THE NERVOUS SYSTEMAND

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

NEURAL AND CHEMICAL

COORDINATION

COORDINATION PROCESSES

Coordination is the process through which two or more organs interact and complement the functions of one another.

Coordination occurs because of two systems: the nervous and the endocrine systems.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

(1) receive and transmit stimulus; (2) interpret and analyze a stimulus; (3) and evoke a proper response by an effector.

The Nervous System

THE ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

NervousSystem

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Brain

Spinal Cord

AutonomicSomatic

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Sensory

Motor

THE NEURON

Bundles of cells and the basic unit of the nervous system

send electrical signals that direct all of your body’s activities

Neuron

STRUCTURAL PARTS OF A NEURON

Neuron

Dendrites – receives the information

Cell Body – where signals travel

Axon – carries the signals

Synapse - place where axons and dendrites come together

TRIVIA: the longest axon in the world

measures around 15 feet!

1

23 4

The synapse carries a signal from cell to cell

TRIVIA: How many synapses are in one

neuron? 1,000 to 10,000!!

TYPES OF NEURONS

SENSORY OR AFFERENT NEURONS- Carry impulses towards the integrating centers

• MOTOR OR EFFERENT NEURONS- Carry impulses away from integrating centers to

the body’s effectors, the muscles or glands

• CONNECTOR OR ASSOCIATION NEURONS- Main component; integrates information and

relays the impulse from the sensory neurons to the motor neurons

The Central Nervous System

Central Nervous System

• made up of the brain, the spinal cord, and nerves that connect the two to the rest of the body.•The brain sends messages through the rest of the nervous system to tell your body

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THE BRAIN

made of about 100 billion nerve cells

Divided into three parts:

a. Forebrainb. Midbrainc. Hindbrain

Brain and its parts

THE SPINAL CORD

Neural cable that extends from the base of the brain to the hips

Axons from the brain carries down signals to the spinal cord

TRIVIA: There are 1 billion neurons in

the spinal cord

THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Somatic System - These nerves act as transmission lines between the internal and external environment, and CNS

Autonomic System – regulates internal organso Sympathetico Parasympathetic

Autonomic Nervous System

The Endocrine System

Ductless glands use to produce, store, and secrete chemical substances known as hormones which carry messages and secretes substances.

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Endocrine Organs

Purely endocrine organs

Pituitary gland Pineal gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Adrenal: 2 glands

- Cortex- Medulla

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Endocrine Organs

• Endocrine cells in other organs

oPancreasoThymusoGonadsoHypothalamus

ENDOCRINE GLANDSAND THEIR SECRETIONS

Pituitary Gland is located directly under the hypothalamus portion of the brain

Two distinct parts:1. Anterior2. Posterior

Secretion in the Pituitary Gland

TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone

ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone

FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone

LH: luteinizing hormone GH: growth hormone PRL: prolactin MSH: melanocyte-

stimulating hormone

ADH: antidiuretic hormone Oxytocin

Two divisions:

Anterior pituitary(adenohypophysis

)

Posterior pituitary(neurohypophysis

)

ENDOCRINE GLANDSAND THEIR SECRETIONS

Parathyroid Glands

- The secretion of these glands is the parathormone (PTH) which regulates the use of substances such as calcium.

ENDOCRINE GLANDSAND THEIR SECRETIONS

• Adrenal Glands- on top of the kidneys- The adrenal medulla

secretes a hormone permits the body to react quickly and strongly during emergencies

ENDOCRINE GLANDSAND THEIR SECRETIONS

Pancreas- located near the stomach and the duodenum- Functions: (1) to produce and release digestive enzymes

into the small intestines and (2) to secrete several hormones into the bloodstream

- is found in a cluster of cells called the islets of Langerhans

TRIVIA: Alpha cells secrete glucagon, beta cells secrete insulin, and delta

cells secrete somatostatin.

ENDOCRINE GLANDSAND THEIR SECRETIONS

Gonads- Located in the seminiferous tabules in

the testes are the interstitial cells which secrete the male sex hormones called testosterone or androgen which affects the production of sperm cells.

ENDOCRINE GLANDSAND THEIR SECRETIONS

Pineal Gland- pea-sized gland

located in the midbrain.

- melatonin, a hormone that affects the modulation of wake/sleep patterns.

ENDOCRINE GLANDSAND THEIR SECRETIONS

Thymus Gland- found under the

breastbone and active during childhood.

- site of development of immune system to form anti-bodies.

ENDOCRINE GLANDSAND THEIR SECRETIONS

Digestive Hormones

- Gastrin, secreted from the stomach

- The secretion stimulates the release of pancreatic juice to neutralize the stomach acid.

DISORDERS OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS

Disorders of the Pituitary Gland Giantism - over

secretion of growth hormone

Dwarf or Midget – insufficient of growth hormone

DISORDERS OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS

• Disorder of the Thyroid Gland Hyperthyroidis

m (Graves’ Disease) – over secretion of TSH or a thyroid tumor

Hypothyroidism (Goiter) – insufficient iodine

DISORDERS OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS

Disorders of the Adrenals

Addison’s Disease – underactivity of the cortex

Cushing’s Disease – overactivity of the cortex

Adrenogenital Syndrome – accelerrated sexual development

DISORDERS OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS

• Disorders of the Pancreas Diabetes meilitus – not enough insulin Hypoglycemia or low blood sugar –

excessive insulin

REFERENCES

Campbell, Karen L., Campbell, John R., Kenealy, Douglas M. 2003. Animal Sciences: 4th Edition. New York: The McGraw-Hill Comp. Inc. pp.192-193, 196-202.

Campbell, Neil A., Mitchell, Lawrence G., Reece, Jane B. 1999. Biology: 5th Edition. California: The McGraw-Hill Comp. Inc. pp. 898-910, 960-964.

Carino, Virginia S., Realuyo, Zenaida M. 2003. Basic Concepts of Biological Science. Quezon City: Katha Publishing Corp. pp.148-167.