining robust analytical capacities and the experience
of international practitioners, in the framework of national
policy dialogues on water. The OECD work under the EAP
Task Force in Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia
(see the section Environment and Development in EECCA) paved
the way and the effort has expanded to OECD countries. A
pioneering project was completed in Mexico 2012, which
has helped to inform the water policy reform agenda of the
incoming Presidential Team. A water policy review of the
Netherlands will be undertaken in 2013-14, and Brazil has
signalled an interest for a similar country-specific review.
In addition, new work will examine mechanisms for water
resource allocation in order to ensure that water helps
to maximise social welfare without compromising the
resource base. This issue is gaining prominence in many
countries as water is already over-allocated in a number of
basins, and the OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050 projects
the situation will become more severe.
Global water demand
2000
2050
2000
2050
2000
2050
2000
2050
6 000
5 000
4 000
3 000
2 000
1 000
0
OECD BRIICS RoW World
Electricity
Manufacturing
Livestock
Domestic
Irrigation
Km3
Source: OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050; output from IMAGE
…that global water demand is projected to increase by 55% to 2050, increasing competition for water and leaving little scope for increasing water for irrigation?
did you know
Environment 15OECD wOrk On
© OECD 2013
Key Publications
• WaterSecurity:ManagingRisks,ImprovingResilience(2013)
• WaterandClimateChangeAdaptation:PoliciestoNavigate
UncharteredWaters(2013)
• ManagingWaterforGreenGrowth(2013)
• MakingWaterReformHappeninMexico(2013)
• EnvironmentalOutlookto2050:TheConsequencesofInaction,
Paris(Waterchapter)(2012)
• AFrameworkforFinancingWaterResourcesManagement(2012)
• MeetingtheWaterReformChallenge(2012)
• WaterQualityandAgriculture:MeetingthePolicyChallenge(2012)
• WaterGovernanceinLatinAmericanandtheCaribbean:
AMulti-levelApproach(2012)
www.oecd.org/water
© OECD 2013
16
OECD countries, there are non-OECD countries that have
become significant partners – particularly in climate
technologies (see Figure). This is encouraging because
international diffusion of environmental technologies and
knowledge is vital to addressing global environmental
problems such as climate change.
Top 10 Co-inventor Country Pairs (Levels, 2000-2008)
Wind power Solar PV All tech. fields
1 Denmark-UK Japan-USA UK-USA
2 Germany-USA Germany-USA Germany-USA
3 Canada-USA UK-USA Canada-USA
4 Germany-Netherl. Switzerl.-Germany Switzerl.-Germany
5 Netherlands-USA Austria-Germany Japan-USA
6 Germany-Denmark Canada-USA France-USA
7 India-USA China-USA Netherlands-USA
8 Belgium-S.Africa Germany-France Germany-France
9 Russia-USA Germany-Netherl. Switzerland-France
10 Denmark-Spain UK-Italy Switzerland-USA
Source: Energy and Climate Policy (2012)
Encouraging Eco-Innovation Investment in eco-friendly technologies can represent a
new source of growth and “win-win” opportunities for
both the environment and economic recovery. The OECD is
examining policies to promote eco-innovation and finding
ways to measure progress.
A recent publication examines the effects of national
environmental policies on innovation and transfer in a wide
range of environmental technologies. A forthcoming one
explores how national and local initiatives to promote eco-
innovation can mutually support one another.
A recent publication has examined how the policy
framework affects the rate and direction of innovation
in climate mitigation and adaptation technologies. On-
going work is focusing on the factors which encourage the
development of ‘breakthrough’ technologies, which will be
needed to ensure that we shift our economies on to a ‘green’
trajectory.
Related work is assessing international technology and
knowledge diffusion. While the largest flows are amongst
Eco-innovation Fostering innovative solutions for a green economy
Environment 17OECD wOrk On
© OECD 2013
However, in order to ensure that the cleaner technologies
are deployed widely, large volumes of funds need to be
mobilized to finance such investment. Therefore, a new
stream of work has been initiated on the analysis of how the
public policy framework can help leverage private finance
for green growth in a cost-effective manner.
Key Publications
• InternationalCooperationforClimateChangeInnovation(2013)
• Eco-innovationandGreenGrowth.CoordinatingInternational,
NationalandLocalInitiatives(2013)
• BetterPoliciestoSupportEco-innovation(2011)
• EnergyandClimateChangePolicyandInnovation(2011)
• TheInventionandTransferofEnvironmentalTechnologies(2011)
www.oecd.org/environment/innovation
© OECD 2013
18
OECD work on environmental compliance assurance has
reviewed how governments promote, monitor and enforce
compliance with environmental laws and regulations.
Further work focuses on performance indicators
and mechanisms to promote national coherence in
environmental enforcement.
Tax rates per litre of unleaded petrol and diesel in OECD member countries (1.1.2002 and 1.1.2012)
MEXCHL
NZLAUS
POL ISLES
TES
PHUN
LUXAUT
KORJP
NSVN
SVKCZE
BELDNKPRT
IRLCHE
FRA
ISRSWE
FINDEUGBRGRC ITANOR
NLDTUR
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
USA – Fe
d
CAN – Fe
d
USA – Fe
d + Stat
e
CAN – Fe
d + Pro
v
Diesel 1.1.02Petrol 1.1.12 Diesel 1.1.12Petrol 1.1.02
Euro per litre
Source: OECD/EEA database on environmental policy instruments
Economic Instruments and Policy Mixes The OECD undertakes fact-based analysis of policy
instruments and mixes of instruments to help governments
design and implement environmentally effective and
economically efficient policies. The OECD’s focus on policy
instruments such as taxes, tradable permits and voluntary
approaches makes an important contribution to integrating
environmental protection and economic growth.
A new project on effective carbon prices aims to better
understand the implicit price associated with many of the
regulations and other policy instruments used to reduce
GHG emissions.
Policy Evaluation Following the 2008 publication of Cost of Inaction on Key
Environmental Challenges, new analytical work has been
undertaken to help policy makers evaluate environment-
related health risks that affect children, focusing on the
valuation of environmental health risks to children.
Another project has analysed estimates of the value
of preventing fatalities more generally, and spells out
implications for policy assessments.
Environmental Policy tools and EvaluationEnsuring policies are economically efficient and environmentally effective
Environment 19OECD wOrk On
© OECD 2013
of environmental taxes and financial incentives. However,
the last round of the survey found that households’
exposure to such policies can enhance public support for
them: households charged by weight or volume of waste
generated express greater support for such systems than
those not facing unit-based waste charges (see figure). A
publication presenting an overview of responses from the
second survey is to be published in 2013, and a third survey
is planned for early 2014.
Percent of respondents supporting unit-based waste charging policies by exposure to such policies
CHEKOR
JPN
NLD SWECAN
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.52
0.420.35 0.12 0.09 0.06
%Have unit-based chargingDon’t have unit-based charging
Source:GreeningHouseholdBehaviour:ResponsesfromtheSecondSurvey, OECD (2013)
Key Publications
• EffectiveCarbonPrices(2013)
• MortalityRiskValuationinEnvironment,HealthandTransport
Policies(2012)
• GreenTransformationofSmallBusinesses:AchievingandGoing
BeyondEnvironmentalRequirements(2012)
• ValuationofEnvironment-RelatedHealthRisksforChildren(2010)
• Taxation,InnovationandtheEnvironment(2010)
• CostofInactiononKeyEnvironmentalChallenges(2008)
www.oecd.org/environment/tools-evaluation
www.oecd.org/env/taxes
www.oecd.org/env/policies/vsl
Households and the Environment OECD work provides new insights to better understand
households’ environmental behaviour and how policies
affect their decisions in the real world. A periodic survey
on Environmental Policy and Individual Behaviour Change
(EPIC) of more than 10 000 respondents across a number of
countries provides empirical evidence to improve the design
of environmental policies in residential energy use, water
consumption, transport, organic food, and waste generation
and recycling.
The survey analyses the relationship between public
policy, household attitudes and norms, and decisions with
significant environmental consequences. For example,
public opinion can impose significant constraints on the use
20
Key Publications
• GreeningHouseholdBehaviour:ResponsesfromtheSecond
Survey(2013)
• GreeningHouseholdBehaviour:TheRoleofPublicPolicy(2011)
www.oecd.org/env/consumption-innovation/households.htm
www.oecd.org/env/consumption-innovation/behaviour.htm
In addition to traditional policy instruments, new types
of policies inspired by behavioural economics have
been shown to cost-effectively decrease households’
environmental impacts. For example, regularly providing
information to households about how their energy and
water consumption compares to that of their neighbours
has been shown to reduce consumption at very low cost. In
2012 OECD issued a working paper, Behavioural Economics
and Environmental Incentives, which outlines ways in
which behavioural economics can be used to enhance
the design of environmental policy. New work is being
done with country governments to conduct field
trials of these types of policies in areas
such as energy conservation,
ecolabelling, and provision
of ecosystem services.
© OECD 2013
Environment 21OECD wOrk On
© OECD 2013
Resource Productivity and WasteReducing, reusing and recycling materials and resources
…that the global recycling industry handles over 500 million tons of waste and employs more than 1.5 million workers, with an annual turnover of USD 200 billion?
did you know
Material Flows Accounting OECD has made advances in the knowledge base on material
flows as well as in methodologies for developing common
measurement systems and indicators.
Municipal Waste Generation: kg per capita, 2008-2010 Factbook
1 000
800
600
400
200
0CHN
CZESVK
POLCHL
MEXKOR
CANJP
NZAF
TURSVN
RUSES
TGRC
HUNPRT
BEL FINEU27
SWEFR
A ITA ISLGBR
DEUESPAUT
ISRNLD
LUXCHE
USA IRLDNK
NOROECD
Source:OECDKeyEnvironmentalIndicators, (2009)
Sustainable Materials Management and Waste The OECD is developing policies that incentivise and
encourage waste prevention, minimisation and recycling.
Current work focuses on promoting Sustainable Materials
Management (SMM) in order to limit waste generation
in the first place. Using materials and resources more
efficiently requires more integrated approaches towards the
environmental impacts associated with their extraction,
transportation and use, as well as waste disposal. OECD
has started to develop practical guidance for policy makers
on how to implement SMM policies, based on material-
and products-specific case studies and with a focus on
specific policy instruments. A report on material resources,
productivity and the environment is also being prepared
for 2013.
22
Key Publications
• MaterialResources,ProductivityandtheEnvironment(2013)
• SustainableMaterialsManagement:MakingBetterUse
of Resources(2012)
• StateofResourcesandResourceProductivity(2011)
• GuidanceManualfortheControlofTransboundaryMovement
of RecoverableWastes(2009)
• MeasuringMaterialFlowsandResourceProductivity(2008)
www.oecd.org/env/waste
© OECD 2013
Environment 23OECD wOrk On
© OECD 2013
Key Publications
• MobilisingPrivateinvestmentinSustainableTransport
Infrastructure:TheCaseofLand-BasedPassengerTransport(2013)
• TheEnvironmentalImpactofInternationalShipping:TheRole
of Ports(2011)
• Globalisation,TransportandtheEnvironment(2010)
Agriculture The Environment Directorate contributes to joint work
with the Trade and Agriculture Directorate to strengthen
policies to reduce the negative impacts of agriculture on
the environment, to reinforce the positive impacts, and to
develop and collect agri-environmental indicators. Current
and planned work is focused on the interactions between
water, climate change and agriculture, groundwater
management in agriculture, the management of droughts
and floods in agriculture, and the linkages between urban
and rural water usage (see the section on Water).
Transport Transport underpins economic and social development,
allowing more efficient allocation of resources and
increased mobility for people. Yet, there are challenges
related to the environmental impacts of transport and
globalisation can aggravate these challenges. A 2010 report
Globalisation, Transport and the Environment examines major
transport trends and the environmental challenges they
cause as well as policy instruments that can limit negative
impacts. Analyses of CO2-related tax rate differentiation
of motor vehicles are also available, and a study on the
environmental impacts of ports was released in 2011.
Transport is the second largest contributor to global
greenhouse gas emissions. To avoid lock-in into carbon-
intensive and climate-vulnerable transport infrastructure,
there is a need to shift investment towards sustainable
transport infrastructure. The OECD is applying the Green
Investment Policy Framework to the transport sector (see
also section on Financing Action on Climate Change).
Sectoral Policies: transport, AgricultureIntegrating environmental concerns into sector policies
…that ships are responsible for 2-4% of global man-made CO2 emissions and 15% of other air pollutants?
did you know
© OECD 2013
24
Tax per tonne CO2 emitted over a vehicle’s life, one-off and recurrent motor vehicle taxes 01.01.2012, selected levels of emissions per km driven
AUTCAN
DNK FIN FRA
DEU IRL
ISRLU
XNLD NOR
PRTSVN
ESP
SWEGBR
USAZAF
1 000800600400200
0-200-400-600
AUTCAN
DNK FIN FRA
DEU IRL
ISRLU
XNLD NOR
PRTSVN
ESP
SWEGBR
USAZAF
1 000800600400200
0-200-400-600
100 gram CO2 per km One-off
Recurrent
Euro per tonne CO2 emitted over the vehicle lifetime
200 gram CO2 per km One-off
Recurrent
Euro per tonne CO2 emitted over the vehicle lifetime
BEL (o
ther)
BEL (W
allon
ia)
FRA (c
omp.)
BEL (o
ther)
BEL (W
allon
ia)
FRA (c
omp.)
Source: OECD/EEA database on instruments used for environmental policy
AUTCAN
DNK FIN FRA
DEU IRL
ISRLU
XNLD NOR
PRTSVN
ESP
SWEGBR
USAZAF
1 000800600400200
0-200-400-600
AUTCAN
DNK FIN FRA
DEU IRL
ISRLU
XNLD NOR
PRTSVN
ESP
SWEGBR
USAZAF
1 000800600400200
0-200-400-600
150 gram CO2 per km One-off
Recurrent
Euro per tonne CO2 emitted over the vehicle lifetime
250 gram CO2 per km One-off
Recurrent
Euro per tonne CO2 emitted over the vehicle lifetime
BEL (o
ther)
BEL (W
allon
ia)
FRA (c
ompa
ny)
BEL (o
ther)
BEL (W
allon
ia)
FRA (c
ompa
ny)
Environment 25OECD wOrk On
© OECD 2013
instruments that governments and industry need to test the
safety of chemicals and chemical products. OECD countries
must accept safety test data which has been developed in
other countries using the OECD Test Guidelines and following
the OECD Principles of Good Laboratory Practice. Non-tariff
barriers to trade are minimised by harmonised policies
and instruments, and duplicative testing is avoided, saving
governments and industry time and money. Increasingly
non-OECD economies are joining the MAD system, with
Argentina, Brazil, India, South Africa and Singapore as full
adherents; Malaysia and Thailand provisional adherents;
and others expected to join soon.
Sharing the Regulatory Burden for Pesticides and Industrial Chemicals
All OECD countries regulate chemicals, pesticides and
products of modern biotechnology. By using the same
methodologies for determining the safety of these products,
it is possible for countries and industry to share the burden
of testing and even evaluation in some cases. Countries
work together in the OECD to share the work load required
Chemical Safety The chemicals industry is one of the world’s major economic
sectors. The products of the chemical industry are worth
about EUR 3.8 trillion annually.
The OECD Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) Programme
aims to foster international co-operation to ensure the
safety of chemicals and chemical products like pesticides,
biocides, manufactured nanomaterials, and the products of
modern biotechnology. It also aims to avoid barriers to trade
at the same time.
Safety of Chemicals, Pesticides, Biotechnology & NanomaterialsProtecting human health and the environment
…that by working together through the OECD, governments and industry save over EUR 150 million annually?
did you know
Mutual Acceptance of Data (MAD) The OECD Council Acts on the Mutual Acceptance of Data
for the assessment of chemicals (MAD) are international
agreements, which set the policies and provide the
© OECD 2013
26
relationships, known as (Q)SARs, have the potential to
provide information on the hazards of chemicals. Such
approaches can reduce the time and cost of testing,
as well as the need for animal testing. Through OECD,
member countries are looking at how such approaches
can be used more routinely in a regulatory context.
Work is also underway at the OECD to investigate how
(Q)SAR approaches can be combined with results from
toxicogenomics (the study of the response of a genome to
hazardous chemicals) and from high-throughput screening
in vitro assays (that can be applied rapidly to thousands of
chemicals) in an integrated way to predict the effects of
chemicals in animals and humans.
Safety of Bio-Tech Products The majority of OECD countries and many others have a
system of regulatory oversight in place to assess the safety
of products of modern biotechnology. The most common
products of this type are genetically engineered crop plants
used in agriculture. The OECD works to ensure that the
information used in safety assessment, and the methods
used to collect that information, are shared amongst
countries. Recent focus has been on major agricultural
commodities such as soy bean, maize and cotton. Today,
there is a greater focus on crops important in the tropics
such as cassava and papaya.
for registering pesticides and biocides and for notifying,
registering or evaluating industrial chemicals.
Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials OECD countries are addressing the human health and
environmental safety implications of nanomaterials. In
order to ensure that this is done in a harmonised way,
the OECD is drawing on its wealth of experience with
developing methods for testing and assessing the safety of
other chemical products. Amongst other things, the OECD is
evaluating whether existing test methods for assessing the
safety of chemicals are suitable for nanomaterials.
Co-operative testing of selected nanomaterials:
OECD and non-OECD governments are working with
industry, pooling expertise and funding to test the
human health and environmental safety effects of
13 nanomaterials which are currently in commerce.
New and More Efficient Tools for Getting Hazard Information
Much information on the hazards associated with specific
chemicals is developed through tests in the laboratory.
However, other promising approaches such as computer
simulations called (quantitative) structure-activity
Environment 27OECD wOrk On
© OECD 2013
Key Publications
• OECDGuidelinesfortheTestingofChemicals(series)
• SafetyAssessmentofFoodsandFeedsDerivedfromTransgenic
Crops(2013)
• CuttingCostsinChemicalsManagement:HowOECDHelps
GovernmentsandIndustry(2010)
• SafetyAssessmentofTransgenicOrganisms:Volumes1-4(2010,
2006)
• GoodLaboratoryPractice:OECDPrinciplesandGuidancefor
ComplianceMonitoring(2005)
www.oecd.org/ehs
© OECD 2013
28
of M&E for adaptation and shares lessons learned on
adaptation indicators. Ongoing work will explore the
methodological challenges for adaptation M&E and provide
a comparative study of different approaches in developed
and developing countries.
Weak environmental governance and capacity constraints
affects sustainable management of natural resources in
developing countries and undermines the achievement
of key development and green growth objectives. The
OECD report Greening Development: Enhancing Capacity for
Environmental Management and Governance offers guidance
on how to enhance the capacities of key stakeholders in
both developing countries and in development co-operation
agencies to integrate the environment into national
planning and budgetary processes.
Trade and Environment The Environment Directorate works with the Trade and
Agriculture Directorate to better understand trade patterns
and their environmental consequences. A report on illegal
Environment and Development Economic growth and development are intricately linked
to the sound management of environmental resources. It
is the poorest who rely most on environmental resources
and are most affected by their degradation. A joint High
Level Meeting of the Environment Policy Committee
(EPOC) and the Development Assistance Committee (DAC)
in 2009 reinforced the need for continued work at the
nexus of environment and development, with particular
focus on climate change and on capacity development for
environmental management.
The 2009 Policy Guidance on Integrating Adaptation into
Development Co-operation helps development co-operation
agencies and developing countries to integrate adaptation
within development activities and to “climate-proof”
development. OECD analysis also examines the role
of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) in ensuring that
adaptation interventions are effective, efficient and
equitable. A 2011 assessment of development co-operation
agencies’ M&E frameworks identifies the characteristics
Environment in the Global EconomyMaking globalisation and environment compatible and mutually supportive
Environment 29OECD wOrk On
© OECD 2013
Annual Official Flows and Share of Activities Potentially Affected by Climate Change
0
10
20
30
1 800
1 600
1 400
1 200
1 000
800
600
400
200
0
Fiji
FijiNepalUruguayTanzaniaEgyptBangladesh
Official flows in million USD per year
Flows affected
Uncertainty
Flows unaffected
Source:BridgeOverTroubledWaters:LinkingClimateChangeandDevelopment, OECD (2005)
Co-operation with Key Emerging Economies Key Partners (Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and
South Africa) are invited to co-operate in all areas of OECD
work on environment, in particular on green growth, climate
change, water, biodiversity, environmental information,
environmental indicators and policy instruments.
Environmental Performance Reviews (EPR) of South
Africa and Colombia will be published in 2013. A broader
group of partner countries is invited to Global Forums on
Environment (GFENV) on various environmental issues,
providing a regular framework to substantiate the dialogue
with non-OECD countries. Global Forums in 2013-14 will
trade in environmentally sensitive goods was released
in 2012. This report addressed data and policy issues
that need to be resolved in order to reduce illegal trade in
wildlife, fisheries, waste, dangerous chemicals and timber.
Work on cross-border trade in electricity services and the
penetration of electricity produced from renewable energy
sources will be published in early 2013. The regular updating
of environmental provisions in regional Trade Agreements
will continue.
A major new area of work in 2013-14 will focus on
the economic, environmental and trade aspects of
environmental labelling and information schemes. The
project aims to provide guidance to governments on how
to address the challenges arising from the proliferation of
such schemes and their consequences.
…that a growing number of countries are engaging in Regional Trade Agreements, which increasingly include environmental provisions to ensure a level playing field and improve environmental co-operation between trade partners?
did you know
© OECD 2013
30
• TenYearsofMunicipalWaterSectorReforminEECCA:
from AlmatytoAstana(2011)
• GreeningPublicBudgetsinEECCA(2011)
• PolicyGuidanceonIntegratingAdaptationintoDevelopment
Co-operation(2009)
• EnvironmentandRegionalTradeAgreements(2007)
www.oecd.org/env/outreach/eap.htm
focus on issues including climate change and economic
instruments for materials management.
Environment and Development in EECCA The OECD Environment Directorate serves as the
Secretariat of the Task Force for the Implementation of the
Environmental Action Programme (EAP Task Force) that
guides reforms of environmental policies in Eastern Europe,
Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA) and promotes their
integration into economic and social policies – greening
growth. This is done through robust policy analysis,
diffusion and adaptation of good international practices,
capacity development, policy dialogue at national and
regional levels, and pilot application of innovative policy
tools. OECD helps EECCA countries to make the best use
of available finance and enhance dialogue with private
sector and donors. A special focus is put on the economic
and financing aspects of water policies. The EAP Task Force
work is closely aligned with the European Union’s Water
Initiative and its framework of co-operation with countries
of Eastern Partnership and Central Asia. It contributes to the
“Environment for Europe” process.
Key Publications
• EnhancingCapacityforGreeningDevelopment(2012)
• GreenGrowthandEnvironmentalGovernanceinEECCA(2012)
Environment 31OECD wOrk On
© OECD 2013
If implemented in structural reforms, green growth policies
can unlock new growth opportunities by various channels.
Well-designed green growth policies will ensure that market
participants feel the social costs of using environmental
assets, thus leading to a more efficient use of resources
and natural assets. Better price signals for environmental
externalities would also strengthen innovation and foster
demand for new, environmentally more efficient goods and
services, creating new markets and hence the potential for
new job opportunities.
Furthermore, stable green growth policies will enhance
investor confidence through greater predictability in how
governments deal with major environmental issues, and
green fiscal reform can support fiscal consolidation and
growth, as revenues from pricing externalities rise and
harmful subsidies are phased out.
Monitoring Progress Evaluating the effects of green growth policies needs to
be based on sufficient knowledge of core environmental
developments as well as the linkages between environmental
outcomes and growth or well-being.
The OECD launched its Green Growth Strategy at the
Ministerial Council Meeting in May 2011. It responded to a
mandate given by 39 countries, when they signed the “OECD
Green Growth Declaration” in 2009, comitting to “strengthen
[their] efforts to pursue green growth strategies as part of
[their] responses to the crisis and beyond, acknowledging
that green and growth can go hand in hand”.
The key message of the Green
Growth Strategy is that the
environment and the economy
can no longer be considered
in isolation, but that
environmental considerations
need to be an inherent part of
future economic policymaking
and development planning.
Importantly, the Strategy
argued that green growth
cannot be a mere add-on to the mainstream reform agenda,
but requires a reassessment of growth policies and priorities
to ensure that their design and implementation better take
into account environmental impacts.
Green Growth
© OECD 2013
32
growth, through its core advice in country-specific and
multilateral surveillance, including Economic Surveys,
Environmental Performance Reviews, Investment Policy
Reviews, Reviews of Innovation Policy, the Green Cities
programme and Going for Growth. Through these, the OECD
is providing guidance tailored to the needs of individual
countries.
The OECD is working with other international organisations
and partner countries to examine how green growth can
be applied in the specific context of developing countries.
The forthcoming OECD report Green Growth and Developing
Countries will provide a platform for partner countries to
indicate their interest in collaborating with the OECD to
shape a green growth agenda that is feasible and relevant
for them and addresses the aspirations of their citizens.
www.oecd.org/dac/greengrowth
Another on-going project, Towards green growth in emerging
and developing Asia, is identifying the main policy challenges
faced by emerging and developing Asian countries to move
to a green growth development path. It is reviewing issues
of managing natural resource, tackling rapid urbanisation,
as well as integrating green growth strategies into national
development plans. A draft of the report will be discussed by
national green growth experts at a workshop in the second
half of 2013 and a revised version of it will be presented to
relevant OECD Committees in the first half of 2014.
A set of 25 indicators structured along four areas
is capturing the main features of green growth:
environmental and resource productivity, the natural
asset base, environmental quality of life, and economic
opportunities and policy responses.
A small set of headline indicators that summarise the
central elements of green growth for public and policy
makers’ communication is also proposed. The OECD work
on green growth indicators is part of the OECD’s broader
agenda on measuring progress and well-being.
Countries like the Czech Republic,
Korea, Mexico and the Netherlands,
have already applied the OECD
measurement framework to assess
their state of green growth. In a joint
project with UNIDO, work is also
underway in Colombia, Costa Rica,
Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay and Peru
to apply the indicators in order to identify key areas of
national pressure and to improve the choice and design of
policy instruments.
Tailoring Green Growth Strategies to Individual Countries
The OECD is supporting countries in their efforts to design
and implement strategies for greener and more inclusive
Environment 33OECD wOrk On
© OECD 2013
and implement sustainable development. The OECD is
hosting the second annual conference on 4-5 April 2013.
www.greengrowthknowledge.org
Key Publications
• ToolsforDeliveringGreenGrowth(PDF)(2011)
• TowardsGreenGrowth:ASummaryforPolicyMakers(PDF)(2011)
• TowardsGreenGrowth:freeversion(2011)
• TowardsGreenGrowth–MonitoringProgress:OECDIndicators(2011)
Green growth studies:The new Green Growth Studies series aims to provide in-depth
reviews of the green growth issues faced by different sectors.
Green growth papers:OECD Green Growth Papers complement the OECD
Green Growth Studies series, and aim to stimulate
discussion and analysis on specific topics and obtain
feedback from interested audiences.
www.oecd.org/greengrowth
Green growth is also being integrated in OECD’s sector- and
issue-specific work to cover key areas such as energy (jointly
with the IEA), food and agriculture, innovation, green
investment, green business models, green jobs, biodiversity,
water, rural development, etc.
The Green Growth and Sustainable Development Forum at the OECD (GG-SD Forum)
The GG-SD Forum is a new initiative established by the OECD
as a vehicle for facilitating dialogue among its Committee
experts on cross-cutting green growth and sustainable
development issues, to build on and complement the
extensive work already underway in individual Committees
and to maximise synergies across them.
The GG-SD Forum will operate as a series of annual
conferences or workshops, focusing each year on a different
issue of relevance to more than one OECD Committee.
www.oecd.org/greengrowth/ggsdforum.htm
The Green Growth Knowledge Platform (GGKP) The OECD has joined forces with the Global Green Growth
Institute, UNEP and the World Bank to establish the GGKP.
Launched in January 2012, the GGKP is an international
knowledge-sharing platform that identifies and addresses
major knowledge gaps in green growth/green economy
theory and practice. It aims to provide practitioners and
policymakers with better tools to foster economic growth
© OECD 2013
34
The Environment Policy Committee (EPOC) implements the OECD’s Environment Programme. Established in 1971, EPOC celebrated
its 40th anniversary in 2011. EPOC, consisting of delegates from capitals, meets 1-2 times per year and holds meetings at the
Ministerial level approximately every four years. The last Ministerial meeting took place in March 2012.
EPOC oversees work on: country reviews, indicators and outlooks, climate change, natural resource management, policy tools
and evaluation, environment and development, and resource efficiency and waste, supported by EPOC’s Working Parties. EPOC
also co-operates with other OECD Committees, including through Joint Working Parties on Trade and Environment and on
Agriculture and Environment, as well as Joint Meetings of Experts on Tax and Environment and Joint Task Teams on environment
and development issues. The Chemicals Committee, like EPOC, reports directly to the OECD Council. EPOC’s Working Party on
Chemicals, Pesticides and Biotechnology and the Chemicals Committee together form the Joint Meeting which oversees the
Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) Programme. EPOC is a major partner in two horizontal programmes at the OECD, one on
Green Growth and the other on Water.
The OECD Environment Directorate and the International Energy Agency (IEA) jointly serve as the Secretariat for the Climate
Change Expert Group which undertakes studies of issues related to the negotiation and implementation of international
agreements on climate change.
The OECD Environment Directorate also functions as the Secretariat for the Task Force for the Implementation of the Environmental
Action Programme in Central and Eastern Europe (EAP Task Force). The Task Force provides a forum for dialogue and co-operation
for countries in Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA).
The Environment Programme is carried out in co-operation with international and regional organisations, e.g. the World Bank,
UNEP, WTO, UNECE and Secretariats for UNFCCC, CBD and the Basel Convention. Key research institutes are also important
partners, as is civil society represented through business, labour and NGOs. EPOC is actively engaging with key emerging
economies through Global Forums on Environment.
the Committee Structures
Environment 35OECD wOrk On
Joint Meeting
• WorkingPartyonManufacturedNanomaterials
• WorkingGrouponGoodLaboratoryPractice
• WorkingGrouponPesticides
• WorkingGrouponChemicalAccidents
• WorkingGrouponNationalCo-ordinatorsofTestGuidelinesProgramme
• JointWorkingPartyonTradeandEnvironment
• JointWorkingPartyonAgricultureandEnvironment
• JointMeetingsofTaxandEnvironmentExperts
• AdHocClimateChangeExpertGroup(CCXG)
• TaskForcefortheImplementationoftheEnvironmentalActionProgrammeinCentralandEasternEurope(EAP)
OECD Council
Environment Policy Committee
Working Party on Biodiversity, Water
and Ecosystems
Working Party on Climate, Investment
and Development
Working Party on Environmental
Information
Working Party on Environmental
Performance
Working Party on Integrating Environmental
and Economic Policies
Working Party on Resource Productivity and Waste
Working Party on Chemicals, Pesticides and
BiotechnologyChemicals Committee
Secretariat Role
Other OECD substantive committees
EPOC Organigramme
© OECD 2012
© OECD 2013
36
Environment Directorate (ENv)
Director’s Office
Simon Upton
Director
Tel.: +33 1 45 24 14 56
Helen Mountford
Deputy Director
Tel.: +33 1 45 24 79 13
Central Management and Committee BranchKumi Kitamori
Consellor
Tel.: +33 1 45 24 92 02
Amy Plantin
Head of Unit and Executive Secretary to EPOC
Tel.: +33 1 45 24 93 08
The Environment Directorate is a multicultural team, encompassing some 100 international civil servants: economists, policy
analysts, statisticians and administrative staff.
We are an extension to national governments’ analytical capacity, providing policy-relevant analysis and recommendations based
on reliable environmental data, outlooks and cross-country experiences. We help countries to design environmental policies that
are both economically efficient and effective at achieving their environmental objectives.
We also provide a forum for governments and representatives from business and civil society for constructive dialogue on how
best to develop and implement environmental policies across OECD and other countries.
The ENV management team members are:
Environment 37OECD wOrk On
© OECD 2013
Climate Change, Biodiversity and Water Division
Environment and Economy Integration Division
Anthony Cox
Head of Division
Tel.: +33 1 45 24 95 64
Shardul Agrawala
Head of Division
Tel.: +33 1 45 24 16 65
Environment, Health and Safety Division Environmental Performance and Information Division
Bob Diderich
Head of Division
Tel.: +33 1 45 24 14 85
Brendan Gillespie
Head of Division
Tel.: +33 1 45 24 93 02
Accession Unit Green Growth Strategy
Eija Kiiskinen
Head of Unit
Tel.: +33 1 45 24 18 40
Nathalie Girouard
Co-ordinator
Tel.: +33 1 45 24 84 82
© OECD 2013
38
Forthcoming Flasghip Publications
Recent Flasghip Publications
Environmental
Outlookto2050:
The Consequences
of Inaction
AFrameworkfor
FinancingWater
ResourcesManagement
EnergyandClimate
Policy:Bending
theTechnological
Trajectories
SustainableMaterials
Management-Making
BetterUseofResources
Environmental
PerformanceReviews
• OECDEnvironmentalPerformanceReviews:Mexico,Italy,Austria,
SouthAfrica(2013);Colombia,Iceland,Sweden,Poland,Spain
(2014)
• EffectiveCarbonPrices(2013)
• EnvironmentataGlance(2013)
• GreeningHouseholdBehaviour:ResponsesfromtheSecond
Survey(2013)
• MaterialResources,ProductivityandtheEnvironment(2013)
• WaterSecurity:ManagingRisks,ImprovingResilience(2013)
• WaterandClimateChangeAdaptation:PoliciestoNavigate
UncharteredWaters(2013)
• ManagingWaterforGreenGrowth(2013)
• GreenFinanceandInvestment:TheCaseofClimateChange
(2013)
Environment Working Papers: This series is designed to make available to a wider readership selected studies on environmental
issues prepared for use within the OECD. www.oecd.org/env/workingpapers
Environment 39OECD wOrk On
© OECD 2013
OECD/EEA Instruments DatabaseInformation on environmentally-related taxes, fees and charges, tradable permits systems, deposit-refund systems,
environmentally motivated subsidies and voluntary approaches. www.oecd.org/env/policies/database
Value of Statistical Life (VSL)Data used in a meta-analysis of value of statistical life estimates from stated preferences surveys in environment, health and
traffic risk contexts. www.oecd.org/env/policies/vsl
Transboundary Movement of Wastes destined for Recovery OperationsCountry-specific requirements for the application of the “OECD Decision on Transboundary Movements of Waste Destined for
Recovery Operations”. www.oecd.org/env/waste/database
eChemPortalA Global Portal for information on properties of chemical substances. www.oecd.org/ehs/eChemPortal
Research on the Safety of Manufactured NanomaterialsInformation on research projects that address safety issues of manufactured nanomaterials. www.oecd.org/env/nanosafety/database
Biotech Products DatabaseInformation and unique identifiers on products derived from using modern biotechnology which have been approved for
commercial application. www.oecd.org/biotrack/productdatabase
Get free ENV reports and statistics Visit www.oecd.org/environment for a selection of free reports and data.
Selected Databases
More information on the OECD’s work on environment
The Environment Directorate produces 20-30 titles a year in English and French, with summaries of selected titles translated into
other languages (available for free on the OECD on-line bookshop).
Write to us:OECD Environment Directorate 2, rue André Pascal
75775 Paris Cedex 16
FRANCE
Be the first to know about the latest OECD publications
on environment with our free e-mail alert service:
www.oecd.org/OECDdirect
Order our publications:Browse titles on your screen before you buy:
www.oecdbookshop.org
Find Job Vacancies on the OECD Human Resources website at www.oecd.org/hrm.
Subscribe to our OECDiLibrary and statistics services:
www.oecdilibrary.org
Photo credits:
Front cover: © Pauline TezierPage 9: © Soizick De Tilly and Pauline TezierPage 12: © Pauline TezierPage 15: © Nicolas Gascard – Fotolia
Page 17: © Elena Elisseeva – iStockphotoPage 20: © Brian Jackson – FotoliaPage 22: © Huguette Roe – Shutterstock
Page 27: © Mitch Hrdlicka – ThinkstockPage 30: © Stockbyte – Thinkstock
OECD PUBLICATIONS, 2 rue André-Pascal, 75775 PARIS CEDEx 16
PRINTED IN FRANCE – (00 2012 42 1) – NO. 90127 – 2012
EnvironmEnt DirEctoratE www.oecd.org/env
