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05/02/2023 1National Academies Workshop
2:00 p.m.-3:00 p.m. Session IV: Perspectives on Integration from Emerging andEstablished Thought Leaders in Innovation
Moderator: Laurie Baefsky (member of the study committee)Executive Director, ArtsEngine and the Alliance for the Arts in Research Universities (a2ru)
Jim Spohrer (IBM Reseasrch – Almaden)Director of Cognitive Open Technologies
Dan Nathan-Roberts (San Jose State University)Assistant Professor in Industrial and Systems Engineering
Ethan Eagle (Wayne State)Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering
Aileen Huang-Saad (University of Michigan)Assistant Professor in Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Education
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Jim Spohrer (IBM) Tempe, AZ, Thursday April 6, 2017
http://www.slideshare.net/spohrer/nas-integrated-education-20170406-v2
Integrated Higher Education:Creating a Future-Ready Workforce of
T-shaped Adaptive Innovators
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Question 3
• What does this committee need to know about the employers perspective on higher education? What are employers looking for and how can students a.) develop these skills and b.) demonstrate to employers that they have these skills?
© IBM Cognitive Open Technologies 2017
• In the age of accelerations, industry prefers T-shaped experienced talent from acquired companies, over hiring I-shaped students
• Employers are looking for talent that has completed projects – what would you do with 100 workers?
• Degrees, courses, and specific skills, matter most in the context of projects with clear empathy and outcomes– Especially important are projects
that used open technologies (OT)
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Next Generation Future-Ready Workforce:T-Shaped Adaptive Innovators
Many disciplinesMany sectors
Many regions/cultures(understanding & communications)
Deep in one sector
Deep in one region/culture
Deep in one discipline
4“No one knows everything, but a well-chosen team of T-shapes has empathy to learn anything.”
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Mindset of T-Shapes
Grit = Passion + Persistencehttp:/tsummit.org/t
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“The best way to predict the future is to inspire the next generation of students to build a better world”
Digital Natives Transportation Water Manufacturing
Energy Construction ICT Retail
Finance Healthcare Education Government
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Open Technologies
Spohrer J, Maglio PP, Bailey J, Gruhl D (2017) Steps toward a science of service systems. Computer. 40(1).
Spohrer J, Bassano C, Piciocchi P, Siddike MA (2017) What Makes a System Smart? Wise? In Advances in The Human Side of Service Engineering 2017 (pp. 23-34). Springer International Publishing.
Service System: Dynamic configuration of people, technology, information, and organizationsconnected internally and externally by value propositions. [socio-economic-technical systems]
Smart Service Systems: People and organizations augmented with digital cognitive systems.
Age of Accelerations
Steps Toward a Next GenerationCognitive Curriculum
• 2016• “How to build a cognitive system for Q&A task.”• 9 months to 40% question answering accuracy• 1-2 years for 90% accuracy, which questions to reject
• 2026• “How to use cognitive assistants to be a better professional X.”• Tools to build a student level Q&A from textbook in 1 week
• 2036• “How to use your cognitive mediator to build a startup.”• Tools to build faculty level Q&A for textbook in one day• Cognitive mediator knows a person better (in some ways)
than they know themselves (identity & responsibility)• 2046 & 2056
• “How to manage your workforce of digital workers.”• 2046: 10 digital workers each; 2056: 100 digital workers each
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1955 1975 1995 2015 2035 2055
Can better service help us be wiser?
Cognitive Mediator (by 2035): Tool, Assistant, Collaborator, Coach, MediatorOpen Technologies will enable this and more…
1972: Jim’s first program Today: Better building blocks
11
Computing: Then, Now, Projected
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2035
2055
12
Hi-Ed Culture Change: All courses change some every year and include projects.
Faculty, students, and industry professionals as lifelong learners.
• Problem (too static)– A: Input: Student quality– B: Process: Faculty motivation– C: Output: Industry fit
• Solution (change systematically)– A: -20% eLearning certification– B. +10% Faculty interest tuning (publications)– C. +10% On-the-job skills tuning (projects)
Year 1: 20%
Year 2: 20%
Year 3: 20%
Year N: 20%
. . . . . . . .
After a decade the course may look quite differentService systems are learning systems: productivity, quality, etc.
Projects: Include studying relevant startups/innovators, and building networks to them.
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Question 1• Do you think that
educational experiences that integrate the humanities and arts with science, technology, engineering, math, and/or medicine would better prepare students for the workforce than the traditional liberal arts model of higher education? If so, why? If not, why?
© IBM Cognitive Open Technologies 2017
• Yes, PB_AC_MT_LSE_OT– PB: Project-based– AC: Authentic challenges/empathy– MT: Multidisciplinary teams– LSE: Like startup experience– OT: Open technologies
• Why?– Age of accelerations– Better building blocks (OT)– Make-a-job, not take-a-job mindset
(grit, growth)• Requires Hi-Ed culture change
– Old: Prepare + launch– New: Projects + lifelong learners
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Question 2• If you were going to design a
college curriculum for someone who hoped to become a T-shaped professional, what would that curriculum look like? Which aspect of the curriculum would contribute to the deep part of the “T” and which to the broad parts of the “T”? Would any parts of this curriculum be integrative?
© IBM Cognitive Open Technologies 2017
• PB_AC_MT_LSE_OT• Deep = major courses• Broad = minors courses• T = integrated education that
demonstrates empathy and outcomes via projects
• Every course– Reflect Hi-Ed culture change– Courses evolve and include a mini-
project with workforce partnerships– Builds a network for learners– Theme: Rapid rebuilding from
scratch with OT (resource integration pathways)
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Engineering Tools to Augment
© IBM Cognitive Open Technologies 2017
Harris S, Karkauer D (2016) Complexity& Stupidity. A Conversation with David Krakauer. Sam Harris Podcast
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Liberal Arts: Knowing + Doing• Deep understanding of history, culture, literature,
philosophy, mathematics, physical and sociale sciences, technology, and traditions of interpretation (world views) with the goal of creating independent thinkers capable of critical thinking and lifelong learning
• Knowing: Liberals arts can contribute to the breadth of T-shaped professionals, especially well-informed critical thinking skills who are lifelong learners
• Doing: Projects also contribute to breadth, especially teamwork and project management skills, and the right kind of projects may appeal to future employers
© IBM Cognitive Open Technologies 2017
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Today’s Talk: Integrated Education
• Context• Open Technologies and Age of Accelerations
• Science of Smarter/Wiser Service Systems• Digital Cognitive Systems: AI vs IA• Liberal Arts: Knowing + Doing
• Questions and Responses• (1) Integrated Education = ? (PB_AC_MT_LSE_OT)• (2) T-shapes = ? (Depth and breadth integrated by
projects; empathy and outcomes that matter)• (3) Industry wants = ? (T-shaped lifelong learners;
effective resource integrators; adaptive innovators )
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Jim Spohrer(Maine, MIT, Verbex, Yale, Apple, IBM, …)
Digital Cognitive Systems: AI vs IA
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AI is Artificial Intelligence, orintelligence in machines (smart machines)
IA is Intelligence Augmentation, orpeople thinking and working together with smart machines.
IA is what IBM calls “Cognitive Computing” andthe smart machines are called “Watson Solutions” or
more generally “Digital Cognitive Systems (Cogs)”
Cognition as a Service (CaaS): AI building blocks for IA solutions
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Spohrer JC, Engelbart DC (2004) Converging technologies for enhancing human performance: Science and business perspectives. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.1013(1):50-82.
Roco MC, Bainbridge WS (2002) Converging technologies for improving human performance: Nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology, and cognitive science. WTEC.https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/bioecon-%28%23%20023SUPP%29%20NSF-NBIC.pdf
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Market for Exoskeletons
© IBM Cognitive Open Technologies 2017
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Engineering Robots We WillLive In and Learn With
• Exoskeletons Clothing• Driveless Cars• Furniture, Chairs, Beds• Robotic Houses• Healthy Neighborhoods• Robotic Cities
© IBM Cognitive Open Technologies 2017
Amigos do Jean Paul Jacobhttps://www.facebook.com/groups/jeanpauljacob/
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Some paths to becoming 64x smarter:Improving learning and performance
• 2x from Learning sciences (methods)– Better models of concepts – Better models of learners
• 2x from Learning technology (tools)– Guided learning paths– Elimination of “thrashing”
• 2x from Quantity effect (overlaps)– More you know, faster you go– Advanced organizers
• 2x from Lifelong learning (time)– Longer lives and longer careers– Keeps “learning-mode” activated
• 2x from Early learning (time)– Start earlier: Challenged-based approach– STEM-2D in K-12 (SSME+DAPP Design of Smart Service Systems)
• 2x from Cognitive systems (performance support)– Technology & Infrastructure Interactions– Organizations & Others Interactions
Top 10 Skills
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Jobs of the Future
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In sum, the top job of the future will be…• Knowing what to do with 100 people working for you!
• What is the most productive purpose to point them towards?• What goals create the most value for business and society?
• That is the world we are entering with digital cognitive systems (DCS)• No shortage of DCS workers…• …but what would you do with 100 people/DCS working for you?
• Most people don’t have any idea…• However, great entrepreneurs do have an idea• Education of the future must teach students to work in teams• Work on challenges in teams with no solutions• This will require T-shaped professionals with depth and breadth
05/02/2023 Understanding Cognitive Systems 31
Service Science• Service System Entities
– Types: Businesses, Universities, Governments, etc.– Nested & Networked Globally– SD Logic (A2A; Resource Integrators)
• Value Co-Creation Interactions– Types: Value-Proposition & Governance Mech-based– Collaboration & Competition Blended– SD Logic (Operant & Operant Resources)
• Builds On…– Decades of Service Research (Marketing, Operations, etc.)– SSME+D; From I to T to Pi-shapes… and beyond!– T Summit (March 24-25, 2014)
• Measures– Productivity, Quality, Compliance, Sustainable Innovation– Holistic Service Systems
• Quality of Life, Balance Challenge & Routine• Innovativeness, Equity, Sustainability, Resilience
Service Systems Fundamental Abstraction of Service Science:ISSIP portal to Disciplines (23), Professional Associations (39), Journals (20), Conferences (31), Workshops (7)
IBM SSME Centennial Icon of Progress
Discipline Association
Marketing AMA
Operations Research INFORMS
InformationSystems
AIS
Computer Scienceand Engineering
ACM, IEEE
Human Factors AHFE
Operations Management
POMS
Systems Science ISSS
Design SDN
Systems Engineering IIE
… …
Serviceology SfS
(SSME+DAPP) ISSIP
Holistic Service Systems (HSS)
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http://www.service-science.info/archives/1056
Nation
State/ProvinceCity/Region
UniversityCollege
K-12
Cultural &ConferenceHotels
HospitalMedical
Research
Worker(professional)
Family(household)
For-profits:Business Entrepreneurship
Non-profitsSocial Entrepreneurship
U-BEEJob Creator/Sustainer
U-BEEs = University-Based Entrepreneurial Ecosystems
“The future is already here (at universities),it is just not evenlydistributed.”
“The best way topredict the futureis to (inspire the nextgeneration of studentsto) build it better.”
“Multilevel nested, networked holistic service systems (HSS) that provision whole service (WS) tothe people inside them. WS includes flows (transportation, water, food, energy, communications), development (buildings, retail ,finance, health, education), and governance (city, state, nation). ”
University Four Missions1. Learning2. Discovery3. Engagement4. Integration
05/02/2023 Understanding Cognitive Systems 35
Why ISSIP? T-shapes for Teamwork
• Our world is becoming more interconnected and complex
• Yet most organizations operate is silos
• Most professional organizations do a great job of focusing on one discipline, function, or industry sector
ISSIP is a professional society designed to focus on the interconnected nature of value co-creation for smart service systems (tech, biz, social, etc.)
BREADTH
DEPTH
T-Shape professionals can innovate across traditional boundaries
ISSIP Ambassadors
• More than 15 Ambassadors and growing…
• Link ISSIP to other professional associations, research centers, conferences, etc.
• Help ISSIP co-sponsor activities in other conferences
more... http://www.issip.org/learningcenter/valuenetwork
/
The Well-Read Service Scientist(The top 300 papers – together over 100,000 citations)
• http://service-science.info/archives/2708
Service-Dominant Logic
Prof. Stephen VARGO Prof. Robert LUSCHVargo, S. L., & Lusch, R. F. (2004). Evolving to a new dominant logic for marketing. Journal of marketing, 1-17. (Oct. 2013, ~4500 citations)
Claude Frédéric Bastiat David Ricardo Colin Clark Richard Normann John Riordan
Service ThinkingSaperstein & Hastings: Book, Course, ISSIP Certificate
All value is co-created
Service systems we live and work in
Componentized business architecture
Global-mobile-social scalable platforms
Run-Transform-Innovate
Multi-sided metricsCVC Group, LLC 40
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“Order of Magnitude” Observation:Modeling Holistic Service Systems
Level AKA ~No. People ~No. Entities Example
0. Individual Person 1 10,000,000,000 Jim
1. Family Household 10 1,000,000,000 Spohrer’s
2.Neighborhood Street 100 100,000,000 Kensington
3. Community Block 1000 10,000,000 Bird Land
4. Urban-Zone District 10,000 1,000,000 SC Unified
5. Urban-Center City 100,0000 100,000 Santa Clara
6.Metro-Region County 1,000,000 10,000 SC County
7. State Province 10,000,000 1,000 CA
8. Nation Country 100,000,000 100 USA
9. Continent Union 1,000,000,000 10 NAFTA
10. Planet World 10,000,000,000 1 UN
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In Summary
“A service scienceperspective considersthe evolving ecology of service system entities, their value co-creation andcapability co-elevationinteractions, and their capabilities, constraints,rights, and responsibilities.”
Cognitive SystemsEntities
Service SystemsEntities With
CognitiveMediators
Add Rights &Responsibilities
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But this stuff is still really hard…
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