Nebosh igc2 refresher course notes and answers

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NEBOSH International General Certificate (IGC) in

Occupational Safety and Health

Revision Workshops – Day 2

Mr. Bernard ColganB.A. (Soc Sci) A.D. (Hlth Policy) RN, RM, Dip WHS, Cert 1V TAE, HRIS

Integrated Safety Solution Pte Ltd

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• Attendance Sheets

• Key Objectives

• Roles

• Assessment

• Evaluations

• Right of review

WELCOME

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• Training facilities

• Alarm System and Muster point

• Safety Share

• Ablutions

• Refreshments / Breaks

Housekeeping and Safety

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• Mobile phones

• Laptops – Emails etc.

• Computer Access

• Privacy

• Questions

Code of conduct

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Exam question focus

1. Explain the risk factors and appropriate controls for:• violence at work• substance misuse;• safe movement of people • safe construction and demolition work• safe work at height• excavations

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Exam question focus

1. Outline common health, welfare and work environment requirements in the workplace

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List common workplace health, welfare & environment requirementsMinimum Standards


Exposure to extremes of temperatureDescribe some of the health issues associated with working in extreme environments?

Hot environments:• Dehydration• Muscle cramps• Heat stress

• Lethargy• Headaches• Fainting

• Heat exhaustion• Heat stroke• Burns, cancer, etc.

Cold environments:• Hypothermia• Lethargy• Frostbite• Slip hazards• Freeze burns injuries


Hot environments:• Ventilation• Insulate/shield heat sources• Provide cool refuges• Drinking water• Frequent breaks• Job rotation• Appropriate clothing

Control MeasuresCold environments:• Prevent or protect from draughts• Shield/lag cold surfaces• PPE - insulating• Provide warm refuges• Frequent breaks• Job rotation• Access to warm food and drinks• Treat icy floors

Exposure to extremes of temperature

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• Minimum levels achieved (Lux)• Natural light is best• Lighting adjusted to the level of detail required • Local lighting may be necessary• No reflections or glare• No creation of shadows • No flickering• Suitable for the environment, e.g. flame proof• Emergency lighting should be provided

Lighting – Minimum Standards


Violence in the workplaceDefine work-related violence: Any incident in which a person is abused, threatened or assaulted in circumstances relating to their work

Workplace violence: An act of aggression, physical assault, or threatening behavior that occurs in a work setting and causes physical or emotional harm to customers, coworkers, or managers.

Broad definitions of workplace violence also often include acts of sabotage on work-site property.

Aggression: Feelings of anger or antipathy resulting in hostile or violent behaviour; readiness to attack or confront.

What is the difference between violence and aggression?

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Violence in the workplaceWhat occupations are most at risk of violence and why?

• Cash handling

• Lone working• Representing authority • Wearing a uniform• Dealing with people under stress • Dealing with people under the

influence of alcohol or drugs• Censuring or saying "no"

• Hospital A&E staff• Police• Social workers• Bus and taxi drivers

• Firefighters and paramedics• Traffic wardens• Railway staff• Estate agents

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List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence of workplace violence.

Central Office• Zero tolerance and

prosecution• Security staff• CCTV• Security doors• Minimise queues and waiting

times• Training• Screens• Panic alarms• Pleasant environment

Conducting home visits:• No work in high risk areas• Incident records• Vetting customers• Visit-logging• Pre- and post-visit

communications• Training• Communication• No visits after dark• Not carrying cash or valuables

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Outline some of the main symptoms that would indicate an employee may be affected by alcohol and drugs of abuse? How would these affect the workplace?

Substance Misuse at Work

General symptoms:• Late attendance• Increased absenteeism• Poor work quality• Reduced output• Dishonesty• Theft• Mood swings• Poor relationships

Effects on safety performance:

• Sensory impairment• Skewed perception• Impaired motor control• Fatigue and drowsinessIncreased risk for:• Driving• Operating machinery• Making decisions

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List some of the control measures that might reduce the incidence and effects of drugs and alcohol in the workplace.

Drugs and alcohol policy:• Present for work fit for duty!• No alcohol at work or during working hours• Statutory legal requirements • Non-statutory requirements set by the employer• Random drugs and alcohol testing • Access for workers to rehabilitation and treatment • Disciplinary procedures • Information, instruction and training of managers,

supervisors and workers

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• Slips, trips and falls on the same level• Falls from height• Collision with moving vehicles• Striking by moving, flying or falling

objects• Striking against fixed or stationary

objects

Identify some of the major hazards that involve the movement of people within the workplace.

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Describe the difference (and provide an example) between a slip hazard and a trip hazard.• Slip hazard • A slip hazard is anything that causes a person to lose one's footing

and slide unintentionally for a short distance;

Example: Smooth floor / surface , Inherently slippery, wet, Contamination on the floor or surface, Frost and ice

Hazards involving the movement of people

• Trip hazard • A trip hazard is something that causes a person to catch one's foot on

and stumble or fall.

Example: Uneven or loose floor surfaces, Trailing cables, Objects left on the floor.

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Hazards involving the movement of people3. Flying objects• Ejected parts or materials• Thrown objects

4. Falling objects• Loads falling from height• Objects dislodged from height• Effect of weather conditions• Unstable objects2. Vehicle Hazards

• Pedestrian walkways that require pedestrians to walk in vehicle traffic routes

• Pedestrian crossing points• Exits that open onto vehicle traffic

routes• Areas where people have to work

adjacent to moving vehicles

5. Fixed or Stationary Objects• Objects projecting into a pedestrian

area, e.g. pallets into a walkway• Narrow doorways• Low overhead services, etc.

1. Falls from height Hazards:• Working next to an unprotected edge• Working on fragile material above a drop• Using access equipment• Using ladders• Standing on objects to reach high levels

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List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence involving the movement of people in the workplace.

Slip-resistant surfaces will depend upon the:

• Number of people• Footwear• Wear and tear• Spills and contamination• Environmental conditions

Spillage and Drainage Control:• Maintenance and inspection• Behavioural controls, e.g.

banning drinks• Drainage for:• outdoor walkways• wet floors, e.g. showers

Risk assessment, considering:

• Normal patterns of movement• Predictable/abnormal

movements• Accident history• Adverse weather conditions• Maintenance requirements

Management principles:Eliminate the hazard• Create a safe place• Create a safe person

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Fencing and Guarding:• Guard rails:

− pedestrian walkways− edge protection

• Perimeter fencing, e.g. construction sites

• Temporary fencing around hazards

Designated Walkways• Essential in many workplaces• Ensures that:

− Pedestrians stay within designated areas− Pedestrian areas are free of hazards

• Designated by:− Guardrails, kerbs, pavements, markings

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Information, instruction and training on:• Hazards• What is required of them• How they can apply it.• Supervision is essential

Ensures correct behaviour

Use of Signs and PPE:• Prohibit access• Warn of hazards• Make PPE mandatory• Indicate safe conditions

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Maintenance of pedestrian routes:• Floors and walkways cleaned• Spill procedure• Housekeeping• Repairs carried out• Emergency exits kept clear• Lighting• Noise levels minimised

− Why??

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1. What are the main hazards when carrying out

construction?

2. Describe the steps in the hierarchy of control when

working at height?

3. List the main safety precautions when using ladders?

4. Explain what factors might contribute the collapse of an

independent tied scaffold?

Sample Question focus

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Construction includes:• Building works• Renovations• Maintenance activities• Demolition work

Main Construction Hazards• Working at height• Stacking of materials and

flammable substances• Storage of materials• Storage of flammable

substances • Machinery and vehicles• Site security• Electrical safety• Excavations• Worker s and Contractor skills

and competency.

• Covered by ILO standards:− Safety and Health in Construction

Convention 1988 (C167)− Safety and Health in Construction

Recommendation 1988 (R175)

Storage of Materials• Storage areas should be clearly

identified• Separate areas should be used

for separate items • Segregation of certain materials

and substances • Areas should be kept clean and

tidy and routinely inspected• Appropriate warning signs

should be displayed • Storage areas not used for other

work

What are the main hazards involved on construction sites?List some of the hazards that will reduce the incidence involving Constructionhazards workplaces.

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Working at any height where there is a risk of a fall liable to cause personal injury:• Steel workers, scaffolders, roofers,

engineers, welders, maintenance staff, painters, window cleaners

• Main risks:– worker falling– object falling

• Accidents:– death– neck or spinal injury– broken bones

List the main hazards involved on construction sites?

• Falls from any height can cause injury

• Vertical distance is only one factor

• Falls less than 2 metres can cause death or major injury!

Fragile roofs: • Roof structure not designed to

carry loads• Cement, asbestos, glass,

reinforced plastics, etc.• Signs• Roof ladders and crawling

boards

Sloping roofs:• Pitch (camber) greater than 10• Injury made worse by

acceleration down roof

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STACKING• Each stack should be of one

material only• A maximum stack height must

be set • Stacks should be vertical• Pallets should be used to keep

material off the ground• Sufficient space must be

allowedaround stacks for safe movement

• Stacks must be protected from being struck by plant

STORAGE OF FLAMMABLE SUBSTANCES• Liquids, solids and gases in separate

stores• Oxygen stored separately • External stores away from buildings,

drains or excavations• Internal stores constructed of fire-

resistant materials and ventilated• Large stores should have 2 means of

escape• Stores suitably signed• Hot works prohibited near storage area• Correctly rated electrical equipment• Fire-fighting equipment• Stores regularly inspected


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Machinery Hazards:

• Contact with moving parts

• Ejection of materials

• Noise and vibration

Controls:• Guarding

• Maintenance

• Proper use

• Competent users

• PPE

• Supervision

Vehicles Hazards: • Overturning of vehicles

• Collision with pedestrians

• Collision with structures

Controls:• Site layout

• Routes for pedestrians/vehicles

• Warning signs

• Maintenance, proper use

• Competent drivers

• Movements supervised e.g. banksman for reversing


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Dumper Trucks• Collision with structures and

pedestrians• Overturning on slopes and

edge of excavations• Poorly maintained braking

systems• Unauthorised use

Cement Mixers• Entanglement with rotating

drum, internal blades• Entrapment by belt drives• Dry cement dust and wet

cement burns• Exposure to fuel vapours• Noise and vibration• Overturning

Forklift Trucks• Collision with structures and

pedestrians• Obscured visibility especially

when reversing

• Noise and vibration

• Overturning


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Site Security• Public taking short cuts

• Public right of way

• Thieves

• Children

• Perimeter fence and signs

• Secure gates

• Security staff

• Good lighting

• CCTV cameras and/or site alarm

• Secure all portable equipment

• Remove ladders from scaffolds

• Secure all chemicals

• Secure all mobile plant

• Cover or barrier off excavations


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Electrical Hazards • Contact with overhead

power lines• Contact with buried

servicesDon't forget, direct contact isn't necessary: electricity can arc !

Overhead Power Lines• Isolating the power supply • Using SSW and permit

systems • Sleeve low voltage power

lines• Using barriers, signage

and goal-posts • Using banksmen• Using non-conducting

equipment


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Factors to check:• Health and Safety Policy

• Risk assessment

• Qualifications of staff

• Membership of professional associations

• Maintenance records

• Previous clients

• Accident history

• Enforcement actions

• Adequate resources

Selecting ContractorsMain Contractor:• Controls all activities• Sets site rules • Manages sub-contractors• Approves method statements• Agrees changes


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• Deterioration of materials• Unprotected edges• Unstable access equipment• Weather• Falling materials

– crumbling brickwork, loose tiles

– bad storage of materials on scaffolding

– gaps in platform surfaces– open, unprotected edges– incorrect methods of getting

materialsto and from roof

Risk Factors

List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence involving Construction hazards workplaces.

will depend upon:• Nature and duration of task• Competence• Training• Planning and supervision• Suitability of equipment,

maintenance• Working platforms• PPE, e.g. harnesses and

helmets• Fall arrest systems• Weather• Health of workers• Compliance with regulations

Control measures

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Risk Prevention Hierarchy:• Avoid work at height• Prevent falls• Minimise the distance and

consequences


Avoidance of Work at Height• Modify the work process

− E.g. work from ground level

• Modifying a design− E.g. change design of structure

so that steel is erected at ground level and craned into place

• May not be possible to achieveMinimise distance of fall by:• Providing fall arrest

equipment E.g. harness and lanyard

• Minimise consequences of fall by:

• Providing a “soft landing” E.g. safety nets, air bags, etc.


Demolition includes:• Total destruction• Dismantling of structures

Hazards:• Premature collapse• Work at height• Plant, vehicles, machinery• Live overheads• Buried services• Asbestos• Dust• Explosives• Biological hazards• Sharps• Manual handling

Demolition Controls• Choice of method to exclude

people• Structural surveys• Disconnection of services• Removal and disposal of

hazardous materials• Security for the site• Camping down to minimise

dust

Construction Management Principal duty holders:• Client• Designer/architect• Main contractor• Sub-contractor• Co-ordinator (health and safety aspects)

List the main hazards involved on Demolition sites?What controls can be put in place to mitigate the risks?

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Guardrails:• Fully enclose the

unprotected edge• Robust• Securely fixed• High enough• No large gaps

Toe-boards• Toe-board fitted at edge• Brick-guards

Prevention of Falling Materials


Providing a safe working platform e.g. scaffold with guardrailsProperly installed personnel equipment e.g. rope access equipment

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Ladders - Short duration workHazards:• Falls from height:

– Falling off the ladder– The ladder toppling sideways– The ladder base slipping out

from the wall• Objects falling from height• Contact with live overheads

Controls• Sited away from live overheads• Solid, flat base• Hands on stiles, never on rungs• Correct angle (1:4 rule – 75o)• Top of the ladder against solid

support• Ladder secured at the top, or:– guy ropes attached or,– ladder should be “footed” • Top of the ladder should extend

above working platform• Only one person on ladder at any

one time• Nothing should be carried while

climbing• Wooden ladders should not be

painted


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Stepladders• Intended for short duration,

light work• Precautions:

− Daily inspections before use

− Fully open− Locking devices in place− Firm, level ground− Don’t work off top 2

steps− Avoid over reaching− Avoid side-on working

Trestles and Staging Platforms

Ensure trestles are:• Large enough to allow

passage of equipment/materials

• Free from trip hazards and gaps

• Fitted with toe boards and handrails

• Kept clean and tidy• Not overloaded• Erected on firm, level

ground


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Hazards of Excavations• Collapse• Striking buried services• People falling in• Objects falling in:

– vehicles– spoil– adjacent structures

• Flooding• Hazardous substances

– gases and vapours– contaminated ground

List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence involving workplace Excavation hazards.

Precautions:Preventing people from falling:

• Barriers and toe boards• Good lighting and signs• Crossing points• Access ladders• Ladders to extend 5 rungs above edge of

excavationPreventing material / vehicles from falling in:• Spoil heaps away from excavation• Barriers and signs• Stop-barriers (especially for reversing

vehicles)• Minimise vehicles close to unsupported

excavations• Hard hats, steel toe caps

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Preventing people from falling:• Barriers and toeboards• Good lighting and signs• Crossing points• Access ladders• Ladders to extend 5

rungs above edge of excavation

List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence involving workplace Excavation hazards.

Preventing material and vehicles from falling in:• Spoil heaps away from

excavation• Barriers and signs• Stop-barriers (especially for

reversing vehicles)• Minimise vehicles close to

unsupported excavations• Hard hats, steel toe capsPrevent striking buried services

• Plans of the area• Detection equipment, e.g.

– metal detectors– cable detectors– ground radar

• Hand digging• Identification, support

where necessary• Mechanical digging

Inspection by a competent person:• Before every work shift• After any accidental fall of material• After any event likely to affect

strength and stability

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Precautions –Prevention of Collapse

Shoring

Battering

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Basic Components of Independent Tied Scaffolds

Standards – Uprights or vertical tubes

Ledgers – Horizontal tubes

Transoms – Short horizontal tubes spanning across ledgers

Bracing – Diagonal tubes

Base plates – Underneath the standards

Sole boards – Timber under base plates

Work platform – Fully boarded

Guardrails – Enclose work platform

Toe-boards – provide lip to platform

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Independent Tied Scaffold

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Independent Tied Scaffold

Side view

Front view

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Scaffold Ties

Through tie Scaffold tube extends into the building through the opening

Reveal tie Scaffold tube iscoupled to a reveal pin wedged tightly across an opening

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Suggest reasons why a scaffold may collapse

List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce the incidence of injury involving Scaffolds.

• Overloaded work platform

• Soft ground• Scaffold not tied in• Insufficient bracing • Standards not upright • Standards bent or

damaged

• High winds• Incorrect couplers• Scaffold struck by mobile

plant• Scaffold erected by

incompetent workers• Scaffold not inspected prior

to use

Key Scaffold Hazards• Falls from scaffold during erection• Falls from work platform• Falling objects• Collapse

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Inspection• Often a legal requirement to inspect

− When first erected− After substantial alterations− After incident affecting stability

Such as?

− Periodically

Points to consider:• Condition of tubes (especially standards)• Tying and bracing• Condition of the work platform• Edge protection• Ground conditions• Safe access• Safe working load

List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce the incidence of injury involving Scaffolds.

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Controls:• Guardrails• Not overloaded• Wheels locked• Firm, level ground• People, materials off mobile • tower when moved• Avoid overheads• Outriggers used• No climbing outside of

tower• Training

List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce the incidence of injury involving Mobile Tower Scaffolds.

Hazards:• Falls from the work

platform• Objects falling• Collapse of the structure• Overturn (toppling)• Unintended movement of

the wheels• Contact with live

overheads

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Hazards:• Falls• Objects falling• Collapse• Overturn (toppling)• Contact with live

overheads• Unauthorised use

List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce the incidence of injury involving Mobile Elevated Work Platforms.

Precautions:• Firm, stable ground• Clearance of obstructions

and overheads• Barriers to exclude

vehicles, etc.• Guardrails• Controls inside the cradle• Not driven with the cradle

raised • Not be overloaded• Inspected • Trained, authorised staff

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• Barrier fixed to existing structure• Temporary often constructed of scaffold• Can be a permanent solution• Must be robust enough to withstand person falling

against it

Edge Protection Systems

List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce the incidence of injury involving Working at height.

Head Protection - Working at height:• Mandatory wearing of hard hats• Do not protect against all falling objects• Additional control measure

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• Reasonably foreseeable events• Simple:

e.g. putting up a ladder• Mechanical access:

e.g. mobile elevating work platform (MEWP)• Trained operatives

Emergency Rescue

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• Training depends upon nature of work• To include:

− Awareness of hazards, e.g. fragile materials

• Additional training for some equipment− Erecting/modifying scaffold− Driving MEWPS

Training

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NEBOSH International General Certificate in Occupational Safety and Health

Transport Hazards and Risk Control

• Explain the main hazards and control measures for the safe movement of vehicles in the workplace

• Outline factors associated with the long distance truck driver that increase the risk of an incident and the control measures to reduce work-related driving risks

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• Manage driving like any other hazard

• Policy• Responsibility• Organisation• Systems• Monitoring

Managing Work-Related Driving Risk

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List some of the factors that will need to be consider when you need to consider carrying out a risk assessment for work-related driving tasks

Risk Assessment1. Identify the hazards

– journey– vehicle– driver

2. Identify who may be harmed3. Evaluate the risks

– Eliminate the need to travel– Travel by a safer means– If road travel, take sensible

precautions4. Record the findings5. Review

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Main Hazards arise from:• Loss of control – due to mechanical or

environmental reasons• Overturning – laterally or longitudinally• Collisions with other vehicles• Collisions with pedestrians and fixed objects• Driver error may cause or compound each of

these hazards• Driver fatigue• Vehicle Maintenance

List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce the incidence of injury involving hazards in vehicle operations.

Factors that can cause loss of control:• Driver error, e.g. driving too fast• Environmental conditions, e.g. mud on the

road• Mechanical failure, e.g. brakes fail• skid• collision• overturn of the vehicle

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• Loadinge.g. manual and mechanical

• Unloadinge.g. tipping operations, etc.

• Securinge.g. to sheet a lorry

• Couplinge.g. attaching trailers

• Maintenance worke.g. working at height

Non-Movement Hazards

List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce the incidence of injury involving hazards in vehicle operations.

• Eliminate the hazard• Create a safe place• Create a safe person

Risk Assessment:• identify the hazards• identify the groups at risk• evaluate the risk• record and implement• review

Control Strategies

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• Vehicle-free zones• Pedestrian-free zones• Traffic route layout• Segregation• Marked walkways• Separate access points• Good visibility• High-visibility clothing• Signage• Maintained roads/pathways• Avoid gradients

List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence of injury involving Vehicle Operations in the workplace.

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The vehicle• Suitable for their intended use• Suitable for the environment and

conditions• Maintained in safe working order• Only driven by suitably trained,

qualified staff• Inspected routinely before use• Fitted (if necessary) with:• Seat for the driver (and any

passengers)• Seat belt• Roll bar or roll cage• Guard to protect the driver in the

event of falling objects• Horn• Audible reversing alarm• Beacon or flashing light

Describe the factors that minimise the risk of the likelihood of being involved in a road traffic accident?

The driver should be:• Competent to drive the vehicle• Medically fit to drive• Provided with specific

information, instructionand training

• Supervised

Pre-journey checks • Tyre pressure• Parking brakes and servicing• Steering• Fuel, oil and water systems leak

free• Batteries and chargers• Lifting and tilting

systems/hydraulics• Audible warning, Lights,

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The Driver • Competency

− Drivers license checked− Experience and ability

• Training− Advanced or defensive driving

courses− Vehicle safety, pre use

inspection

• Fitness and health− medical examination − eyesight checks− drugs policy

“Drivers should be competent, trained and healthy to drive. “ Suggest some workplace controls to reduce the risk of accidents.

The Vehicle• Suitability

− Minimum requirements, standards

− Insurance and MOT if private vehicles used

• Condition− Maintained − Pre-use inspections− Defect reporting

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• Routes− Avoid hazards, e.g.

town centres− Select low risk roads,

e.g. motorways− Avoid roadworks

• Scheduling − Avoid peak times− Avoid fatigue times,

e.g. 2-6 am, 2-4 pm− Flexible deadlines

When planning a journey what precautions could be taken to reduce the risk of accidents?

• Time− Realistic, e.g. route,

weather, breaks− Rest breaks− Statutory requirements,

e.g. Lorry drivers (HGV)• Distance

− Use other transport− Not excessive

• Weather conditions− Reliable weather forecasts− No driving/additional

safety advice in bad weather

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Factors that can increase the risk of forklift collisions:• Driving too fast• Inadequate lighting• Reversing without the help of a banksman• Blind spots, such as corners and entrances• Bad weather conditions (e.g. rain)• Obstructed visibility (e.g. overloaded forklift truck)• Poor design of pedestrian walkways and crossing points• Lack of vehicle maintenance• Fit for duty – incl. Lack of quality sleep

List some of the hazards and risks that will contribute to an incident involving forklift collisions.

Collisions can occur between the vehicle and:• Other vehicles• Pedestrians• Fixed objects• Entrance and exit points of particular concern:

– bottlenecking of vehicles– blind spots– change in lighting levels


Factors that can cause a FLT to overturn:• Cornering whilst being driven too fast• Uneven loading of the forks• Driving over potholes• Driving with the load elevated,

especially cornering• Uneven tyre pressures• Driving across a slope (rather than

straight up/down the fall line)• Excessive braking• Collisions, especially with kerbs

List some of the hazards and control measures that will contribute toward a forklift turnover incident.

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FOCUS QUESTIONSMusculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control

• Explain work processes and practices which may give rise to work-related upper

limb disorders (WRULDs) in a factory workplace and

• Describe some of the appropriate control measures to minimise WURLDs.

• Explain the hazards and control measures which should be considered when

assessing risks from manual handling activities

• Explain the hazards, precautions and procedures to reduce the risk in the use of

lifting and moving equipment… manual…

• Explain the hazards and the precautions and procedures to reduce the risk in the

use of lifting and moving equipment… mechanical..

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• What control measures could you suggest to reduce

the risk of ergonomic injuries on a factory assembly

line?

• What factors relating to the task increase the risk of

musculo-skeletal injuries?

• Identify the general controls and more specific

controls needed.

Focus Questions

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Risks• WURLDS – handling small components

• Eye strain – temporary fatigue

• Back Pain – sitting or standing in a fixed position

• Fatigue and stress – due to infrequent rests and a demanding work schedule

Explain work processes and practices which may give rise to work-related upper limb disorders (WURLDs) in a factory workplace

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Identify some of the common Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) injuries on a factory or manufacturing assembly line? (6)

Outline what control measures could you suggest to reduce the risk of MSD injuries? (6)

Explain what factors would need to be considered when carrying out a manual handling risk assessment. (8)Use the following headings:• Task• Individual• Load• Environment


• Back injuriessitting or standing in a fixed position• Back muscle strain • Ligament damage• Disc injury

• Work-related Upper Limb Disorders (WRULDs)

handling small components• Carpal tunnel syndrome• Tenosynovitis

• Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)• Vibration white finger

• Eye strain• Temporary• Permanent industrial blindness

• Fatigue and stress due to infrequent rests and a demanding work schedule

Some of the common Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) injuries on a factory assembly line?

Task• Repetition • Force• Posture• Twisting• RestEnvironment• Lighting• Other environmental parametersEquipment• Equipment design• Equipment adjustabilityAdapt the workplace / task• Adapt workplace to the worker Not the

worker to the workplace! • Adapt the task - avoid or do it differently

review the tools / equipment used, the workplace environment

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• Back injury• Tendon and ligament injuries• Muscle injuries• Hernias• WRULDs (Work-related-upper-limb-

disorders) • Cuts, burns, dislocations and broken

bones

What common injuries occur due to inappropriate manual handling?

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• Height and weight of the load• Repetition of movement• High work rate• Distance• Awkward position

– Stooping– Twisting

• Rest breaks• Vertical distance• Lifting above shoulder height• Distance of load from body

The task• Weight• Size and bulk• Easy shape to lift?• Stability• Centre of gravity• Grip points/handles?• Is it hot, sharp, etc?

The load

• Space restrictions• Floor condition

– slippery?– uneven?

• Changes in level• Light levels• Temperature• Humidity

The Environment• Unusual ability required?• Significant risks to vulnerable people?

– pregnant workers– workers with back pain

The Individual


The Task:• Rest breaks or job

rotation• Eliminate stooping or

twisting• Table lift

The Load:• Smaller loads• Several workers • Stabilise loads• Mark centre of gravity• Attach handles

Controls – Modify…The Environment:• Rearrange workspace• Level floors• Additional lighting

The Individual:• Match individual

capabilities to the activity

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Factory Assembly Line- Specific Control measures

• Automate

• Re-layout the workstation

• Seating

• Comfortable shoes and floor mats

• Short, frequent breaks or job rotation

• Appropriate lighting

• Ergonomically designed hand tools

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• Eliminate• Assess manual handling which remains• Use handling aids• Modify the:

– task– load – environment

• Match individual capabilities to the activity

Minimising the Risks


• Automation• Mechanisation• Conveyor systems• Forklift trucks• Pallet trucks• Cranes • Hoists

Elimination

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• Trolleys• Barrel lifts• Gin wheels• Trucks• Hoists and lifts

Handling Aids


Describe safe manual handling Techniques when lifting a heavy object.

Before lifting• Check the load• Plan the route of the carry• Establish a firm grip

The lift• Bend the knees and use the leg muscles to lift• Keep the back upright• Keep the load close to the body• Avoid twisting, over-reaching, jerking

Setting down• Use the same principles as lifting• Maintain good balance• Set the load down and then adjust its position using body weight


Manually Operated Load Moving Equipment

Caged Platform Truck

Two-wheeled Platform Truck

Sack Truck

Pallet Truck© RRC Training

Manually Operated Handling Equipment

Includes trucks, trolleys and pallet trucksHazards:• Manual handling risks• Instability of the load• Moving up, down or across slopes• Poor parking• Other pedestrians may be struck• Trapped feet

14

© RRC Training

Controls:• Trained workers

only• Follow

manufacturer’s recommendations

• Avoid uneven ground and slopes

• Use ramps over steps

• Safe working load• Secure Load

Manually Operated Handling Equipment

• Use the brakes (if fitted)

• Care when moving or lowering the load

• Safe parking and storage

• Routine inspection and maintenance

• Safety shoes or boots

© RRC Training

• Used for moving people− Can me manual or powered− Can be mobile or fixed

• Consider the environment− e.g. difficult to push

on carpeting

• Inspection needed

Patient Hoists

A ceiling mounted powered hoist(Source: http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/books/hsg225.htm)

© RRC Training

• Slidesheets− Slide patient from trolley to be− Avoids lifting the person

• Wheelchairs− Can be powered though most are pushed

Other Patient Handling Equipment

© RRC Training

• Suitable for the task and appropriately rated

• Equipment stable and secure• Visibly marked with SWL• Lifting operations planned and carried

out by competent persons• Equipment for lifting persons may

require additional inspections

General Requirements


Forklift Trucks

Pedestrian Pallet Stacker

Pedestrian Counterbalanced Truck

Four-directional Truck

Reach Truck Side Loading Truck

© RRC Training

What accidents could occur with the use of a forklift truck?

Group Syndicate Exercise

http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/books/hsg225.htm)

15

© RRC Training

• Overturn of the truck• Fall of the load• Striking pedestrians• Fall or entrapment of

persons riding on forks• Fall from a loading dock

Forklift Truck Hazards

© RRC Training

• Trained operators only• Routine visual inspections• Routine maintenance• Only lift people with correct working

platform• Load secure and stable• Don’t exceed SWL• Speed limits followed• Travel with forks lowered• Clear line of vision

General FLT Precautions


Risks:• Explosion from hydrogen

gas whilst charging• Corrosive acid• Manual handling• Arcing, shock, burns or

fire• Environmental - battery

disposal• Silent running• Battery leads can

short

Battery-Powered TrucksPrecautions:• Charge batteries:

– in well-ventilated areas – no ignition sources

• Use PPE when handling acid

• Mechanise battery handling

• Electrical safety – insulated tools – gloves


Risks:• Dermatitis from the

diesel• Slip hazards• Environmental pollution

from large spills• Toxic exhaust fumes• Bulk storage of diesel

Diesel-Powered TrucksPrecautions:• Use in well-ventilated

areas• Spill kits• Use gloves when

handling diesel


Risks:• Explosion risk from

Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG)

• Toxic exhaust fumes

• Manual handling• Storage of LPG

cylinders or bulk

Liquid Petroleum Gas-Powered FLTsPrecautions:• Use in well-

ventilated areas• Mechanise LPG

cylinder handling• Store spare

cylinders in a:– secure– safe– well-ventilated

location

© RRC Training

Hazards:• Falling objects • Being struck by the load• Entanglement in moving parts• Falls from height • Being struck while riding on

the platform of the lift by:– landing levels– parts of any enclosure – other projections

Lifts and Hoists

16

© RRC Training

Precautions:• Suitable for its intended use • Preventing people getting:

– underneath the lift platform– access to an unprotected landing edge – struck by landing and obstructions when

being carried on the platform• Maximum safe working load • Safety devices, e.g. brakes working• Competent operators• Information, instruction and training • Routine maintenance• Routine inspection and thorough examination

Lifts and Hoists


Conveyors

Belt conveyor

Roller conveyor

Screw conveyor

© RRC Training

In-running niphazard

Hazards:• In-running nips• Entanglement• Contact with moving parts

Conveyors

Entanglement hazard© RRC Training

Precautions:• Warnings to alert prior to moving• Guards on moving parts• Emergency stops• Guards beneath overhead conveyors to catch

falling objects• Barriers to exclude people• Information, instruction and training• No loose clothing/long hair/jewellery• Inspection and maintenance• Defect reporting system

Conveyors


Cranes

Mobile CraneTower Crane


What could go wrong with a crane and its operation?Try to explain why.


Tower Crane Mobile Crane

17


Hazards• The crane collapsing or toppling over• The arm (jib or boom) striking structures• Falling load• The load striking objects or people• Contact with live overhead cables

Mobile Cranes


Factors causing instability:• Overloading• Uneven or unstable ground• Not using outriggers

correctly• Use in high winds• Extending the jib or boom

too far• Structural failure

Mobile Cranes

© RRC Training

Precautions:• Use within the safe

lifting capacity• Careful siting• Maintenance and

examination• Trained and

competent operators• Lift to be planned

and supervised

Mobile Cranes

• Banksman (signaller)

• Safety devices • Check weather • Use outriggers

correctly• Never lift the load

over a person• PPE

© RRC Training

Lifting Accessories

• Lifting accessories need to be inspected

© RRC Training

Thorough examination:• Before it is used for the first time • Periodically• After an event that may have

affected its strength and stability

Frequency of thorough examination:• Every 12 months - where not used to carry

people• Every 6 months - where used to carry people• Every 6 months - lifting accessoriesBy a competent engineer

Statutory Examination of Lifting Equipment

© RRC Training

1. What are the general precautions which should be taken when using forklift trucks?

2. What are the specific risks associated with the use of an LPG powered forklift truck?

3. What are the main hazards and precautions associated with the use of conveyors?

End of Section Quiz

18


FOCUS QUESTIONS

• Outline general principles for selection, use and

maintenance for work equipment

• Explain the hazards and controls for hand-held tools

• Describe the main mechanical and non-mechanical

hazards of machinery

• Describe the main control measures for reducing risk

from machinery hazards


Types of Work Equipment

Hand held tools Hand held power tools

Single machines

Mobile work equipment

Machine assembly


Work equipment should be carefully selected to ensure it is appropriate for the:• Task• Environment

Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations 1992• Machine meets basic safety standards, e.g. BSEN• Is “CE” marked

Suitability

© RRC Training

• Work Equipment use restricted to trained and competent operators• Highly specialised equipment• Range of hazards

• Maintenance of work equipment restricted to trained and competent persons

Restriction of Use

© RRC Training

• Workers– low risk – reading instructions– high risk – formal training, check effectiveness

• Management of operators• Maintenance staff

– specific information, instruction and training

– minimise risk– understand maintenance requirements

Information, Instruction & Training

© RRC Training

Maintenance Conditions• Planned preventive maintenance (PPM)

– e.g. oil change– scheduled at regular intervals

• Condition-based maintenance– e.g. vehicle break pads– following routine inspection

• Breakdown maintenance– emergency repairs

Maintenance, Inspection & Testing

19

© RRC Training

• Guards and enclosures removed• Safety devices removed or disabled• Power sources exposed• Stored power released, e.g.

compressed spring• Access awkward• Manual handling heavy parts• Additional hazards, e.g. power tools

Maintenance Risk

© RRC Training

• Safe system of work (see IGC Unit 1) to include:• Competent staff• Power sources isolated/locked off• Stored power released or secured or:

– cover live parts with insulating material– use additional PPE

• If dangerous moving parts are accessed: – run at very slow speed– fit purpose-made maintenance guards

• Precautions for safe access• Use manual handling aids

Maintenance Precautions

© RRC Training

• Some equipment must be inspected by law• Lifting equipment• Pressure systems

• Carried out by competent inspector• Often insurance company employee

• Frequency determined in law

Statutory Inspections

© RRC Training

Controls should be:• Well designed, easy to use• Suitably located• Easily identifiable• In good working order• Compliant with relevant standards• Emergency stops:

– Buttons– Pull cords

Equipment Controls

© RRC Training

• Equipment should be:– stable– controls appropriately marked– have appropriate warning signs

• Lighting should be:– adequate– suitable (note "strobe" effect)– environmentally suitable

• Space should be adequate

Environmental Factors

© RRC Training

Operators should:• Only operate equipment authorised to use• Follow instruction and training• Only use equipment for its intended purpose• Carry out safety checks before use• Not use equipment if it is unsafe• Report defects immediately• Not use equipment under the influence of

drugs or alcohol• Keep equipment clean and in safe order

Operators

20

© RRC Training

1. Work equipment must be “suitable” –what should you consider when deciding which equipment is “suitable”?

2. What is an emergency stop? Where should emergency stop controls be located?

End of Section Quiz


• Tool may shatter• Handle may come loose• Tool may be blunt requiring

excessive force• Human error, e.g. hits thumb with

hammer• Misuse, e.g. wrong tool for job

Hazards of Hand-Held Tools


• Tools suitable for the task • Information, instruction and training• Visual inspection of tools• Substandard tools maintained or

discarded• Maintenance of tools• Supervision of practices

Precautions

© RRC Training

Higher risk because:• Forces are greater, meaning - potential for severe

injury• Hazards associated with power tools:

– electricity– fuel– noise– vibration– dust– ejection of materials– trip hazards

Hand-Held Portable Power Tools

© RRC Training

• Careful selection – task– environment

• Instructions– manufacturer's instructions– in-house rules

• Training and information, competence• Supervision • Routinely inspected• Regular maintenance

Controls for Safe Use of Power Tools

© RRC Training

• Tools used for intended purpose• Guards and safety devices in place• PPE used• Power cables controlled• Ejected parts controlled, e.g. secured work area• Control of:

– noise– dust– vibration– petrol– electrical equipment

Further Controls

21

© RRC Training

1. What hazards can arise from the use of a hammer?

2. Suggest controls to reduce the risk of injury when using

hammers.

3. What hazards can arise from the use of a portable mains

powered drill?

4. Suggest controls to reduce the risk of injury when using

drills.

Focus Questions

© RRC Training

Mechanical hazards• Contact with or being caught

up in moving parts

Non-Mechanical hazards• From power source or things

being emitted by the machine

Mechanical and Non-Mechanical Hazards

© RRC Training

• Crushing• Shearing• Cutting or severing• Entanglement • Drawing in or trapping• Impact• Stabbing or puncture• Friction or abrasion• High pressure fluid injection

Outline the mechanical hazards which are associated with machinery?


Outline the non-mechanical hazards which are associated with machinery?

Focus question

• Electricity

• Noise

• Vibration

• Hazardous substances

• Ionising radiation

• Non-ionising radiation

• Extreme temperatures

• Ergonomics

• Slips, trips and falls

• Fire and explosion

© RRC Training

Non-Mechanical ControlsMachinery Guards

Fixed guards –

Completely prevent access to dangerous parts of machinery,

limitations: Are fixed in place, require a tool for removal

Adjustable/self-adjusting guards

• Used when it is not possible to prevent access to dangerous parts

• Adjustable guard

• Set manually to a range of positions by the operator

• Self-adjusting guard

• Usually spring-loaded to adjust itself to the work piece

• Requires no adjustment by the operator

• Limitations

Trip devices

• Not a physical barrier

• Use sensors to detect presence

• of operator and stop the machine

• They include:

• pressure mats

• trip bars

• photo-electric devices

• Limitations??

Interlocked guards –Guard open:

• Power to the machine is disabled when the guard is open and it will not operate until the guard is in place

Guard closed:

• The guard is locked shut until the machine has returned to a safe condition

• The act of opening the guard stops the dangerous parts of the machinery and disables power

Limitations:

• Can bypass the system Person may gain access by closing the guard around them Needs rule to be enforced

© RRC Training

• Designed to protect the operator's hands

• controls should be more than a hand span apart

• must activate at the same time (within 0.5s of each other)

• releasing controls must stop the machine immediately.

• Limitations??

Two-Hand Controls

• Designed to keep operators’ hands away from danger

• Include:• Push-sticks• Jigs• Clamps

Protective Appliances

Emergency Stop Controls• Should bring the machine to

a safe stop as quickly as possible

• Machine can only be restarted using the reset button

• Release of the button should not restart the machine

• limitations

Characteristics of a Guard or Safety Device• Suitable for intended purpose• Adequate strength• Meets relevant standards• Compatible with machine

operation• Not easy to defeat• Maintained, not rough or

sharp• Allow maintenance without

removal• Doesn’t increase overall risk

22


Chose one of the ‘specific machines’ and outline:• The hazards (mechanical and non-

mechanical) and • Control measures



Office machinery:• Photocopier • Document shredder

Manufacturing machinery:• Bench top grinder• Pedestal drill

Agricultural machinery:• Cylinder mower• Strimmer• Chainsaw

Specific Equipment

Retail machinery:• Compactor• Checkout conveyor

system

Construction machinery:• Cement mixer • Bench mounted

circular saw


ELECTRICAL SAFETY – FOCUS QUESTIONS

• Outline the principles, hazards and risks associated with the use of electricity in the workplace.

• Outline the control measures that should be taken when working with electrical systems or using electrical equipment in normal workplace conditions

© RRC Training

• Electric shock− Heart fibrillation− Muscle Contraction

− Burns− Arcing

• Fire and explosion• Secondary effects

The Hazards of Electricity

© RRC Training

Electrical ShockCurrent (Ma) flowing

through the bodyEffect

0.5 - 2 • Threshold of sensation

2 - 10• Tingling sensations• Muscle tremor• Pain

10 - 60• Muscle contractions• Unable to release grip• Unable to breathe

60 +

• Ventricular fibrillation• Cardiac arrest• Extreme muscular

contractions• Burns © RRC Training

• Voltage – the higher the voltage, the greater the current

• Duration – the length of time that a person is exposed

• Current path – the route that the electricity takes through the body

• Frequency – of the AC current

• Resistance – skin condition, clothing, etc.

• Contact surface area – the more skin that is in contact, the more severe the injury

• Environmental factors – metal surfaces, humidity, etc.

Severity of Shock Influenced By:

23

© RRC Training

Direct contact • Current flowing through the body• Entry and exit point and internal

Indirect contact • As result of arcing, fire or explosion following

an electrical accident

Electric Burns

© RRC Training

Causes

• Electrical equipment may be faulty and overheat

• The system may be overloaded

• Equipment may be misused

• A flammable atmosphere may be present

• Electrical equipment may produce heat or sparks as part of its normal operation

• Poor internal connections

Fire and Explosion

© RRC Training

• Build-up of potential difference (volts) between surfaces

• Caused by friction

• Surfaces become "charged"

• Spark caused on contact with earth

Static Electricity

© RRC Training

• Ability of electricity to “jump” across an air gap

• Usually involves high voltage• Main hazards

− Electric shock− Burns (direct, indirect)− Damage to eyes from UV radiation emitted

Arcing

© RRC Training

Physical injury caused by an electrical incident, such as:

• Cuts• Bruises• Broken bones

Secondary Effects

© RRC Training

Describe what type of incidents could occur when using portable electrical equipment?

Focus Question

24

© RRC Training

Accidents with Portable Electrical Equipment can be due to:• Using unsuitable equipment• Using in damp conditions• Misuse• Physical abuse such as driving

over cables• Repairs carried out improperly• Continued use of faulty, defective equipment• Chemical/abrasion damage to the flex• Lack of inspection testing or maintenance

Describe what type of incidents could occur when using portable electrical equipment?

© RRC Training

• Insulated to prevent contact with live conductor:− Cable coverings unbroken− Equipment casing intact

• Inspect to ensure protection is in place• Ensure electrical panels are locked

Protection of Conductors

© RRC Training

Outline what factors you think should be considered when selecting suitable electrical equipment for use on a construction site?

Focus question

© RRC Training

Factors to be considered include:• Suitability for task• Capabilities not exceeded

(manufacturers guidelines)• Foreseeable types of damage• Environmental conditions

Weather, natural hazards, temperature, dirt and contamination, corrosive chemicals, wet conditions, flammable liquids and vapours

Outline what factors you think should be considered when selecting suitable electrical equipment for use on a construction site?

© RRC Training

• Fuses• Earthing• Isolation of supply• Reduced and low voltage systems• Residual Current Devices (RCD’s)• Double insulation

Outline what Protective Systems you think should be considered when selecting suitable electrical equipment for use in the workplace.

© RRC Training

• Designed to protect the equipment not the people!

• Form a weak link in a circuit

• Designed to overheat and melt if the current exceeds the fuse rating

• Rating should be above operating current required by equipment but less than the current rating of the cable in the circuit

Fuses

25

© RRC Training

• Protects equipment not people

• Electro-mechanical device which does the same thing as a fuse

• Rating should be above operating current required by the equipment but less than the current rating of the cable in the circuit

• Tamperproof

Circuit Breaker

© RRC Training

• Outer metal casing connected to earth by wire

• Provides fault current with a low resistance path to earth

• Electric shock should be minor

• Will usually blow the fuse

Earthing

© RRC Training

• Deprives the circuit of power

• Ensures that it cannot be re-energised by applying some form of lock

• Should be clearly labelled

• Circuit should be tested

• Often referred to as Lock-off/ Tag-out

Isolation and Lock-Off

© RRC Training

• For hand tools, the 110 volt centre-tapped (CTE) system is recommended

• System relies on the mid-point of the reduced voltage transformer being earthed

• Maximum shock voltage is 55 volts, but full 110 volt supply powers the equipment

• Systems reduced to 25 volts are often used for lighting on construction sites

Low Voltages

© RRC Training

• Designed to protect people!• Interrupt supply in event of a small leak

of current to earth• Very sensitive: 30 mA• Very fast: 30 ms• Compare current in live and neutral• Should be regularly tested

Residual Current Devices

© RRC Training

• Live parts cannot be touched

• 2 layers of insulation

• Either layer sufficient to provide protection

• Eliminates need for earth protection

Double Insulation

26

© RRC Training

• Knowledge− Of electricity and electrical work

• Ability− Understanding of the system, hazards and

precautions− Understanding of when it is safe/unsafe

• Training• Experience

− Experience of electrical work

Competent Persons

© RRC Training

• Work “dead” whenever possible• Work on or near live electrical

equipment − only under exceptional circumstances − and if controlled tightly

Safe Systems of Work

© RRC Training

Before working on a machine check the following:

• Isolation and lock-off• Warning signs• Prove test equipment• Prove dead• Prove test equipment again

Working On a Dead System

© RRC Training

• May be controlled by national laws

• Safe system of work to include:− Permit-to-work− Competent person− Insulating PPE

− Boots, gauntlets

− Insulated tools− Designated work areas

Working On a Live System

© RRC Training

• May be struck during excavations• Can result in:

− Arcing, shock, burns, fire

• Precautions− Check plans− Detection equipment− Expose by hand digging− Identify and label

Buried Cables

© RRC Training

• Usually uninsulated• Protect by:

− Isolation− Safe systems of

work/permit-to-work− Barriers, signs, goal-posts− Banksmen− Non-conducting

equipment

Overhead Power Lines

27

© RRC Training

• What action should be taken on finding a person suspected to have suffered an electric shock?

Group Syndicate Activity

© RRC Training

• Don’t touch the casualty• Call for help• Isolate from the power supply• Call for ambulance• Check for breathing

− Recovery position if breathing− Start CPR if not breathing

• Treat burns• Treat for physical shock• Ensure medical help is obtained

Emergency Action

© RRC Training

• Applies to:

– Fixed wiring systems

– Portable electrical appliances

• User checks

• Formal visual inspection

• Combined inspection and testing

Inspection and Maintenance

© RRC Training

• Damage to cable sheath

• Damage to plug

• Flex fully insulated – no kinks/splits

• Inadequate joints

• Unsecured sheath

• Wet or contaminated

• Damage to casing of equipment

• Burns/scorch marks

User Checks

© RRC Training

• User checks plus:

− Remove plug cover and check fuse

− Check cord grip

− Check terminals are secure and no signs of internal damage

− Done by competent person

Formal Visual Inspection

© RRC Training

• Often known as PAT testing• Visual inspection may fail to detect:

− Loss of earth integrity− Deterioration of insulation

• Inspection and test is justified:− When suspect equipment is defective− After repair/modification− At appropriate intervals

Combined Inspection and Test

28

© RRC Training

Frequency is determined by:• Legal standards and codes of practice• Type of equipment • Manufacturers’ recommendations• Initial integrity/soundness of the equipment• Age of the equipment• Working environment• Frequency and duration of use• Foreseeable abuse of the equipment• Effects of any modifications or repairs • Analysis of previous maintenance records

How Often Should You Test?

© RRC Training

What are the advantages and limitations of Portable Appliance Testing?

Group Question

© RRC Training

Advantages:• Demonstrates legal compliance

• Detects faults not visible to the eye• Allows early removal/repair of unsafe

equipment

• Identifies trends or patterns of faults

Advantages and Limitations of Portable Appliance Testing

© RRC Training

Limitations:• Provides proof of safety at one moment in

time only• Does not ensure safe use or prevent

misuse• Items may be missed and then remain

untested• Can't be applied to all equipment (e.g.

computers)

Advantages and Limitations of Portable Appliance Testing

© RRC Training

1. What are the advantages and limitations of fuses?

2. What do we mean by the term “isolation”?

3. Live working is only permitted under certain circumstances – what are these? What controls are needed?

4. What things should be checked during routine, visual, user inspections?

End of Section Quiz

© RRC Training

1. Outline what steps could be taken to control the presence

of flammable materials in the workplace?

2. Describe what controls should be implemented when

carrying out hot work?

3. Identify what controls might be implemented within a

building to control the spread of fire and smoke?

4. List who might require special consideration in a fire risk

assessment?

FOCUS QUESTIONSFIRE CONTROL AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT

29


FIRE CONTROL AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT

• Describe the principles of fire initiation, classification and spread

• Outline the principles of fire risk assessment

• Describe the basic principles of fire prevention and the prevention

of fire spread in buildings

• Identify the appropriate fire alarm system and fire-fighting

equipment for a simple workplace

• Outline the factors which should be considered when

implementing a successful evacuation of a workplace in the event

of a fire


Definition: Fire is a rapid chemical process in which oxygen combines with another substance in the presence of a source of heat

This reaction is called combustion

During this reaction heat, flames and smokeare produced

What is Fire?

Class A - solid materials

Class B - liquids and liquefiable solids

Class C - gases

Class D - metals

Class F - high temperature fat

Classification of Fires

© RRC Training

• Electrical equipment• Deliberate ignition (arson)• Hot work• Smoking• Cooking appliances• Heating appliances• Unsafe use & storage of

flammable liquids and gases• Mechanical heat• Chemical reactions

Causes of Fires• Direct burning• Convection• inside• outside• Conduction• Radiation

Methods of Fire Spread

• People killed and injured• Damage to buildings and

contents including smoke damage

• Environmental damage, e.g. water run off

Consequences of Fires

© RRC Training

• Identify the fire hazards

• Identify the people who might be harmed

• Identify and implement the fire precautions that are required

• Record findings, plan and train

• Review and revise as necessary

Identify the key steps in conducting a Fire Risk Assessment

© RRC Training

Identify Fire Hazards

• Fuel sources• Heat/ignition sources• Oxygen sources

© RRC Training

Walk around an area of the building, as directed by your tutor, and identify sources of:• Fuel• Ignition• Oxygen

(consider all sources even if well controlled)

Inspection

30

© RRC Training

Fuels paper packaging materials furniture highly flammable liquids and gases

Ignition sources hot work electrical equipment portable heaters

Oxygen sources oxygen cylinders oxidising substances

Identify the Fire Hazards

© RRC Training

Indentify Who May BeHarmed

• Suggest who should be considered in the fire risk assessment for a sports centre

• What group of people may need special consideration in the risk assessment?

© RRC Training

• People who are on the premises:− Workers− Visitors/contractors/public− People in isolated locations

• Special consideration tovulnerable groups− Disabled/mobility impaired− Children/young persons− Visually or hearing impaired

Indentify Who May BeHarmed

© RRC Training

Identify and Implement Precautions

• Fire prevention• Prevention of the spread of smoke and

flames• Fire detection and alarm• Fire-fighting equipment• Means of escape• Signs and notices• Lighting

© RRC Training

Record Findings, Plan and Train

• Record the significant findings• Develop emergency plans• Provide information and instruction• Train workers

© RRC Training

Review

• Review and Revise• As necessary

− Significant changes− Fire emergency

• Periodically− To keep assessment up to date

31

© RRC Training

• Fire safety applies to all workplaces− Fire risk assessment also needed for

temporary workplaces− E.g. construction sites

• Changes to workplace may require review of fire risk assessment− E.g. extensions, changing internal layout− May also need approval from fire

authority

Temporary Workplaces


Fire Prevention

Control flammable substances:• Solids, liquids, gases

Control ignition sources:• Systems of work, smoking, arson

Systems of work:• Hot processes• Machinery• Electrical equipment

Good Housekeeping: • General tidiness• Waste control and disposal

© RRC Training

• Eliminate use altogether

• Substitute for lower risk

• Minimise quantities

− Stock control, housekeeping, waste management

• Safe use and storage in protected, dedicated buildings

Control Flammable Materials

© RRC Training

• Should be stored outside• Storage area should be separate

• Area should be secure, locked gate• Warning signs

• Ignition sources eliminated• Bottles chained upright

• Separate from other buildings

Storage of Liquid Petroleum Gas

© RRC Training

• Empty bottles stored separately from full ones

• Oxygen bottles should not be stored with LPG

• Use minimum bottles required at workplace

• Return to store immediately after use

Storage of Liquid Petroleum Gas

© RRC Training

• Electrical equipment

• Hot work

• Smoking

• Cooking activities

• Mechanical heat

• Arson

Control Ignition Sources

32

© RRC Training

Typical “hot work” precautions:

• Flammable materials removed from thearea

• Cover items that can't be removed

• Sweep the floor

• Damp down wooden floors

• Provide fire extinguishers

• “Fire-watcher” present in the area

• Check area after work has finished

Systems of Work

© RRC Training

• Remove waste regularly

• Keep area tidy and return flammable materials to the correct storage area

• Fuel and ignition sources separated

• Maintain clear escape routes

Housekeeping

© RRC Training

Flammable liquids:• Flash point 21oC - 55oC• Easily ignited with a heat source, e.g. a match• Maximum storage in work area: <250 litres

Highly flammable liquids:• Flash point 0oC - 21oC• Easy to ignite at room temperature• Maximum storage in work area: <50 litres storage

Extremely flammable liquids:• Flash point <0oC• Very easy to ignite at room temperature

Flammable Liquids

© RRC Training

• Use minimum quantities

• Clearly labelled

• Suitable container

• Self closing lids if possible

• Metal catch trays

• Keep away from heat

• Provide ventilation

• Always return to store

Safe Use of Flammable Liquids

© RRC Training

Safe storage rules:

• Store minimum quantities

• In a purpose-built cabinet

• Away from ignition sources

Safe Storage of Flammable LiquidsFlammables cabinetshould:

• Be fire resistant

• Be lockable

• Have fire-resistant hinges/fastenings

• Clearly signed

• Built in spill-tray© RRC Training© RRC Training

Compartmentation: Keeping fire IN or OUT of area of building

• Creating enclosed/sealed boxes

• Fire-resistant floors and walls

• Fire-resistant doors(self-closing)

• Automatic shutters for ventilation shafts

• Intumescent sealants for gaps ('fire-stopping')

Structural Measures to Prevent Fire Spread

33

© RRC Training

• Able to withstand fire for a set time• Fitted with self-closing devices• Fitted with intumescent strip• Fitted with a cold smoke seal• Have vision panels of fire-resistant glass• Clearly labelled

Fire Doors

© RRC Training

Common Building Materials• Concrete Usually performs well in a fire

• Steel Severely affected by high temperatures

• Brick Usually very resistant

• Timber Thin timber will burn quite quickly; thick timber will survive for longer

Surface treatment can affect fire performance, e.g.• Encasing steel in concrete• Intumescent paint• Insulation• Wall coverings

© RRC Training

• Concrete− usually fire resistant

• Steel− severely affected by high

temperatures

• Brick− very resistant to fire

• Timber − thin timbers burn, thick joists char

Common Building Materials

© RRC Training

• Steel:− Encased in concrete− Coated with intumescent (fire resistant)

foam or paint

• Insulation:− Must be fire retardant

• Wall coverings can be flammable

Protecting Building Materials

© RRC Training

• Doors close major openings• Other penetrations through

compartments− Pipe penetrations− Gaps above ceilings− Air handling ducts− Lift shafts

• Must be fire-stopped or blocked

Protection of Openings and Voids

© RRC Training

• Flammable gas/vapour/dust mixed with air can be explosive

• Electrical equipment can ignite the mixture

• National legislation controls use of electrical equipment− Atex is EU legislation

Electrical Equipment for Use in Flammable Atmospheres:

34

© RRC Training

Electrical Equipment for Use in Flammable Atmospheres:

Gases, VapoursMists

Dust

Explosive atmosphere present for long periods

Zone 0 Zone 20

Explosive atmosphere likely to occur occasionally

Zone 1 Zone 21

Explosive atmosphere not likely to occur

Zone 3 Zone 23

© RRC Training

1. What steps could be taken to control the presence of flammable materials in the workplace?

2. What controls should be implemented when carrying out hot work?

3. What controls might be implemented within a building to control the spread of fire and smoke?

End of Section Quiz

© RRC Training

The sophistication will depend on the complexity of workplace• Simplest system

– someone shouts "Fire!"

• Simple with more noise– hand bell, whistle or air horn

• Manually-operated fire alarm– manual call points

• Automatic fire detection and alarm– automatic detectors, manual call points, linked to

sounders/lights

Fire Detection and Alarm Systems

© RRC Training

• Smoke detectors– Detect small smoke particles

– Two main types: ionising and optical

– Can give rise to false alarms

• Heat detectors– Detect excess heat generated by a fire

– Usually less sensitive and give later warning

– Two main types: rate of rise and fixed temperature

– May not detect fires that are giving off smoke but not much heat

Fire Detection

© RRC Training

Portable Fire Extinguishers

Extinguisher Class of Fire

Water A

Carbon dioxide A and B

Foam A and B

Dry powder All

© RRC Training

• MUST use the correct extinguisher on the fire− Water can boil, causing burning liquids to

“explode” in a fireball− Water conducts electricity so NEVER use

on electrical fires− Powder is effective but

may destroy electricalequipment

Limitation of Extinguishers

35

© RRC Training

• Fire blankets– physically smothers fires, e.g. fat fires in kitchens

• Hose reels– used in large buildings for fire teams

• Sprinkler systems– sited in buildings and warehouses– automatically dowses the fire

Other Fire-Fighting Equipment

© RRC Training

● On fire exit routes

● Close to exit doors

● Close to specific hazards

● Clearly visible and signed

● Unobstructed access

Siting of Extinguishers

© RRC Training

• Inspection− Regular and frequent− Ensure they're in place− In good working order

• Maintenance− Usually once a year− Certificated engineer− Inspection, testing, dismantling

Records kept in Fire Log (subject to local regulations)

Maintenance of Extinguishers

© RRC Training

• Theory training

• Types of extinguisher

• Hands-on experience

• Records kept in line with local regulations

Training

© RRC Training

• Under your tutor’s direction, take a tour of an area of the building you are in

• Note:− Fire compartmentation, e.g. stairwells,

fire doors, etc.− Travel distances− Fire detection and alarms− Fire extinguishers, etc.− Emergency lighting, signage


© RRC Training

1. What are the different ways of detecting fire and sounding the alarm?

2. Name the different types of fire extinguisher and the class of fire they can be used on.

End of Section Quiz

36

© RRC Training

Should include:

• Who is on premises

• Action to be taken on discovering fire

• Means of escape

− (shown on building plans)

• Fire fighting equipment

• Action to be taken after evacuation

• Training

Fire Plan

© RRC Training

• Available to every person in the workplace• No use of lifts• Must take staff to a place of safety • Two or more separate routes may be required• Travel distance should be short• Adequate width• Clearly signed • Appropriately lit• Emergency lighting • No obstructions

Means of Escape

© RRC Training

• Depends upon:

• Number of people occupying a room• Fire risk:

− e.g. low risk, low number - 1 exit up to 45m distance

− e.g. high risk, high number - several exits less than 25m distance

• Final exit - place of total safety• Storey exit - protected stairway• Separate fire compartment - to a final exit

Travel Distances

© RRC Training

Stairs, Corridors and Doors

Stairs and corridors:• Fire-resistant protection• Adequate width• Unobstructed • No storage of materials or equipment• Consider wheelchair users

Doors:• Easy to open• Adequate width• Open in direction of travel• Not locked

© RRC Training

• At night or where there is no natural light

• To indicate escape routes

• To indicate call points and fire fighting equipment

• Regular maintenance

• Routine inspection/testing

Emergency Lighting

© RRC Training

• Easy to understand

• Clearly visible

• Sited correctly

• Meet local regulations/standards

Fire Exit and Direction Signs

37

© RRC Training

• Safe distance from building

• Safe location

• Further escape possible ifneeded

• Must not impede fire-fighters

• Clearly signed

• 'Refuges' for disabled workers

Assembly Points

© RRC Training

• Emphasis is on personal safety:− Sound the alarm− Get out of the building− Stay out of the building!

• More complex procedures needed for some workplaces, e.g. hospitals

Evacuation Procedures

© RRC Training

• Check if alarm is "real"

• Check all areas are evacuated

• Assist disabled workers

• Ensure fire escape routes are kept clear

• Ensure windows and doors are closed

• Conduct roll call at assembly point

Fire Marshals

© RRC Training

• Training

• Records kept

• Fire drills:– Usually once a year– Records kept

• Roll calls− Ensure all persons accounted for− May not be practical, e.g. supermarkets

Evacuation of the Workplace

© RRC Training

• Training for staff− Who use portable extinguishers− Fire Marshalls− Assist disabled people− Members of the fire team

Information:• Fire safety procedures

– employees– contractors– visitors and the public

Training and Information

© RRC Training

• Staff with disabilities may need personal evacuation plans− Assist with travel downstairs− Alert those with hearing impairment

• May need to consider temporary disabilities, e.g. use of crutches

• Consider also evacuation of young/elderly

Provision for Infirm and Disabled

38

© RRC Training

1. What general principles should be applied when establishing means of escape?

2. What is the purpose of emergency lighting?

3. What might fire marshals do in the event of an evacuation?

End of Section Quiz

© RRC Training

• The physical form greatly affects the hazard presented and the route of entry into the body− Dust − Fume− Gas− Mist− Vapour− Liquids

Chemicals in the work place

© RRC Training

• Fungi e.g. Farmer’s lung

• Bacteria e.g. legionnaire’s disease, leptospirosis

• Viruses e.g. HIV, Hepatitis B

• Prions• E.g. CJD

Biological Agents

© RRC Training

Classification of Chemicals Hazardous to Health

• Physico-chemical− e.g. highly flammable, explosive, oxidising

• Toxicological− e.g. toxic, carcinogenic

• Environmental− e.g. harmful to aquatic life

© RRC TrainingCorrosive

Classification of Chemicals Hazardous to Health

Carcinogenic

Harmful (Xn)

Irritant (Xi)

Toxic

Respiratory Sensitiser

© RRC Training

• Toxic− Small doses cause death or serious illness

• Harmful− Larger doses cause death or serious illness

• Corrosive− Destroys living tissue

• Irritant− Inflames skin or mucous membranes

Chemical Classifications

39

© RRC Training

• Carcinogens− Cause cancer

• Respiratory sensitisers− Cause asthma, e.g. flour dust, isocyanates

• Skin sensitisers− Cause allergic dermatitis, e.g. eopxy resin

• Mutagens− Causes hereditary genetic mutation

• Toxic for reproduction− Causes sterility or is harmful to unborn child

Chemical Classifications

© RRC Training

1. What are the different physical forms of chemicals?

2. What are the different types of biological agent?

3. What does “toxic” mean in relation to chemicals?

4. What is a “corrosive” chemical?

End of Section Quiz

© RRC Training

List how can a chemical or biological organism enter the body?

Which is the most harmful risk route of entry and why?

FOCUS QUESTIONS

© RRC Training

• Inhalation– inhalable dust– respirable dust (<7microns)

• Ingestion• Absorption through the skin• Injection through the skin

– needlestick– cuts and grazes– bites

Routes of Entry

© RRC Training

Respiratory defences• Sneezing & coughing• Nasal hair/mucous• Ciliary escalator• Macrophages• Inflammatory

response

Defence Mechanisms

© RRC Training

Skin Defences• Waterproof barrier comprised of:

− Outer layer of dead cells (epidermis)− Sebum – biocidal properties− Inflammatory response

Defence Mechanisms

40

© RRC Training

• Hazardous nature of substance• Potential ill-health effects• Physical forms• Routes of entry• Quantity • Concentration• Number of people• Frequency of exposure• Duration of exposure • Existing control measures

Factors to Consider When Assessing Health Risk

© RRC Training

Product Labels• Name of substance• Hazardous components• Risk phrases indicating danger• Precautions• Details of supplier• Manufacturers’ data sheets

Sources of Information

© RRC Training

Manufacturers’ Safety Data Sheets:

Outline the type of information you would expect to see on a safety data sheet for a domestic weedkiller in order to assess the risks.



1. Details of substance and supplier

2. Composition of substance

3. Hazard identification4. First-aid measures5. Fire-fighting measures6. Accidental release

measures7. Handling and storage8. Exposure controls/PPE

Safety Data Sheet Contents9. Physical/Chemical

properties10. Stability and reactivity11. Toxicological information12. Ecological information13. Disposal requirements14. Transport information15. Regulatory information16. Other information

© RRC Training

• The maximum concentration of an airbornesubstance, averaged over a reference period, to which employees can be exposed by inhalation

• Legal limits differ around the world− UK has WEL’s, US has TLV’s, EU has OEL’s

Occupational Exposure Limit Documents

Substance Formula CAS Number

LTEL (8-Hour TWA Reference Period)

STEL (15-Minute Reference Period)

ppm mg/m3 ppm mg/m3

Carbon Monoxide

CO 630-08-0 30 35 200 232

© RRC Training

• Information sources provide general information only

• Don’t consider the specific conditions of use

• Individual susceptibility• Mixed exposures• Based on current knowledge

Limitations of Information

41

© RRC Training

When:• Failure or deterioration of

the controls can result in serious health effects

• To ensure a WEL is not exceeded

• To check effectiveness of control measures

• After any change occurs which could effect control

Hazardous Substance Monitoring

© RRC Training

• Advantages− Used for longer term monitoring− Can be very accurate

• Disadvantages− Expensive− Provides average of results− Tampered with

Continuous Monitoring Devices


Stain Tube Detection

Final concentration = 50 parts per million (ppm)


• No pumping mechanism• Long-term sampling• Gases and vapours• Sample diffused on to

absorbent surface• Laboratory analysis• Highly accurate• Can be used for personal

monitoring of TWA

Passive Samplers

© RRC Training

• Simple devices• Generate inert smoke• Visualise air currents• Assess effectiveness of extraction

systems

Smoke Tubes/Sticks


• Worn by worker whilst working• Indicates personal exposure• Pre-weighed filter• Pumped air• Filter re-weighed• Gives average value over time

Dust Monitoring Equipment

42


• Strong beam of light• Highlights fine particles of dust• Used to determine efficiency of

exhaust ventilation

Dust Lamp (Tyndall Lamp)

© RRC Training

• Accuracy of results• Variations in personal exposure• Absence of a standard• Other exposure routes

Limitations of Monitoring

© RRC Training

1. What are the four main routes of entry chemicals can take into the body?

2. How is the respiratory system defended?

3. Name 3 different types of monitoring equipment

End of Section Quiz

© RRC Training

“The maximum concentration of an airborne substance averaged over a reference period, to which employees may be exposed by inhalation.” • Legal status in national law

Workplace Exposure Limits (WEL’s)

Time period Combat ill-health effects of:

Short term exposure limits (STEL)

15 minutes • Acute effects

• Very high exposure for a short time

Long term exposure limits (LTEL)

8 hours • Chronic effects• Lower exposure over longer

period

© RRC Training

Being below a limit does not prove it is safe:• Only concerned with inhalation• No account of individual

sensitivity or susceptibility• Many developed on male

physiology• No account of synergistic or

combined effects• Invalid if normal environmental

conditions change

Limitations of Exposure Limits

© RRC Training

• Organisation may not realise that controls are no longer effective and limits are not adhered to

• Monitoring equipment may become inaccurate

• Some limits are only “guidelines”

• Non-inhalation effects, e.g. Dermatitis, aren’t considered

Limitations of Exposure Limits

43

© RRC Training

• UK− Workplace Exposure Limits (WEL’s)− Published by HSE, full legal status

• USA− Threshold Limit Values (TLV’s)− Published by American Conference of

Government Industrial Hygienists− Guidelines, no legal status

• No global standard as yet− EU Indicative limit values

International Variations

© RRC Training

1. What are WEL’s?2. What is the difference between:

• An 8hr TWA• A 15 minute STEL

End of Section Quiz

© RRC Training

• Prevention of exposure is the best• If not possible to prevent exposure,

adequately control it• Ensure WEL’s are not exceeded

Prevention of Exposure

© RRC Training

1. Minimise emission, release and spread of hazardous substances

2. Choose effective and reliable controls3. Use control measures proportionate to the risk4. Use PPE where control cannot be achieved by

other means5. Implement personal hygiene and protection

regimes 6. Carry out health and medical surveillance7. Check control measures regularly8. Additional controls for carcinogens, asthmagens

or mutagens

The Principles of Good Practice

© RRC Training

A gardener is spraying a weed killer in a domestic garden in windy conditions.The gardener has no means of washing his hands, etc. and the house owners have children and a dog.The weed killer is an organophosphate, labelled ‘toxic’.Using the hierarchy of control, discuss how the risk may be reduced.


© RRC Training

• Elimination or substitution• Process change• Reduce exposure times• Enclosure or segregation• Local Exhaust Ventilation• PPE• Personal hygiene and protection• Health Surveillance/monitoring

Common Methods of Control

44

© RRC Training

Elimination and Substitution

• eliminate process, − e.g. outsource painting

• change work, − e.g. screw rather than glue

• dispose of unwanted stock• substitute hazardous for non-

hazardous, − e.g. irritant to non-hazardous floor

cleaner, or corrosive to irritant

© RRC Training

• Do the job differently− E.g. applying solvent by brush rather than

spraying− Vacuuming rather than sweeping to keep

dust levels down

Change the Process

© RRC Training

• Job rotation• Exclude non-essential personnel• Link to WEL’s

Reduce Exposure Times

© RRC Training

• Enclosure− Totally enclose the substance− Prevent access to it

• Segregation− Keep people away− Designated areas

Enclosure or Segregation

© RRC Training

Local Exhaust Ventilation

© RRC Training

Discuss the reasons that the effectiveness of LEV may be reduced


45

© RRC Training

• Poorly positioned intake hoods• Damaged ducts• Excessive amounts of

contamination• Ineffective fan• Blocked filters• Build up of contaminant in the

ducts• Sharp bends in ducts• Unauthorised additions to the

system

The Effectiveness of LEV

© RRC Training

Routine visual inspection• Integrity checks, e.g. filters, contaminant

build up, etc.

Planned preventative maintenance• e.g. replacing filters, lubricating fan

bearings, etc.

Periodic testing• Ensure air velocities are adequate

Inspection of LEV Systems

© RRC Training

• Diluting the contaminant• Changes the air• Passive dilution - vents• Active dilution - powered fans• Used where:

– WEL is high– formation of gas or vapour is slow – operators are not close to contamination

• Important to know whether contaminant is lighter or heavier than air

Dilution Ventilation

© RRC Training

• Not suitable for highly toxic substances• Compromised by sudden release of large quantities

of contaminant• Do not work well

– for dust– where the contaminant is released at a point of source

• Dead areas may exist

Limitations of Dilution Ventilation

© RRC Training

Two types:• Respirators

– filter contaminated air

• Breathing apparatus (BA) − oxygen depleted atmospheres− provide clean source of air

Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE)

© RRC Training

Filter Face-piece Respirators

Use and benefits LimitationsCheap Low level of protectionEasy to use Seal not effectiveDisposable Uncomfortable

46

© RRC Training

Half Mask or Ori-nasal Respirator

Use and benefits LimitationsGood level of filtration No built in eye protectionGood fit Negative pressure inside

face-pieceEasy to use Uncomfortable

© RRC Training

Powered Respirator

Use and benefits LimitationsIntermediate level of filtration Heavy to wearAir movement cools wearer No tight face sealAir stream prevents inward leak Limited battery life

© RRC Training

• Air demanded by user or• Pumped

Fresh Air Hose BA

Use and benefits LimitationsAir from outside the work room

Hose must be tethered

Supply not time restricted Bends or kinks make breathing difficultUser restricted by limited hose length

© RRC Training

• Air under pressure

Compressed Air BA

Use and benefits LimitationsSupply of air is not time-restricted Hose can be long, but

not endlessPositive pressure inside face-piece

Wearer not burdened with cylinder

© RRC Training

• Pressurised cylinder

Self-contained BA

Use and benefits LimitationsComplete freedom of movement

Supply is time-restricted

Positive pressure inside face-piece

Equipment bulky and heavy

More technical training required

© RRC Training

Selection of RPE• What factors do you think should be

taken into account when selecting RPE for use by workers?

Group Discussion Point

47

© RRC Training

Factors to consider:• Concentration of the contaminant and

its hazards• Physical form of the substance• Level of protection offered by the RPE• Presence or absence of oxygen• Duration of time that it must be worn• Compatibility with other items of PPE • Shape of the user’s face• Facial hair • Physical requirements of the job • Physical fitness of the wearer

The Suitability of RPE

© RRC Training

Users should understand:• How to fit the RPE• How to test it to ensure that it is

working effectively• The limitations of the item• Any cleaning requirements• Any maintenance requirements (e.g.

how to change filter)

RPE Information, Instruction and Training

© RRC Training

• Hand protection– gloves, gauntlets– chemicals, biological agents, infection

through cuts

• Eye protection– spectacles, goggles,

visors

• Body protection– overalls, aprons, whole body

protection

Other PPE

© RRC Training

• Hand-washing routines• Careful removal and disposal of PPE to

prevent cross-contamination to normal clothes

• Prohibition of eating, drinking and smoking in work areas

• Washing facilities• Changing facilities• Rest areas

Personal Hygiene

© RRC Training

• Against biological agents, e.g.– Hepatitis B– Tetanus– Typhoid

• Worker consent required• Immunity not always achieved• False sense of security

Vaccination

© RRC Training

• Health monitoring– signs of disease– symptoms of chronic conditions,

e.g. flour workers have lung function tests to check for asthma

• Biological monitoring– checks for contaminants

within the body,e.g. lead

• Pre-employment screening– establishes a ‘baseline’

Health Surveillance

48

© RRC Training

Consider the types of health surveillance which may be required for the following occupations:

• Call centre operator• Chemical plant worker handling solvents• Tree surgeon exposed to wood dusts


© RRC Training

In addition to standard control measures:• Total enclosure of process or handling

systems• Prohibition of eating, drinking

and smoking• Regular cleaning• Warning signs• Safe storage, handling

and disposal

Control of Carcinogens, Mutagens and Asthmagens

© RRC Training

• Use:– asbestos cement roofs– ceiling tiles– fire break walls– floor tiles– downpipes– pipe lagging– gaskets

Asbestos

© RRC Training

In general:• Work must be notified to the enforcement agency• Work area sealed• PPE and RPE• Negative pressure ventilation system

with efficient filters• Asbestos waste

– securely double bagged– labelled– disposed as hazardous waste

• Dust levels monitored inside and outside sealed work area

• Worker exposure must not exceed control limit• Health surveillance provided

Work with Asbestos

© RRC Training

• HIV/AIDS• Hepatitis A

– contracted orally by cross contamination of faecal matter,

– e.g. sewage workers

• Hepatitis B– transmitted in body fluids, e.g. blood– health care workers, fire-fighters, police

• Symptoms– jaundice, liver damage

Blood Borne Viruses

© RRC Training

Typical controls:• PPE: gloves, eye protection• Disposal of material as clinical waste• Prevention of needlestick injuries• Decontamination and disinfection• Vaccination• Accident procedures, e.g. needlestick injuries

Blood Borne Viruses

49

© RRC Training

Colourless, odourless gas• By-product of combustion, e.g. poorly maintained

boilers• Inhalation hazard• Prevents red blood cells absorbing oxygen• Chemical asphyxiation

– Low levels – worsening headaches– High levels – rapid unconsciousness

and death

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

© RRC Training

Typical controls:• Competent engineers for gas systems• Maintenance and testing of boilers and flues• Good ventilation• LEV for workshop vehicle exhausts• Siting of equipment containing combustion engines• CO alarms• Confined space entry controls

Carbon Monoxide (CO)


Typical controls:• Eliminating or reducing

exposure• PPE – gloves, dust

masks, eye protection• Removal of

contaminated clothing• Good hygiene and

washing skin on contact

CementHarmful effects:• Irritation of the:

– eyes– respiratory tract– skin

• Allergic dermatitis and corrosive burns to skin on repeated/prolonged contact

© RRC Training

Legionnaire’s disease• Water-loving soil bacteria• Inhalation hazard• Mists particularly high risk• Flu-like fever, pneumonia

• Typical controls:• Enclosing water systems• Water treatment, e.g. chlorination• Hot water >60oC• Biocides (treatment chemicals)• Prevention of limescale• Routine cleaning of cooling towers• Water sampling and analysis

Legionella Bacteria

© RRC Training

• Infected urine from: rats, mice, cattle and horses• Contaminated water in contact with cuts, grazes, etc.• Dairy farmers, sewage workers, water sports instructors• Flu-like symptoms, jaundice, liver damage (Weil’s disease)

Typical controls:• Preventing rat infestation – good housekeeping, pest

control• Good personal hygiene• PPE, especially gloves• Covering cuts and grazes• Issuing ‘at risk cards’ to workers

Leptospira Bacteria

© RRC Training

• Component of rock• Quarries, pottery and construction industry• Inhalation hazard• Causes scar tissue to form in lungs

Typical controls:• Alternative work methods• Dust suppression by water• LEV• RPE• Heath surveillance

Silica

50

© RRC Training

• Inhalation hazard• Causes asthma• Hard woods can cause cancer

Typical controls:• LEV• Vacuuming rather than sweeping• RPE• Health surveillance

Wood Dust

© RRC Training

1. What diseases are caused by exposure to asbestos?

2. What controls could be implemented to reduce the risk of needlestick injuries in the health service?

3. Which occupations could be at risk of leptospirosis infections?

End of Section Quiz

© RRC Training

Waste is:“Something that is discarded or is going to be discarded”

General hierarchy of control• Reduce• Reuse• Recycle• Recover energy• Responsible disposal

Waste

© RRC Training

• Those who generate, handle, treat or dispose of waste are under a duty of care

• Responsibility to ensure that it:− Is managed legally− Does not escape− Is transferred to an authorised person− Is adequately described− Is accompanied by correct paperwork

Duty of Care

© RRC Training

Hazardous Waste• Substances:

– highly flammable– toxic– carcinogenic– corrosive

Non-hazardous wasteHousehold waste, paper, wood, biodegradable materials

• Products:– batteries– refrigerators– freezers– televisions– fluorescent light tubes– computer monitors

© RRC Training

Consider the waste produced by your company’s service or process, or by a hospital or factory• Discuss what are the main things that

can go wrong with the handling and storage of waste

• Suggest suitable control measures


51

© RRC Training

Factors to consider – solid wastes:• The hazardous nature of the waste• Manual handling risks• Safe access to skips, bins, etc.• Don’t store on unmade ground• Moving parts of compactors• Vehicle hazards, e.g. skip lorries• Security of the waste• Segregation• Documentation

Safe Handling and Storage

© RRC Training

Factors to consider – liquid wastes:• Containers located in bund, away from

walls• Bunds have 110% capacity of

largest container• Provision for rainwater• Transfer points, e.g. pumps bunded• Protect bund from damage• Bunds checked and maintained

Safe Handling and Storage

© RRC Training

• Whenever liquid wastes are present• Measures include:

− Spill kits− Drain covers− Training

Spill Containment

© RRC Training

1. What is the general hierarchy of control for waste disposal?

2. What controls should be implemented to ensure the safe storage of liquid waste?

End of Section Quiz

© RRC Training

NEBOSH International General Certificate in Occupational Safety and Health

Unit IGC2

Element 8: Physical and Psychological Health Hazards

and Risk Controls


• Outline the health effects associated with exposure

to noise and appropriate control measures;

• Outline the health effects associated with exposure

to vibration and appropriate control measures;

• Outline the health effects associated with heat,

ionising and non-ionising radiation and basic

protection techniques;

• Outline the causes and effects of stress at work and

appropriate control measures.

FOCUS QUESTIONS

52

© RRC Training

Health effects:• Temporary:

– reduction in hearing (temporary threshold shift)

– ringing in ears• Permanent:

– tinnitus– noise-induced hearing loss

(permanent threshold shift)– Physical damage to hearing mechanisms

• Stress

Safety issues:• Inability to hear vehicles, warnings, conversations• Concentration problems

Noise

© RRC Training

Identify occupations at risk from noise induced hearing loss and the potential causes.

Group Syndicate Activity

© RRC Training

• Construction workers− Plant, machinery, e.g. concrete breakers

• Uniformed services− Small arms and artillery

• Entertainment sector workers− Loud music

• Manufacturing sector workers− Industrial machinery

• Call centre workers− Acoustic shock from headsets

Occupations at Risk

© RRC Training

• Sound pressure level– expressed in decibels (dB)

• Decibel (dB)– sound pressure level, ‘loudness’

• Frequency– pitch – human ear detects 20Hz to 20,000Hz

• A-weighting– noise measurement scale matching human hearing

• C-weighting– noise measurement scale accurate for impulse noise

• Daily Personal Noise Dose

Terminology


Measurementin dB(A) Sound

0 Faintest audible sounds20-30 Quiet library50-60 Conversation65-75 Loud radio90-100 Power drill

140 Jet aircraft on take-off at 25m

Decibel Levels

• The decibel scale is logarithmic • An increase of just 3 dB = a doubling of sound

© RRC Training

• Simple sound meter– measures instant noise levels– simple surveys

• Integrating sound level meter– measures noise over a period of time– used for all surveys

• Dosimeters– worn by worker– personal noise exposure

Noise Assessment

53

© RRC Training

• Subject to national law

• General agreement on daily personal noise dose of 85dB(A)

• Dose depends upon− Noise level in dB(A)

− Duration of exposure

• The daily personal noise exposure (LEP,d) is usuallymeasured over 8 hours

Noise Exposure Standards

© RRC Training

European Standards (by way of example)

Lower Exposure Action Value: 80 dB(A)

• Noise assessment• Information, instruction and

training• Provide hearing protection


© RRC Training

Upper Exposure Action Value: 85 dB(A)• Noise assessment• Reduce noise exposure by engineering

means, SFRP

If noise is still above 85 dB(A)• Mandatory hearing protection zone• Information, instruction and training • Provide hearing protection and enforce use• Health surveillance


© RRC Training

A noise survey has been carried out and there are 2 work areas of concern:• Machine shop - noise levels

83 dB(A) throughout the shift • Wood working area - noise

levels 87 dB(A) throughout the shift

Discuss the actions that would could be taken in each area



Source• Eliminate• Substitute• Modify process• Damping• Silencing• Maintenance

Pathway• Insulation• Isolation• Absorption

Noise Exposure Control

Receiver• Acoustic haven• Hearing protection


Hearing Protection

Advantages LimitationsEasy to supervise andenforce use as visible

Uncomfortable

Less chance of earinfections

Efficiency affected by long hair, spectacles etc

Higher level ofprotection possible

Must inspected, cleaned andmaintained

Can integrate with other PPE

Reusable

Ear defenders or muffs

54


Hearing ProtectionEar plugsAdvantages LimitationsCheap and easy to use Difficult to see when fitted,

supervision and enforcementdifficult

Disposable Risk of infection if dirty or if cross-contaminated when inserted

More comfortable, range of designs

Need to be correctly sized for individual

Do not interfere with other PPE

Effectiveness decreases with usage

© RRC Training

• Information, instruction, training• Safe storage• Cleaning• Maintenance• Replacement

Hearing Protection

© RRC Training

• Attenuation

• Information is required on the:

• Noise in the workplace− from survey

• Attenuation characteristics of the hearing protection− from manufacturer

• Ear muffs give higher attenuation than ear plugs

Hearing Protection

© RRC Training

Audiometry allows:• Identification of workers with

- pre-existing hearing damage- new hearing damage

• Removal/exclusion of such workers from high noise areas

• Investigation of noise controlsto rectify problems

Health Surveillance

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1. What are the health effects of exposure to high levels of noise?

2. There are 3 main ways of reducing noise (fill in the blanks)

• Reduce noise at ________________• Interrupt the __________from source to

receiver• Protect the ________ through engineering

controls or PPE3. What types of PPE are available? What

are the pro’s and con’s of each?

End of Section Quiz

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Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)• Vibration white finger (blanching)• Nerve damage• Muscle weakening• Joint damage

Effects of Exposure to Vibration

Typical vibration white finger(Source: HSE Guidance)

(Reproduced under the terms of the Click-Use Licence)

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• What occupations are most at risk of exposure to vibration?

• How can you reduce the risks?

(Consider the use of a mechanical sander at home)


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Effects of Exposure to Vibration

• Whole-Body Vibration• Damage to spinal discs• Vertigo

• Occupations:− dumper truck driving− aircraft cabin crew

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Vibration Assessment

• Vibration “dose” is determined as a personal exposure to vibration averaged over 8hrs

• Vibration dose determined by:− vibration magnitude (ms-2 )− duration of exposure

(hours/mins)

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Vibration Exposure Standards

• Standards vary according to national law• At or above the Daily Exposure Action Value

− Vibration risk assessment− Reduce exposure level− Training− Health surveillance

• At or above the Daily Exposure Limit Value (ELV)− Vibration risk assessment− Reduce exposure below the ELV


Control of VibrationSource:• Eliminate• Substitute • Change work method• Maintenance

Pathway:• Isolate

Duration:• Limit time

exposed• Job rotation

Person:• PPE

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At or above the Exposure Action ValueHealth surveillance allows:• Identification of workers with

- pre-existing vibration damage- new vibration damage

• Removal/exclusion of such workers from vibration sources

• Investigation of vibration sources to rectify problems

Health Surveillance

Reproduced under the terms of the click-use licence

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1. What are the symptoms of HAVs?2. What two factors are considered

when calculating the “dose” of vibration?

End of Section Quiz

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Two types:• Ionising

– higher energy– can change the structure of atoms

• Non-ionising– lower energy– heating effects– does not change the structure of atoms

Radiation

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Can penetrate the body and cause serious and permanent harm:• Alpha particles• Beta particles• X-Rays• Gamma rays• Neutrons

Types of Ionising Radiation

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• Weak penetrating power• Stopped by thin material, e.g. paper, skin• Health effects:

- outside body - not particularly hazardous- inside body (ingestion/inhalation) - very

hazardous

• Occupational uses: - smoke detectors, medical labs

Alpha Particles

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• Can penetrate skin and living tissue• Health effects:

- inside and outside body – hazardous• Occupational uses:

- sterilisation, thickness gauges

Beta Particles

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• Can be generated and switched off• High penetrating power• Health effects:

- inside and outside body - very hazardous

• Occupational uses:- medical radiography- baggage security scanners

X-Rays

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• Very penetrating• Health effects:

- Inside and outside body - very hazardous• Occupational uses

- industrial radiography, e.g. pipelines

Gamma Rays

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• Emitted by some radioactive sources• Very high penetration• Health effects:

- outside body - very hazardous

• Occupational uses- nuclear power stations

Neutrons

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• Cancer• Genetic mutation• Birth defects

The larger the dose, the greater the risk

Chronic Health Effects

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A pregnant lady is in need of an X-Ray for a suspected broken boneDiscuss the control measures in the X-Ray department of a hospital using:• Time• Distance• Shielding

to structure your answer


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Time:• Minimise exposure• Dose proportionate to time• Half life

Distance:• Alpha, beta can’t travel long distances

through air

Shielding:• Depends upon type of radiation

Protection from Ionising Radiation


Shielding

Protection from Ionising Radiation

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International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)

Recommendations on exposure:• General public < 1mSv per year• Workers < 20mSv per year

Measured with a Geigercounter

Translated into legal limits inmost countries

Dose Limits

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• Naturally occurring in Devon, Derbyshire, etc.• Radioactive gas• Alpha particles• Health effects:

- outside body - not particularly hazardous- inside body (ingestion/inhalation) - hazardous

Radon Gas

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• Where naturally occurring levels are high:- outside - low concern- inside - poorly ventilated workplaces, e.g.

basements can be a significant risk

• Control of risk above the action level:- Radiation Protection Supervisor- positive pressure air fans- radon sumps and extraction systems

Radon Gas

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You are going on holiday to a hot country with long hours of sunshineDiscuss how you will protect yourself from sunburn from the UV light using:• Time• Distance• Shieldingto structure your answer



Types Sources Health Effects

Ultra-violet (UV)

SunlightArc welding

Skin burnsArc eye (photokeratitis)Skin cancer

Visible light lasers Temporary blindness

Infra-red (IR) Red hot steelGlass manufacture

Redness and skin burns, retinal burns, cataracts

Microwaves Food preparationTelecommunications

Internal heatingOrgan damage

Radiowaves Radio, TVradar

Internal heatingOrgan damage

Non-Ionising Radiation

Arc Eye


Types Protection

Ultra-violet (UV) Cover exposed skinProtect eyes

Visible light,lasers

Low class: avoid shining in eyesHigh class: eye protection, shielding, non reflective surfaces

Infra-red (IR) Cover exposed skinProtect eyes

Microwaves Safe distanceIsolate and lock off

Radiowaves Safe distanceIsolate and lock off

Protection from Non-Ionising Radiation

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May be legally required by an approved physician:• Before working as a classified worker• During periodic health reviews (medicals)• Special surveillance if dose limit is exceeded• After ceasing work as a classified worker

Special consideration for pregnant or breastfeeding workers

Health Surveillance

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Types of examination include:• Skin checks• Respiratory checks• Exposure records• Sickness records

Health Surveillance

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1. Identify the different types of ionising radiation

2. Identify different sources of non-ionising radiation

3. What are the health effects of exposure to UV radiation?

End of Section Quiz

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Stress is:• An adverse reaction to excessive

pressure• Health effects:

– psychological– physical – behavioural – serious ill-health if prolonged

Stress

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Discuss what causes stress in your own life or others you have known to be stressed


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• Change - uncertainty• Demands - excessive• Control - weak• Support - poor• Relationship - difficult• Role - undefined

Causes of Stress

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• Whilst having your lunch outside, a tiger jumps out at you with a huge ROAR!!

• What physical, psychological and behavioural symptoms might you experience at the time and also in the days/weeks after?

Group Discussion Point


Effects of StressPsychological Physical Behavioural• Anxiety• Low self-esteem• Depression

• Sweating• Heart rate• Blood pressure• Skin rashes• Muscle tension• Headache• Dizziness

• Sleeplessness• Poor

concentration• Poor decision-

making• Mood swings• Irritability• Alcohol

consumption• Drug misuse• Absence from

work


Prevention Strategies for Stress

• Demand - reasonable demands, sufficient resources

• Control - given as much control as possible

• Support - information, instruction, training, additional support

• Relationships - clear anti-harassment and bullying policies

• Role - clear job descriptions, responsibilities and authority

• Change - planning and preparation for change, communication, timescales

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1. What is “stress”?2. What are the three types of health

effect that can result due to stress?3. What are the causes of workplace

stress?

End of Section Quiz

Education

Nebosh igc2 refresher course notes and answers