Occupational health communti

Maternal, Newborn and Child Health

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BATCH 12

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GROUP 10

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Occupational health

By :Ismail

Introduction

Mohammed Abdullah

Occupational healthOccupational safety and health (OSH) is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the safety, health and welfare of people engaged in work or employment.The goals of occupational safety and health programs include to foster a safe and healthy work environment and protect co-workers and many others who might be affected by the workplace environment.

Occupational safety and health can be important for moral, legal, and financial reasons.

Moral obligations would involve the protection of employee's lives and health.

Legal reasons for OSH practices relate to the preventative, punitive and compensatory effects of laws that protect worker's safety and health.

Definition• Since 1950, the International Labour

Organization (ILO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have shared a common definition of occupational health.

The definitionIs promotion and maintenance of the

highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations.

The main focus in occupational health is on three different objectives:

• (i) the maintenance and promotion of workers

• (ii) the improvement of working environment and work culture

• (iii) development of work organizations and working cultures in a direction which supports health and safety at work

By:

Management system

Rayhan Abdelgalil

NEBOSH

Health and SafetyThe term Health and Safety is generally used to

mean an employer should:

• Promote and maintain the mental, physical and social well-being of employees

• Protect employees and others affected by an organisation’s activities to harm from risk

• Establish a management framework to implement policies and achieve continual improvement in health and safety

NEBOSH

HSG65 Safety Management SystemsPolicy

Organisation

Planning and implementing

Measuring performance

Reviewing performance

AuditingDevelo

p

NEBOSHManagement of Health &

Safety HS(G)65 Step 1 - Policy

Policy: Health and Safety aims and objectives of the Organisation, and Management commitment

Sets the Organisation & Arrangements for identifying hazards, assessing risks & preventing or controlling them.

Are staff aware, do they understand it?Is it compatible with the overall company policy?

Is responsibility delegated to competent individuals?Does it indicate to directors and managers how to assess risks and

allocate resources?Is it a working document?


Safety HSG65 Step 2 - Organising

Organisation – Clear roles and lines of responsibility, Competence, Commitment and control, Co-operation and Communication

• Competence - Needs to exist for recruitment, transfer & training.

• Commitment and Control - Directors and managers must accept and demonstrate a commitment to the management of Health and Safety.

• Consultation and Co-operation – consultation demonstrates commitment which leads to co-operation

• Communication - Needs to flow in all directions.


SafetyHSG65 Step 3 –

Planning & ImplementingPlanning & Implementation – Identify hazards, assessing risks and decide how risks can be eliminated or controlled. Sets standards against which performance can be measured

• Generate SMART objectives.• Identify hazards, assess risks and establish

priorities according to risk.• Set performance standards, • Plans for non routine, new work and serious

risks.• Monitoring arrangements to ensure standards

are met.

NEBOSH

© TWI Gulf WLL 2008

Management of Health & Safety

HSG65 Step 4 - Measuring Performance

Measuring Performance – a means of determining extent to which health and safety policy and objectives are being implemented

and should be both reactive and proactive.• Monitoring needs to be both proactive and reactive.• Directors and managers may not be aware of what is

happening.• Monitoring systems should be introduced in each

department.

NEBOSH Management of Health & Safety

HSG65 Step 5 – Reviewing & AuditingReviewing – Analysing data gathered

through monitoring to see whether performance is adequate

Audit – Systematic critical examination of each stage of an organisations management systems and procedures.

Improvement will be obtained by continuous reviewing and auditing of performance.

NEBOSH

Safety Management SystemsHSEG 65, 2003: ‘Successful Health and Safety Management Systems’. (HSE)

ILO-OSH, 2001: Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems. (ILO)

OHSAS 18001, 1999: Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems (BSI)

NEBOSH

The International Labour OrganisationIts main aims are to advance opportunities for workers to obtain decent and productive work in conditions of freedom, equity, security and human dignity.

Conventions, e.g. C155: Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981

Recommendations, e.g. R164: Occupational Safety and Health Recommendation, 1981.

NEBOSH

The International Organisation for Standards (ISO)

ISO 9001:2000 – Quality Management Systems

ISO 14001:2004 – Environmental Management Systems

Labour Standards

Product Standards

International Standards

NEBOSHSafety Management Systems

ISO 9001ISO 14001

PlanDo CheckAct

Step 1

Establish standards for health & safety

management based on risk assessment

and legal requirements

Step 2

Implement plans to achieve objectives and standards

Step 4

Review against objectives and

standards and take appropriate action

Step 3

Measure progress with plans and compliance with standards

A C

DP

NEBOSH

© TWI Gulf WLL 2008

Reasons for Good Health & Safety Practice

Humanitarian/Moral

Legal

Cost

NEBOSH

Costs of Accidents at WorkIceberg Model of Accident Costs:

… Visible Costs Liability insurance

Invisible Costs

Economic -

INDIRECT COSTSMedical treatmentLegal CostsOvertime/replacement staffInvestigation CostsProduction DelaysLoss of expertise/experience etc.

DIRECTCOSTS

Civil claims, Fines, Product loss, Property damage.£ 1

ACCIDENT ‘ICEBERG’’

NEBOSH

Hidden Costs of Accidents

Accident investigation

Payments to injured person

Payments non productive time

Replacement labour

Training

Business interruption

Loss of reputation

Damage repair

Replacement plant

Compensation

Legal fees

Insurance

48© ECITB.

MultiMulti--causational Theorycausational Theory

Injury

Accident

UnderlyingCauses Immediate

Cause

ImmediateCause

47© ECITB.

Lack of ManagementControl

Personal &Job Factors (Basic Causes)

ImmediateCauses

ACCIDENT

LOSS

BIRD & LOFTUS’ BIRD & LOFTUS’ ‘DOMINO’ THEORY‘DOMINO’ THEORY

HSE Training Plan 2007

NEBOSH

Worldwide Accidents

ILO Worldwide estimate on workplace accidents per year:

Total – 125,000,000

Fatal Safety - 334,870

Fatal Health - 992,445

NEBOSH

Benefits of Good Health and Safety Practice

1) Increased levels of compliance2) Improved production3) Improved staff morale4) Improved company reputation5) Reduced accidents6) Reduced ill health7) Reduced damage to equipment8) Reduced staff turnover9) Reduced insurance premiums 10) Reduced fines and compensation claims

By :

Legislation

Abdulrhman hayder

Different states take different approaches to legislation, regulation, and

enforcement. Also economic incentives for compliance to rules and general good occupational safety and health practice

vary among nations

• . In the EU, for example, some member states promote OSH by providing public monies as subsidies, grants or financing, while others have created tax system incentives for OSH investments. A third group of EU member states has experimented with using workplace accident insurance premium discounts for companies or organisations with strong OSH records

Gender mainstreaming and equal opportunities

Definition

• It is a process that helps to ensure that everyone – girls,boys, men and women – are accounted for equally and equitably in all aspects concerning their lives

Humanitarian and Emergency Situations

• Armed conflict• Disaster• Recovery • Reconstruction

What does GM have to do with Humanitarian Work?

• It ensures that no one is excluded, marginalized or discriminated against because of their sex in:– Protection measures (e.g. GBV: Gender Based

Violence)– Services (e.g. education)– Opportunities (e.g. loans and employment)– Basic needs (food, water, sanitation, health,

shelter, justice)

• To prevent and relieve suffering of those affected by a humanitarian context

• Protect the rights and freedoms of women, girls, boys and men

• Promote equal opportunities and rights of all free from any discrimination based on sex and gender ascribed roles due to social norms

• Sudan, as a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural country encompassing hundreds of

• ethnic and tribal divisions and languages, has since its independence faced

• conflicts that have had implications for the country’s social service institutions,

• including health.

• National health policies should, therefore, create appropriate conditions and

• institutions for people irrespective of gender or their regional, religious, racial,

• cultural or ethnic affiliation in order that they are provided with the opportunity

• and ability to make decisions about their health and lives. This could be

• achieved through the creation of mechanisms whereby these groups become

• involved in the institutions assigned to undertake policy analysis at various

• levels and due consideration is given to their input.

• The FMoH will ensure provision of gender-friendly health care at all levels of

• health care delivery and will also consider gender analysis as an element in

• the development of strategic and operational plans at all levels of government.

•Thank you

By:

Occupational health and Safety

Jody Gamal

Guidelines a on occupational safety and health management systems These guidelines encourage continual improvement in employee health and safety, acheived via:

constant process of policy, organization, planning & implementation, evaluation, and action for improvement, all supported by constant auditing to determine the success of OSH actions

Who needs orientation?

Depending on the workplace, it may be appropriate to give occupational health and safety

orientation to:• temporary employees� �• seasonal employees�• fulltime employees returning from a leave of �

absence• outside contractors,�• visitors to the workplace and others�

Personal Protective

Protection from Head InjuriesHard hats can protect your workers from headimpact, penetration injuries, and electricalinjuries such as those caused by falling orflying objects, fixed objects, or contact withelectrical conductors

Protection from Foot and Leg InjuriesIn addition to foot guards and safety shoes,leggings (e.g., leather, aluminized rayon, orOther appropriate material) can help preventinjuries by protecting workers.

Protection from Hearing LossExposure to high noiselevels can cause irreversible hearing loss orimpairment as well as physical and psychologicalstress. Earplugs made from foam, waxedcotton, or fiberglass wool are self-forming andusually fit well. A professional should fit yourworkers individually for molded or preformedearplugs. Clean earplugs regularly, and replacethose you cannot clean.

Respiratory Protectionworkers must use appropriate respirators toprotect against adverse health effects caused bybreathing air contaminated with harmful dusts,fogs, fumes, mists, gases, smokes, sprays, orvapors. Respirators generally cover the noseand mouth or the entire face or head and helpprevent illness and injury. A proper fit is essential,however, for respirators to be effective.

Thank you

• By :

Occupational hazard

Tagreed

OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD:

Definition:‘’Source or situation with

a potential for harm in terms of injury or ill health, damage to

property, damage to the workplace environment,

or a combination of these``

TYPES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARDS

PHYSICAL HAZARD

CHEMICAL HAZARDERGONOMIC HAZARD

BIOLOGICAL HAZARD

PHYSICAL HAZARDS

Temperature - Heat / ColdIlluminationNoiseVibrationRadiationAtmospheric pressure

PHYSICAL HAZARDS


PHYSICAL HAZARDS



PHYSICAL HAZARDS


DISEASES DUE TO PHYSICAL AGENTS

Heat - Heat hyperpyrexia, Heat Exhaustion Heat Syncope, Heat Cramps, burns, Prickly heat

Cold - Frost bite,Light – Occupational Cataract, Atmospheric-pressure-Caisson disease,air embolism,

explosion.Noise - Occupational deafness, Radiation -Cancer,Leukemia,aplastic anemia,

PancytopeniaElectricity - Burns, Shocks,

CHEMICAL HAZARDSRoutes of entry - Inhalation, Ingestion, skin absorption. (inhalation is the main route of entry)Chemical agents can be classified into1)Metals - Lead, Hg, Cd, Ni , Co etc. 2) Aromatic Hydrocarbons - Benzene, Toluene,phenol etc. 3)Aliphatic Hydrocarbons - Methyl alcohol4) Gases - *Simple asphyxiants : N2, CH4, CO2 * Chemical asphyxiants : CO, H2S, HCN * Irritant gases : Ammonia, SO2, Cl2, * Systemic poison : CS2

Biological Hazards Bacteria-Tetanus,Tuberculosis, Anthrax,

Brucellosis (Milkmen),Gonorrhea(Sex-workers-Genital organs get affected).

Biological Hazards

Virus - Hepatitis, AIDS

Biological HazardsProtozoal&Parasitic-Malaria,Hydatid(Dog

handlers),Hookworms, tapeworms (Agri-workers), etc.

Biological HazardsFungi-(Agri-workers)-Tinea-infections,

Coccidiomycosis, Psittacoses, ornithosis, etc.

MECHANICAL HAZARDS

Injuries-Falls,cuts,abrasions,concussions,contusions,etc.

Ergonomic Disorders-Musculo-skeletal disorders(MSDs),Cumulative-

trauma-Disorders (CTDs) etc. Ergonomics: ``Adjustment of Man & Machine``/ Application of human biological sciences with engineering

science to achieve optimum mutual adjustment of man & his work, the benefit being measured in terms of human efficiency .

Risk factor

Static posture

Forceful exertion

Repetitive movement

Extreme range of motion

PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARDS

• v Lack of job satisfaction, insecurity, poor interpersonal relations, work pressure, ambiguity, etc.

• v Psychological & behavioral changes – hostility, aggressiveness, anxiety, depression, alcoholism, drug addiction, sickness absenteeism.

• v Psychosomatic disorders- Hypertension, headache, body-ache, peptic ulcers, asthma, diabetes, heart disorders, etc.

Thank you

By Dr. Common workplace

hazard groups

. Abu baker MohammadAlfatih

introduction• Hazards have existed from which accidents

have come about from the earliest of times: falls from elevated places, cuts from sharp objects, impacts from falling trees and rocks, fires, drowning, and similar primordial events.

Since the initiation, growth and benefits of tools people have been exposed more and more to increasingly

complex hazards in addition to the primordial ones that still take place, all causing accidents and injuries.

Possibilities of accidents have been increasing not only in types but in magnitudes, especially in industries

الو4لد صورة

MEDICAL FIELD

The medical field workers are in danger because

they are exposed daily to deferent types of harmful agents like biological , chemical and physical agents.

Infectious Diseases• Infectious diseases can be caused by coming• into contact with bacteria, viruses, fungusesor parasites when handling patients,contaminated objects, body secretions, tissueor fluids .• Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and Human• Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV

Back injuries• Back injuries are the most frequent injury inhospitals. Heavy lifting and frequent bendingor twisting when moving objects or patientsincreases the risk of back injury.Repetitive Strain Injuries• A repetitive strain injury (RSI) is an injury thatoccurs over time as a result of repetitive,forceful or awkward body movements

Violence• Health care workers are at risk from violence• when dealing with angry and stressed patients• and their familiesRadiation• Radiation is used in diagnostic procedures such• as x-ray, fluoroscopy and angiography

• Workload IssuesChanges in work organization resulting from restructuring, downsizing, and layoffs within the healthcare industry are resulting in decreased staffing levels, increased workloads and time pressures, and longer hours of work.

Gold mining• Health problems of gold miners who works in

this field include decreased life expectancy; increased frequency of cancer of the trachea, bronchus, lung, stomach, and liver; increased frequency of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), silicosis, and pleural diseases; increased frequency of insect-borne diseases, such as malaria and dengue fever; noise-induced hearing loss; increased prevalence of certain bacterial and viral diseases; and diseases of the blood, skin, and musculoskeletal system.

cont

MERCURY• For centuries, mercury has been used to

chemically separate gold from ore, leading to major public-health problems for miners and communities around mining districts.

Casual workers

• There is no standard definition of casual work but usually they are usually jobs that are temporary, have irregular hours and are not guaranteed to be ongoing.

For example:1.factories workers2.carpenters3.blacksmith4.drivers

• Poor work practices create hazards – examples of unsafe work practices commonly found in the workplace include:

• using machinery or tools without authority .• operating at unsafe speeds or in violation of

safe work practices• using defective tools or equipment or using

tools or equipment in unsafe ways • using hands or body instead of tools or push

sticks

Roles and responsibilities of occupational health

Shiraz

Worker Health and Safety Representatives

Worker health and safety(WHS) representative has the same responsibilities and powers as a joint health and safety committee. Including:1. identify hazards .2. consulted about workplace testing .3. make recommendations to the employer .4. investigate work refusals and serious

accidents.

Joint Health and Safety CommitteesJHSC

has four principal functions:1. To identify potential hazards .2. Evaluate potential hazards.3. Recommend corrective action.4. Follow up on these recommendations.

Joint Health and Safety Committees

In order to carry out the above they all must:a) Hold meetings.b) Carry out regular inspections of the entire

workplace at least once per month or year .c) select someone to inspect the workplace. d) Real or potential hazard , it must be reported

to the joint health and safety committee.

Joint Health and Safety CommitteesJHSC

e) Give special training for inspectors in workplace health and safety.

Employer responsibilities1. Informing the WHC or JHSC of any work-

related accidents involving injury, death or occupational illness.

Employer responsibilities:

2. Providing JHSC with the results and reports relating to health and safety in the workplace.

3. Provide a location for meetings . Also choose the managerial members of JHSC.

Employer responsibilities:

4. provide a written response to recommendations within 21days .

5. Explained in the diagram : Recommendations

Accepted

A timetable for action must be outlined and provided to JHSC .

Refused

Reasons must be given in writing.

Ministry of Labour Inspectors MLI

Responsible for:1. Uphold and enforce the Occupational

Health and Safety Act.2. inspect the workplace and investigate

potentially hazardous situations, accidents and work refusals.

3. Issue orders, and may provide advice where there are disputes .

By:

Health care delivery

Musaab jafar

Health care delivery is an important component of the health system and the

National Health Policy envisages a number of statements with the overall

objective of ensuring the provision of health services which are accessible,

affordable, appropriate, efficient and effective.

Health care package

• The interim Constitution of Sudan states that the “State shall promote public health, establish, rehabilitate and develop basic medical and diagnostic

• institutions and provide free primary health care and emergency services for all citizens”.

• One inference from this Article is that while the State is obliged to provide free primary health care and emergency services for all citizens, the private sector also has a role, with the Government creating and instituting mechanisms for its effective regulation.

• The content of the primary health care package includes as a minimum: the promotion of child health (immunization against vaccine-preventable diseases, nutrition counselling and growth-monitoring and implementation of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness package); the promotion of school health; the promotion of reproductive health (safe motherhood, including safe pregnancy and family planning); the control of endemic

• diseases (malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, schistosomiasis, etc); the protection and promotion of environmental health and sanitation; and treatment of simple diseases and injuries and mental health.

• The National Health Policy, therefore, calls for rebuilding/repairing and refurbishing the health infrastructure, including the provision of necessary equipment. While this intervention should start at the level of hospitals and health centres, for lower level primary health care facilities, it will be based on the following standards for health facilities.

• The basic health unit, headed by a medical assistant, will be the smallest health facility to deliver primary health care. Dressing stations staffed by a nurse, and primary health care units staffed by community health workers, will be replaced gradually with basic health units

Occupational and environmental health

• The National Health Policy envisages strengthening environmental health services of which occupational health is a component. The FMoH, in collaboration with the SMoH, will identify potential risks to human health.

• In order to avert or mitigate these risks, which are mostly beyond the domain of the ministries of health, an interdisciplinary committee on environmental health will be established at all levels of government to define comprehensive measures to protect and promote a healthy environment, including health at the workplace.

• The policy advocates for the coverage of all workers, including those working in the informal sector, in small and medium-sized enterprises and in agriculture by essential interventions and the prevention of basic occupational health services for primary prevention of occupational and work-related diseases and injuries.

• Accordingly, it urges health authorities at all levels to take measures to establish and strengthen core institutional capacities and human resource capabilities to deal with the special health needs of working populations.

Reproductive and maternal health

• Reproductive and maternal health, as a vital social and economic investment, is an important component of the National Health Policy. It envisages addressing reproductive health issues across the life-cycle with priority to safe mother hood, ensuring women’s right to survive pregnancy and childbirth and to enjoy family life.

Monitoring and evaluation

Aya Ahmed Altigani

Policy implementation• Steps:1. Establish a health coordination committee/council at

national level to oversee theimplementation of the policies under the authority of the

Constitution of Sudan.2. Government's role:

a) Defending and harnessing political commitment to ensure that the vision of the National Health Policy is translated into strategic and operational plans.

b) Making available resources equally to the stated targets and creating conditions leading to the achievement of the vision and mission.


All of objectives of the National Health Policy, (policy statements),will be monitored.

Verifiable indicators and measurement tools are needed to monitor progress at all levels.


Summary: chain of command in Sudan

Health care delivery for all workers

countieslocalities

FMoH ( health policy unit ) SMoH


Summery: FMoH ,SMoH

Make health report

Assist in : terminate , maintain or

replacement of an objective

Evidence for assisting

outcome of objectives

Install mechanisms to monitor objectives

Provide resources

Select indicators

Types of evaluation

1. Formative :at beginning of project , to understand the basic idea about it .

2. Mid term : at half of project , review progress and sufficiency of intervention and budget.

3. Final : support the process for review of plans.

4. Ex.post: for learning purposes

Labor force Country Industry Agriculture Government Service commerce

Sudan 7% 80% 13% ------------------- 7%

China 22% 49% ------------------- 29% -------------------

Brazil 14% 20% ------------------- 66% -------------------

S . Africa 25% 30%, ------------------- 45% -------------------

Yemen most people are employed in agriculture and herding; services, construction, industry, and commerce account for less than one-fourth of the labor force

http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/lab_lab_for_by_occ-labor-force-by-occupation

Thank you

Education

Occupational health communti