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Nursery management of nematodes

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A few guidelines for the management of nematodes in the nursery

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Page 1: Nursery management of nematodes

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Page 2: Nursery management of nematodes

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WHY WE NEED TO CONTROL NEMATODES IN NURSERY LEVEL?• Nurseries are the usual focal points of

nematode infestation.• Parasitic nematodes once introduced

into the field cannot be eradicated even by chemical means.

• After established of the crop in the field the control of nematodes is difficult as compared to control in nursery level.

• All the precautionary measures are taken in the nursery level itself inorder to reduce the yield loss after establishment of crop.

NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

Page 3: Nursery management of nematodes

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IMPORTANT NEMATODES WHICH INFEST NURSERY ARE?

• ROOT KNOT(Meloidogyne spp)• LESION(Pratylenchus spp)• STUNT(Tylenchorynchus spp)• BURROWING(Radopholus)• RENIFORM(Rotylenchulus)• CITRUS(Tylenchulus semipenetrans)

NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

Page 4: Nursery management of nematodes

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NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

ROOT KNOT(Meloidogyne spp)

Page 5: Nursery management of nematodes

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LESION(Pratylenchus spp)

NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

Page 6: Nursery management of nematodes

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STUNT(Tylenchorynchus spp)

NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

Page 7: Nursery management of nematodes

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BURROWING(Radopholus)

NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

Page 8: Nursery management of nematodes

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RENIFORM(Rotylenchulus)

NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

Page 9: Nursery management of nematodes

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CITRUS(Tylenchulus semipenetrans)

NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

Page 10: Nursery management of nematodes

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NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

Page 11: Nursery management of nematodes

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SOIL SOLARIZATION

NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

• A method of killing nematode by heat.• Temperature increased to lethal levels.• Moist soil is covered with a plastic

film during periods of intense sunshine and heat thereby capturing radiant heat energy by sun causing physical , chemical and biological changes in soil.

Page 12: Nursery management of nematodes

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Success stories in different crops…

NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

• Trapping heat with LLDPE 100 gauge film during summer for 15 days in tomato nursery gave 66% of reduction of root knot nematode(AAU,Gujarat)

• Use of 400 gauge LDPE for 40-45 days is ideal for pre-sowing treatment for controlling nematodes in cardamom nurseries.

• White PE mulching for 15 days on beds in betelvine reduced nematode population.(Shivakumar and marimuthu,1987)

• TTPE mulches for 6 weeks caused 72.6 &88.5% decrease in population densities of Tylenchorynchus vulgaris and Hoplolaimus indicus respectively.

• Application of mahua cake before solarisation causes reduction in nematode population.(Kamra and Gaur,1998)

Page 13: Nursery management of nematodes

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SOIL FUMIGATION

NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

Best method for nematode eradication in nurseries……reported in circular published by Tea Research Institute Srilanka issued on November 2009

Guarantees nematode free nursery beds and boosts up the growth of plants.The recommended soil fumigants are:

Page 14: Nursery management of nematodes

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…contd…

NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

• The chemical granule in contact with soil moisture is transformed into active compounds mainly methyl isothiocyanate which are light in weight and volatile in nature.

• The MITC fumes produced penetrates inside soil destroying active soil organisms.

• Exposure for one week to these fumes completely eradicates the nematodes.

Page 15: Nursery management of nematodes

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FUMIGATION

NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

RECOMMENDED MAINLY FOR PLANTATION CROPS MAINLY TEA

Page 16: Nursery management of nematodes

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INTEGRATED NEMATODE MANAGEMENT

NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

• Integrated program of preventive measures ,sanitation and nematicides help to reduce losses and injury due to nematodes.

• Sanitation and preventive maintenance include

• Plant in pest and pathogen free soils.• Disinfest all plant

containers ,bins ,benches and equipments.

• Restrict transfer of material from infested to uninfested areas.

• Wash hands and disinfest tools regularly.

• Use nematode free propagating stock.• Use raised benches.• For greenhouse sanitation reduce the

level of wind blown soil into the structure.

Page 17: Nursery management of nematodes

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…contd…

NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

• In case of chemicals used ;chlorfenapyr is an active ingredient in the nematicide pylon against foliar nematodes(Aphelenchoide spp).

• INM mainly practiced in case of ornamentals and planting stock of fruits and nutS (William .T .Crow and Robert.A.Dunn,University Of Florida)

Page 18: Nursery management of nematodes

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…contd…

NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

• Preplant treatments of potting media,raised benches,ground beds and propagation benches is done by application of recommended doses of :

• Aerated steam• Live steam• Chloropicrin• Methyl bromide• Metham-sodium• Dazomet• Sodium hypochlorite(1 part common

bleach in 5 parts of water) is used as surface disinfestant for containers ,bins and equipments used in nurseries.

• Hot water at 122 degrees F is used for controlling nematodes in caladium tubers.

Page 19: Nursery management of nematodes

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In forest nurseries….

NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

• Providing alternate host during crop rotation or growing same host continuously leads to surface more nematode damage .

• In forest nurseries needle and stunt nematodes causes damage to pine seedlings where white oak and cowpea was the alternate host respectively.

• The recent studies proved that several varieties of sorghum ,rye and legumes which were used as cover crops are good hosts for stunt nematode.

• Nematodes doesn’t survive in soil for an extended period without a suitable host .

• So use of fallow or alternating hosts with non-hosts can be effective against nematodes.

Page 20: Nursery management of nematodes

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In Agronomic crops….and vegetables….

NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

• The practices followed are • Soil solarization• Crop rotation• Nursery treatment with recommended dose

of carbofuran in cereals.• Use of nematode resistant varieties of

seeds.• Add compost,rotted manure and leaves to

soil inorder to increase soil fertility and reduces incidence of nematode infestation.

• Use of material that contain chitin which increases the population of microorganisms that kill nematodes.

Page 21: Nursery management of nematodes

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NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES