Oa and academic integrity for ph d students 2016

Take control of your PhD journey: Publish your research

Take control of your PhD journey:Open Access, Library Services,Academic Integrity and more!

Dr. Lars FigenschouSenior academic librarianBiology, Fisheries and GeologyScience and health library UiT - The Arctic University of Norway

Presenterer oss selvI have been teaching within theese kinds of disiplines for 4 years and when it comes to Open Access, information literacy, and plagiarism it is really large variance in how much the students know from before about these topics. Some of you seems to have cracked the codes..

How many of you have been through a peer-review process and have publicated your firsts manuscripts? How many are in their first year at the PhD programme?

So, I have to know a little bit about you.what are your main interest.what topics and disiplines are you studying.

Hndsopprekning hvor mange har publisert, hvor mange jobber med artikler, hvor mange med monografi. Hvor mange i sitt frste r.

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Today`s agenda:Open Access (2-ways discussion) part:OA (for academics) - what do we mean?OA-advantages? Different types of OAMore discussion(s)OA or traditional publishing?

Hands on and hand out part:How to avoid bad publication channels?Recipe: How to find high quality journals?

Academic Integrity and Referencing part:WHY do we cite?PlagiarismMy claim..:Examples of academic fraud/casesThe situation at UiTDiscussionIf time: More related to scientific misconduct

uit.no

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OA - what do we mean? What is open access?"Open access (OA) literature is digital, online, free of charge, and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions."(Suber, 2012)

There is an open access movement, that lobbies that research should be made publicly available. As we see there is a fast growing increase in the amount of OA articles, but still there is a long way to go.

Most of the current research literature is published in subscription-based journals, which makes access limited by payment barriers. It is now broad agreement that Open Access will be able to help to streamline the research, and at the same time stimulate the travel of knowledge by providing multiple user groups access to quality-assured scientific literature.

NOTE: The European Commission or the national research councils in a number of countries, requires that the research they fund must be made openly available.

Note that open access is not limited to journal articles, but also applies to data, images, audio, video, multimedia, and executable code

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OA - what do we mean?What is Open Access?(OA)Free access to content produced by scienceScientific publicationsComing more and more: Research dataDefined through a number of declarationsBudapest Open Access Initiative 2001 http://www.soros.org/openaccess/read Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities 2003 http://oa.mpg.de/berlin-prozess/berliner-erklarung/ UiT is signatory number 292 to the Berlin declaration14.03.20164

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OA - what do we mean? The traditional modelScience pays forthe researchthe writingthe editorial workthe peer reviewingand donates all this to a publisherThe publisher pays forICT (information and communications technology) Copy-editing and typesetting/layoutPrinting and distributionand finances this by keeping readers outThe traditional system creates super-profits for publishersI.e., Elsevier in 2012: 6 600 000 000 NOK Taken out of science budgets

14.03.20165

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OA - what do we mean? The traditional modelKeeps the general public outKeeps researchers from poorer institutions and countries outContributes little to the business sectorStretches library budgets Prices increase constantlyThis is combined with continuous growth in scientific activityIncreasingly smaller chances of offering all relevant content to researchers and studentsBig dealsGive the publishers power we need to have the big onesIncreasingly smaller funds available to buy stand-alone journals14.03.20166

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Different types of OA

Gold OA is when the publisher provides open access.

The publishing process is similar to that of traditional publishers.

Publishing process: You submit your manuscript to a publisher/journal, and the editor decides if its good enough to undergo peer review. If so, usually three peers evaluate your work to be accepted with minor or major revisions, or refused. The peer review may be closed, you just receive the evaluation, or be an open discussion, where you get to respond right away. If your work is accepted after revising once or several times, you get published.

The University of Troms has as its general rule that students and researchers shall provided publications are of equal scientific worth and stature choose publishing venues that provide the freest access to the publications, either through having a positive attitude to self-archiving or by being an Open Access publishing venue.

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Green OA is (self)archiving in open repositories

At UiT you can archive at munin.uit.no through CRIStin.

The university library checks what version you can upload.

Does not generally have any peer review, and is not similar to publishing as described. But useful to make your work more accessible. You can archive published work, or pre-prints or other content. Toll access journals often allow self archiving, eg. in institutional repositories like the Munin repository.

The University of Troms has as its general rule that students and researches shall self-archive their publications in Munin, the universitys institutional repository. Publications will be made available through Munin within the constraints of the agreements the authors have made with the publisher and publishers principles for self-archiving. The University Library of Troms has the responsibility for investigating and ensuring compliance with publishers policies and other questions regarding intellectual property rights in this context.

You can archive the published pdf or the post print. This is done in accordance with what the publisher permits. Database SHERPA/RoMEO contains policies http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/

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Remember to keep track of the last version of your manuscript!

You can usually archive the post-print.

the last version of the manuscript after peer review

before the publishers have formatted the text and put on their logos

If you cannot archive the the published version, you can often archive the post print. If you have uploaded the post print i cristin, and it turns out that you can archive the final published pdf, the library fix that for you.9

Green OADirectory of Open Access Repositories(The OpenDOAR database):14.03.201610

The numbers of availble open repositories internationallyOver 2600..10

Different types of OA Hybrid OA is toll access (TA) journals that offer OA against a (often large) feeThis is not recommended

It is more expensive (often 4-5.000 USD)

The publishers, in general, does not make the OA content easy to find

OA articles are often just found among the other articles in the same isssue, so you have to check each individual issue/volume to find OA articles in the journal. They do not let you browse/search for open access articles exclusively. This does not increase visibility.

Some argue that hybrid OA is a good choice in a transition period before we get more quality options for gold OA. However, if you cannot find gold OA in your field, there shoudnt be difficult to find publishers that allow green OA instead.

Most of the publication funds do not allow hybrid OA. 11

OA-advantages? What are the advantages of open access? To society?

To you as a researcher?

Discussion12

OA-advantages?

What are the advantages of open access?

Better ideologyBetter economyBetter science

Ideology: science should be open to everyone, also those with weak economy. Science is partly financed through taxes, and whould be open to all tax payers.

Finance: The big publishers wants profit. They often increase the subscription fees at a higher rate than inflation and library budgets, leading to poorer access even for wealthy libraries. The libraries therefore spend more and more of the budget on journal subscriptions and less on books. Since libraries buy fewer books, academic book publishers accept fewer manuscripts, so this harms both the hard sciences and the humanities. If we instead choose OA, the library could spend subscription money on publishing funds instead, giving more money back to the researchers.

Research in itself: More visibility and better access leads to better science. Immideate access let ideas spread faster, and opens for better collaboration. For the individual researcher OA leads to wider readership, more downloads and more citations.

When applying to research funds, OA publishing is often a requirement. If you want a career in research, there is no way around open access publishing, and as we have now stated, there are good reasons for that.13

http://sparceurope.org/oaca_table/ I.e., for citation advantages see:OA-advantages?

The advantages of OA are well documentedIn a meta-study Sparc Europe (the Scholarly Publishing & Academic Resources Coalition) have examined 74 different studies.

Scientists will achieve greater dissemination of own results, and will more easily be able to access other people's results.The financing institutions will experience increased returns on their investment. Knowledge based companies will have free access to current research. Professionals, e.g. health care professionals, or individuals with professional interests, will more easily be able to keep up to date. Research institutions will be able to collect all their research in digital repositories and thus, call attention to their staff's production.Poorer nations will have access to vital researchCitation advantage

SPARC EUROPE: 74 studies YES 50 studiesBob bob approx. 10 studiesNo effect approx. 10 studies

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2014 European Commission Report:

+40.3 % citation advantagefor OA (freely accessible) papers

-27.0 % citation disadvantagefor non-freely accessible papers

Source: European Commission Report Proportion of Open Access PapersPublished in Peer Reviewed Journals at the European and World Levels 1996-2013 OA-advantages?

The advantages of OA are well documented

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Discussion.:

Are there any downsides?

Discussion

Prestige publishing in journals and series with a high scientific index, using the traditional ones with a good reputation.16

OA or traditional?

Myth: It is more expensive to publishFact: Both TA and OA publishers often require an article processing fee of varying size.

There are OA publishers that demand lower fees than a number of TA journals, and

there are OA publishers that demand no fees.

As for traditional journals, there are both nonprofit and for-profit publishers.

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OA or traditional?

Myth: You have less rights.Fact: When publishing TA, you transfer all rights to your work to the publisher. OA let you retain some rights, like making copies of your work.Fact:We distinguish between gratis OA no price barriersand libre OA fewer permission barriers. Fact:Authors have the right to be properly acknowlegded and cited.Fact:OA makes it easier to detect plagiarism.

Budapest: read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers

Bethesda and Berlin: For a work to be OA, the copyright holder must consent in advance to let users copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution ofauthorship18

OA or traditional

Myth: OA publishers lack peer review and have lower qualityFact:All serious OA publishers have peer review, and have a publishing process similar to that of well established and well recognized traditional publishers (i.e., use the excel-sheet Publication channels 2015 to find your journal).

Fact:Quality may be hard to measure, and high impact factor does not always imply high quality.There are easy ways to find good OA publishers - if you want to!

There are high quality and low quality among both OA journals and trad journals.

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Safronova, P. A., Laberg, J. S., Andreassen, K., Shlykova, V., Vorren, T. O. and Chernikov, S. (2015), Late Plioceneearly Pleistocene deep-sea basin sedimentation at high-latitudes: mega-scale submarine slides of the north-western Barents Sea margin prior to the shelf-edge glaciations. Basin Res. doi:10.1111/bre.12161Rydningen, T.A.,Laberg, J.S.,Kolstad, V. (2015),Late Cenozoic evolution of high-gradient trough mouth fans and canyons on the glaciated continental margin offshore Troms, northern NorwayPaleoclimatic implications and sediment yield.Geological Society of America Bulletin,B31302.1,first published onOctober 21, 2015,doi:10.1130/B31302.1Harishidayat, D., et al., 3D seismic interpretation of the depositional morphology of the Middle to Late Triassic fluvial system in Eastern Hammerfest Basin, Barents Sea, Marine and Petroleum Geology (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.marpetgeo.2015.09.007 (in press).K.O. Omosanya, S.E. Johansen, D. Harishidayat, Evolution and character of supra-salt faults in the Easternmost Hammerfest Basin, SW Barents Sea, Marine and Petroleum Geology, Volume 66, Part 4, September 2015, Pages 1013-1028, ISSN 0264-8172, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2015.08.010.Vinnem, J.E., andRed, W.Root Causesof HydrocarbonLeaks on Offshore Petroleum Installations. Journal of Loss Prevention inthe Process Industries,36/2015,pp. 54-62,DOI:10.1016/j.jlp.2015.05.014.Nahrgang J., Varpe., Korshunova E.,Murzina S. (2014)Gender specificreproductivestrategies of anArctic key species(Boreogadus saida)and implications ofclimate change.PLOS ONE, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098452.Geraudie P.,Nahrgang J., LerayJ., Minier C., CamusL. (2014),Endocrine disruptingeffects of producedwater in polar cod(Boreogadus saida).Journal of Toxicology andEnvironmental Health,Part A/2014, pp.557-573.Anell, I., Braathen, A., Olaussen, S. and Osmundsen, P.T. (2013),Evidence of faulting contradicts a quiescent northern Barents Shelf during the Triassic, First Break, Vol. 31, pp.67-76.Anell, I., Braathen, A. and Olaussen, S. (2014),Regional constraints of the Srkapp Basin: A Carboniferous relic or a Cretaceous depression? Marine and Petroleum Geology, Vol. 54, pp.123-138.Johansen, S.E. and Gabrielsen, P.T. (2014),Interpretation of Marine CSEM- and Marine MT Data for Hydrocarbon Prospecting. In K. Bjrlykke (ed.), Petroleum Geoscience: From Sedimentary Environments to Rock Physics.DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-34132-8_20. Springer International Publishing Switzerland.

Where do ARCEx publish?

https://doaj.org/ DIRECTORY OF OPEN ACCESS JOURNALS (11.197 journals - 10.02.2016)

http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/ PUBLISHER COPYRIGHT POLICIES & SELF-ARCHIVING

https://dbh.nsd.uib.no/publiseringskanaler/Forside PUBLISERINGSKANALER (NIV 1 - 2)

http://uit.no/ub/publisering PUBLISHING AT UIT / OPEN ACCESS RULES

http://www.openaccess.no/ OPEN ACCESS FAQ (NORWEGIAN)

http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Main_Page OPEN ACCESS FAQ (ENGLISH)

How to find good OA journals?

Here are all the needed tools..:

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Data management plan

Publication plan

Outreach plan(disseminating)

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Data management plan - preparing - ethics, control, sharing, economyPhasesWhys and howsData collectionDescription of data to be collected (type, size, format)Data storage and back-upSecurity, encryptionData documentationOrganization (method, metadata, naming, software)Data accessCopyrights, limitations, access criteriaData sharing and reusePublication (where and when), audience, requirements on sharingData preservation and archivingWhat to preserve and where?

www.slideshare.net/Datacentrum/presentations

Archiving, sharing and preserving dataArchival storage

Ensure a persistent link between the identifier and the object

Ensure the maintenance of the objects metadataPilot projectUniversity Library and the IT department

Now April 2016, to identify and test services for archiving, sharing and preserving research dataEnd product: UiT ORDPilot includes only open dataContact Helene N. Andreassen or Leif Longva ([email protected]) for further information

http://opendata.uit.no/dvn/

Academic Integrity & Referencing.two sides of the same story?

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Authority (autoritet/anseelse)I have chosen top peopleYou can be confident about what I writeValidity (troverdighet)I have chosen reliable peopleYou can believe what I writeTraceable (kan spores)You can check what I write: is it correct? Yes, it is..!!Recent (nylig)What I write is up-to-date and very relevant..Broad (bred) researchI have done a lot of research, and.I have looked for the best sourcesUsing terms correctlyThis is how people use this term in my subjectPoliteness (hflighet) and community (fellesskap)We all work together to build knowledge. It is not just me who thinks this.

WHY DO WE CITE and make a reference list?Here you see a slide from a lecture given by Jude Carroll about WHY you should cite correctly.The best slide ever.. orininally about plagarism and how to avoid it!! BUT: it fits perfectly to what academic integrity represents. Its picture the nature of academia..as a whole!!!

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Plagiarism occurs when someoneSubmits the work product

of a named or identifiable person or source

in a situation where originality is expected

without showing the source of the work product

.for credit or benefit Fishman, 2010

Hva er definisjonen for PLAGIAT?27

PlagiarismIn terms of research ethics, plagiarism involves stealing content from the works of other writers and researchers and publishing it as ones own.

Duplication, but also findings, ideas, hypotheses, concepts, theories, interpretations, designs, etc. of others.

Software: E.g. https://www.ephorus.com

Where do you draw the line? Dele ut OPPGAVER.

Referring to another work early in ones own text and then subsequently making extensive use of it without further reference is also plagiarism.Duplication=fordobling, mangfoldiggjrelse

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How do we site, quote and make our reference list?

I hereby submit the following claim:

Hentet fra: blog.physicsworld.com

For 11 years I have been studying behaviour. First, especially behaviour related to reproduction and flirting - both in fish and in humans. The last 4 years, however, I have been studying student behaviour and in connection with that, I have gone through all the disiplinary cases at UiT the last 3 years.

So, my claime here.in this context is that, if you fulfill, and can say YES to my next two statesments you will never been caught in plagarism.

1. You are a honest person, and have a fundamental understanding of why you cite and you have also cracked most of the codes, when it comes to information literacy.(That is, you knoe how to find information, you know how to evaluate it, and you know how to use it.)2. You are comfortable with your own role in the academic environment, and you are willing to put in the amount of resources that it takes..:to develop personally and profesjonallyto learn and to see conectionsto have fun, but also experience hard timesto achive their goalsto do make a honest piece of student work.

So, do you want to be one of us, or one of them who still do it in the high school way..: cut corners and cut and paste?If YES, it is no problem, at all, to find out how you should do your reference list. In fact it is one of your minor problems..

I also respect those of you who must say no, to one or more, of my statesments, but you have to be aware of the consequences.I doesnt say this to scare you..Last year I had 3 students, independent of each other, at my office. All of them was cryingbecause they have been caught in fraud. Plagarism. .and scientific fraud infects every level of our academic community. Next slide.. 29

Academic Integrity & ReferencingProfessor Hwang Woo-suk- supreme researcher and the pride of Korea

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6X2M6niRBw

An act of deception targeted to both scientific community and general public

Investigating panel, Seoul National University

Publications in Science: creating 11 colonies of human embryonic stem cells through cloning

Fabrication: 9/11 colonies with shared DNA, i.e. from the same source

Fabrication: no evidence of cloned cells

Ethical violation: purchase of more than 1500 eggs from female donors, including 2 junior colleagues

$2 million embezzled from research funds

Sentenced to 1,5 years in prison for embezzlement and bioethical violations

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Academic Integrity & Referencing

Physicist Jan Hendrik Schn (2002)2001: author on newly published research every 8th day, on averagePublications in Science and Nature

Replication failure

Reuse of datasets to represent different materialProper lab records non-existent, raw data deleted

I am convinced that they are real

Revocation of PhD degree

Biggest fraud in physics the last 50 years Department of Physics spokesman Wolfgang Dieterich

Reckless disregard for the sanctity of data in scienceInvestigating committeePhoto: activescience.wordpress.com

http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2002/sep/25/bell-labs-physicist-fired-for-misconduct31


Brain researcher Milena Penkowa (2010)

One of Copenhagen Universitys major starsAward winner and collector of huge research fundsManipulation and fabrication of dataForgery of invoices, embezzlement and liesFabrication of praise of own research to ensure fundingPhoto: www.bt.dk

http://sciencenordic.com/milena-penkowa-%E2%80%93-famous-infamous32

Nytt innlegg p Retraction Watch

RETRACTION WATCH (from 07.Feb. 2016):Nobel Prize official resigns in wake of Macchiarinicaseby Ivan Oransky

The secretary general of the Nobel Assembly, the body responsible for choosing the Nobel Prizes, has resigned from his post because "he may be involved" in the Karolinska Institutet investigation of trachea surgeon Paolo Macchiarini. Urban Lendahl, professor of genetics at the Karolinska, has also resigned as secretary general of the Nobel Committee in Physiology []Kommentere

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Discussion..!!De alle fleste disiplinrsakene gjelder plagiering ved hjemmeeksamenerKlipp og lim fra nettet!Disse sakene er imidlertid alvorlige for omdmmet, ressurskrevende og de kan ha store konsekvenser forstudentene. Det er svrt viktig at universitetet og fagmiljene driver forebyggende arbeid.Flere saker kunne ha vrt unngtt med strre grad av faglig veiledning av studentene omkildebruk.Plagiering er et komplekst tema. Problemet med plagiering lar seg ikke lse med noen enkletiltak alene.34


The trinity of scientific misconductFalsification of data

Distortion of data or resultsFabrication of data

Invention of data or casesPlagiarism

Copying without attributionDistortion of scientific knowledge

A waste of human and financial resourcesPossible risk to human health

Consequences for careers (and thereby the whole scientific enterprise)

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A taxonomy of openness

Transparent researchScience as a public enterprise & the future of the open societyOpen science

Open access

Open research dataTaken from:Geoffrey Boulton, Open data and the future of science9th Munin Conference on Scholarly Publishing26-27 November 2014, Troms.

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What is the extent of scientific misconduct?

Colourbox.com

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The extent of scientific misconductFanelli, D. (2009). How Many Scientists Fabricate and Falsify Research? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Survey Data. PLoS ONE, 4(5), e5738. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005738Meta-analysis of 18 surveys on research misconduct Limited to behavior distorting scientific knowledge

Self-reportsFabrication/falsification of data or modification of results: 1.97%Other questionable research practices: 33.7%

Non self-reportsObserved fabrication/falsification of data or result modification: 14.12%Observed other questionable research practices: 72%

Observed misconduct acted upon in 50% of the cases Survey questions on plagiarism were excluded

Considering that these surveys ask sensitive questions and have other limitations, it appears likely that this is a conservative estimate of the true prevalence of scientific misconduct.

The frequency with which scientists fabricate and falsify data, or commit other forms of scientific misconduct is a matter of controversy. Many surveys have asked scientists directly whether they have committed or know of a colleague who committed research misconduct, but their results appeared difficult to compare and synthesize. This is the first meta-analysis of these surveys38


The impact of scientific misconduct

Fabrication, falsification, plagiarismPlagiarism wastes funds and undermines trust between scholarsFabrication and falsification undermine the reliability of researchMost cases are discovered before printStimulate critical inquiries in the given research field

Questionable research practicesDuplication and salami slicing waste moneyFinancial bias in research related to health-care, wastes money and impacts public health

Steneck, N. H. (2006). Fostering integrity in research: definitions, current knowledge, and future directions. Science and Engineering Ethics, 12(1), 53-74.

At UiT there are LOADS of manuscripts that are stopped by the teachers, supervisors etc. 39


Questionable research practicesMining

Detection of statistically significant relationships, presented as original targetSelective publishing

Publication only when expectations are met; conflicts of interest concealedCooking

Retention of only those results that best fit the hypothesis or theoryFraud Bias Carelessness Inaccuracy

Citations; quotations; summaries; statistics and analysisBias

Financial considerations; personal viewsMisrepresentation

Contribution to publication; originality of publication (duplication, salami slicing)

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Discussion

Being (your own) whistleblowerIn your field, which motives could drive researchers to commit misconduct?

Are you sufficiently critical to others? What would you do if you suspected research carried out by others to be dubious?

In your situation, in which situation(s) would pressure be such that misconduct, FFP or QRP, could be tempting?

Jon Sudb, dental researcher convicted of fraud (2006)Vastag, B. (2006). Cancer Fraud Case Stuns Research Community, Prompts Reflection on Peer Review Process. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 98(6), 374-376. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djj118Photo: aftenposten.no

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Would you share your data?Could you share your data?

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Ferguson, L. (2014). How and why researchers share data (and why they dont). Accessed 25.10.2015, from http://exchanges.wiley.com/blog/2014/11/03/how-and-why-researchers-share-data-and-why-they-dont/#disqus_thread

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Preparing by making a data management plan- ethics, control, sharing, economyPhasesWhys and howsData collectionDescription and documentation of data to be collected (type, size, format, context, etc.)Data storage and back-upSecurity, encryptionData documentationOrganization (method, metadata, naming, software)Data accessCopyrights, limitations, access criteriaData sharing and reusePublication (where and when), audience, requirements on sharingData preservation and archivingWhat to preserve and where?

www.slideshare.net/Datacentrum/presentations

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Archiving, sharing and preserving dataArchival storage

Ensure a persistent link between the identifier and the object

Ensure the maintenance of the objects metadataPilot projectUniversity Library and the IT department

Now April 2016, to identify and test services for archiving, sharing and preserving research dataEnd product: UiT ORDPilot includes only open dataContact Leif Longva ([email protected]) for further information

http://opendata.uit.no/dvn/

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https://orcid.org

http://www.researcherid.com

https://www.academia.edu

https://www.mendeley.com

Dissemination and outreach

ORCID is an open, non-profit, community-based effort to provide a registry of unique researcher identifiers and a transparent method of linking research activities and outputs to these identifiers. ORCID is unique in its ability to reach across disciplines, research sectors, and national boundaries and its cooperation with other identifier systems.

ResearcherID provides a solution to the author ambiguity problem within the scholarly research community. Each member is assigned a unique identifier to enable researchers to manage their publication lists, track their times cited counts and h-index, identify potential collaborators and avoid author misidentification. In addition, your ResearcherID information integrates with the Web of Science and is ORCID compliant, allowing you to claim and showcase your publications from a single one account. Search the registry to find collaborators, review publication lists and explore how research is used around the world!

Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. The company's mission is to accelerate the world's research.

Mendelay The best free way to manage your research - Organize, share, discover

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Education

Oa and academic integrity for ph d students 2016