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A powerpoint presentation about the nature of psychology
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Chapter 1 : Introduction The Nature of Psychology
Ailene C. Ygot Instructor
Psychology as a Science
• psyche (mind) + logos (study)
• actions, responses, behavior
• How? objective and systematic study
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Psychology as a Science
• Goals:
describe, explain, predict and control
behavior and mental processes
• How can I control my fears?
• How can I learn to study?
History of Psychology
• Nativist View – some ideas are innate 17th century
Rene Descartes
• Empiricist View – knowledge is acquired through experiences and interaction with the world
NATURE
NURTURE
History of Psychology
• 1879 – first psychological laboratory
• University of Leipzig, Germany
• Wilhelm Wundt – Father of Psychology
study on senses – vision
attention, emotions and memory
History of Psychology
• 1883 – first psychology lab in the US
• John Hopkins University
• Granville Stanley Hall
• founded the first American Journal of Psychology
History of Psychology
• 19th century
• Titchener / Wundt
• Structuralism
mental structures – perception, consciousness, thinking and emotions
Introspection – method of data collection
History of Psychology
• 1900’s
• William James
• Functionalism
functions of the mind and behavior to adapt to the environment
History of Psychology
• 1900’s (US)
• John B. Watson
• Behaviorism
challenged Functionalism
observable behavior
History of Psychology
• 1912 (Germany)
• Max Wertheimer
• Gestalt Psychology
“gestalt” – form , configuration
the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
experiences cannot be broken down into smaller units
History of Psychology in the Philippines
• 17th century – Psychology was taught in the Phils. (UST & USC)
• 1926 – first Department of Psychology (UP)
• UST – first university to offer undergraduate, master’s and doctoral degrees in Psychology
Pioneers in Psychology in the Philippines • Sinforoso Padilla – established the first
psychological clinic in the Philippines in UP in 1932
• Jesus Perpina – set up the FEU psychological clinic in 1933
• Estefania Aldaba-Lim – first Filipino to receive a doctorate in Clinical Psychology. In 1962, she set up the Philippine Psychological Corporation.
Perspectives in Psychology
• Psychodynamic Approach
• Behavioral Approach
• Cognitive Approach
• Biological Approach
• Phenomenological or Humanistic Approach
• Sociocultural Approach
Psychodynamic Approach
Sigmund Freud
behavior stems from the unconscious mind
manifestations – dreams, slips of speech (“Freudian slip”) , or mannerism
Psychoanalysis – therapeutic approach of Freud
Carl Jung and Alfred Adler
Behavioral Approach
John B. Watson – father of Behaviorism
only by studying behavior could psychology be considered a science
mind cannot be observed directly
Stimulus-Response (S-R) psychology – offshoot of behaviorism
Stimulus (environment) – Response (responses to stimulus) - Rewards and Punishments following these responses
Cognitive Approach
mental processes –
perceiving
remembering
reasoning
deciding
problem solving
how?
Focus on specific behaviors and then interpreting them in terms of underlying mental processes
Biological Approach
how the brain underlie behavior and mental processes
physiological processes
neurotransmitters – chemicals produced in the brain that are believed to have an effect on the person’s moods
serotonin
norepinephrine
Phenomenological or Humanistic Approach subjective and personal experience of events
(phenomenology) and the need for personal growth
the belief that an individual’s principal motivational force is a tendency toward growth and self actualization
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
Sociocultural Approach
the ways by which social and cultural environments influence behavior
cultural context should be considered
comparing behavior across countries;
or within a country
Depression
• Psychodynamic
• Behavioral
• Cognitive
• Biological
• Humanistic
• Sociocultural
• Anger turned inward
• Lack of positive reinforcers
• Interpretation of their ability to control events
• Genetic susceptibility to depression
• Self-esteem
• Culturally acceptable?
Group Activity
Brainstorm on how the emotion ANGER can be understood using the
different approaches.